科技论文写作整理系列(5)——Result.doc

科技论文写作整理系列(6)Result此部分分为“内容要点写法数据图表”五部分。1.内容1-1H. Results1. Purpose: a. To tell what happened during the studyb. To present the findings of the study2. Explain any deviations from the study as planned3. Provide a schematic summary of the study to:a. Show the study design b. Indicate the flow of subjects throughout the studyc. Account for all subjects or observations4. Present the results of the studya. Use figures or tables when possible- Table 1 compares groups at baseline- Present data in Systems Internationale (SI) units if required by journalb. Focus on the primary comparisons first and give:- The actual change or difference between groups (the “estimated treatment effect”)- The 95% confidence interval for this estimate- If reported, the exact P value of the difference (until P 0.001)- The test used in the statistical analysis- Assurance that the assumptions of the analysis were met (were the data normally distributed or skewed? Independent or paired? Linearly related or not?)c. Acknowledge post hoc and subgroup analyses (avoid “data dredging”)d. Explain any dropouts or any missing data1-2结果的中心内容是经过科学地统计学处理得来的数据，而不是原始数据，更不是原始记录。结果应当客观完整和可靠，所有的结果项目，均要围绕研究主题，有逻辑、有层次地层开，与主题无关的部分，不宜全部列出，但在材料与方法中列出的项目与标准，在结果中必须反映出来，并且要吻合一致。1-3采用文字、图、表并用的方式给出图表中的具体数据说明与对照组比较的结果也应告知意想不到的结果1-4结果应该是客观的(objective)，一般不包括作者对结果的评述 结果应该是经过归纳的(summarized)、有意义的(significant)、与研究结论有关的(conclusion-related)2.要点2-1试验结束后，就要立即进行总结数据，写文章，我的步骤如下：1.将所有的试验结果整理成图和表，尽力挖掘图和表中的信息，越多越好。在这个过程中你尽可能和不同的研究人员探讨你的试验结果，因为不同的人对同一张表和图有不同的看法。这样会给你写文章的思路。2.分析完图表好，你应该找到你这个试验结果的Key point，一定要保证这个Key point具有较大的新意，或者说一个到这个Key point 有一种振奋人心的感觉。然后从所有图表中找出能够论证你这个Key point 的图和表。合理安排你的图和表，如果可能的话尽可能用图。2-2缺少论文写作经验与素养的人容易将这一部分写成实验报告将实验过程一一罗列无遗总希望把自己辛苦做过的工作都写入论文可是其效果适得其反易使那些必须让人知道的重要内容淹没在一大片令人生大厌的冗长文字中因此应当阐述主要的关键的和非一般常用的内容凡属通过的标准的和常见的仪器设备只需提供型号规格及主要性能指标2-3一份好的“结果”,必须让读者顺着你的思维,一步一步地获得答案。通过文字告诉读者本研究发现了什么;通过表格将具体的数据有条理地展现给读者;通过图形使读者能够直观地理解研究的结果。2-4lWhat you found (text, tables & figures)lGive numbers as well as percentageslAvoid over-complicated tables and figureslTables and figures should stand alonelDont repeat yourselflGuide the reader to the results you want them to know aboutlResponse rate ( 70% considered bad)lCharacteristics of responders and non-responders - any significant differences?lP values & confidence intervalsAvoid discussing results in this section1、可按照试验先后或结果重要的顺序介绍，按后一种较好2、对结果的描述要能让读者看出你的目的是什么，逻辑结构是什么，试验前后的顺序如何2-5结果撰写按逻辑顺序、不是实验时间顺序n不要罗列结果，要分析，各结果间有逻辑联系n2-6Displayl of data with logical development showing how your findings satisfy your objectivesThe results should be short and sweet, with no excessl verbiagePresent and discuss results concisely using figures and tables asl neededFindings described in past tensel Generally does NOT includel explanations or discussion of the results Table and figure legends shouldl be accompanied with sufficient information for main point.Table andl figure should be able to stand alone All tables and figures must bel numbered in the order in which they are mentioned in the textNumericall data with the correct number of significant digits2-7副标题这一部分应根据主题来进行组织。分段应有黑体字的副标题，目的是使文章更有条理，能帮助读者清楚地通览全文，并找到他们感兴趣的内容。尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富。例如，“The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases With The Polarity of The Solvent ” 这个短语明显比“Measurement of Rates”长，但是对读者更有帮助。一般来说，尽量概括该段落的共同点。记住把文章看作实验结果的集合，并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结在图表，表格，方程和示意图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据服务的，因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格和方程里的信息越多，文章越短，越易读。2-8按照逻辑顺序通过正文、表、图摆出所得结果；表、图中的所有数据不要在文字中再次重复，只需对一些重要的观察所得加以强调或概括。2-9结果：用简述和说明方法列出研究结果，强调主要发现、创新成果材料要核实、验证，数据必须进行统计学处理，给出误差范围。结构方式： 纵式按时空顺序组织材料（讨论同此） 横式按并列方式组织材料纵横式时空与并列 总说与分说2-10(2) 对实验或观察结果的表达要高度概括和提炼，不能简单地将实验记录数据或观察事实堆积到论文中，尤其是要突出有科学意义和具代表性的数据，而不是没完没了地重复一般性数据。(3) 数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式。如果只有一个或很少的测定结果，在正文中用文字描述即可；如果数据较多，可采用图表形式来完整、详细的表述，文字部分则用来指出图表中资料的重要特性或趋势。切忌在文字中简单地重复图表中的数据，而忽略叙述其趋势、意义以及相关推论。(4) 适当解释原始数据，以帮助读者的理解。如果论文中还包括独立的“讨论”章节，应将对于研究结果的详细讨论留到该部分，但“结果”中应该提及必要的解释，以便让读者能清楚地了解作者此次研究结果意义或重要性。(5) 文字表达应准确、简洁、清楚。避免使用冗长的词汇或句子来介绍或解释图表。为简洁、清楚起见，不要把图表的序号作为段落的主题句，应在句子中指出图表所揭示的结论，并把图表的序号放入括号中。例如“Figure 1 shows the relationship between A and B”不如“A was Significantly higher than B at all time points hecked (Figure 1)”.又如，“It is clearly shown in Table 1 that nocillin inhibited the growth of N. gonorrhoeae.”不发“Nocillin inhibited the growth of N. gonorrhoeae (Table 1).”时态的运用 (1) 即指出结果在哪些图表中列出，常用一般现在时。如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time. (2) 叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实，所以通常采用过去时。如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. (3) 对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时，多用现在时。如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.(4) 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时，多采一般现在时（这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实）。如：These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.3.写法3-1Results and Discussion论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时有时也用一般过去时注意在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃,但这不是绝对的Results and Discussion 的内容是说明实验现象 报告实验结果 分析实验数据11阐明自己的观点一实验现象数据和结果的论述1 各类仪器测试结果的论述分析NMRFigure 1 shows the 300 MHz 1H-NMR spectrum of G-3-Br in which three main regions can beseen. The resonances for the exterior phenyl groups occur at 7.25-7.45 ppm, the resonances forthe aromatic protons of the monomer units occur in the region 6.50-6.70 ppm, separateresonances are observed in the appropriate ratio for each “layer” of monomer units, and athigh field, resonances for the methylene protons occur in the region 4.90-5.10 ppm. In addition,the methylene resonance for the unique CH2Br functional group at the focal point of thedendritic wedge is seen at 4.40 ppm.In the 13C NMR spectrum the resonances of the quaternary C-atom and of the C-atom in thecarbonate group are shifted to lower field compared to the monomer, while the resonances ofC-atom of the methylene groups are shifted to higher field.FTIRFTIR analysis showed that the products contained OH group (3400 cm-1) and COO- group(1650 cm-1, 1400 cm-1).The typical FTIR spectrum of 2a is shown in Fig. 2. The presence of carbonate group (C=O) inthe polymer backbone is supported by the strong absorption peak at =1746 cm-1, and thetwo peaks at =1262 cm-1 and 1116 cm-1 are ascribed to ester (CO(C=O)CO) and ether linkage(COC), respectively.The band at 1685 cm-1 is C=O of -COOH group and band at 1759 cm-1 is C=O of CH3COO- group.The broad band around 3000 cm-1 can be attributed to O-H of carboxyl and C-H of acetoxy.DSCConsidering the same thermal history of the prepared samples, the results of the second heatingrun are discussed. Copolymer L6 exhibits melting endotherms at 43.3 and 169.3 C. Adecrease in melting points compared with parent PEO and PLLA homopolymers is due to theirincorporation into a block copolymer and indicates partial phase compatibility, in agreement withdata in the literature 9,16. The endotherm at 43.3 C corresponds to the melting ofcrystalline regions of PEO segments only, thus indicating the presence of a separated PEO phasewith a certain degree of crystallinity. In the copolymer with shorter PEO segments (L3), nomelting endotherm was observed. This is might be due to an increased phase compatibility of ashort PEO block within dominant PLA blocks and insufficient phase separation.A broad endotherm appearing in the first heating run is not reproducible in the second heatingcurve.12Upon first heating, we observed two melting transitions at 88 and 188 C, while at secondheating only one transition at 188 C can be observed.As a result of the crystallinity of the samples, the glass transitions can hardly be identified atthe first heating cycle. At the second heating a mixed phase glass transition is observed.SEMFigures 1-4 show the SEM pictures of cross-sections, outer surfaces, outer edges and innersurfaces of hollow fiber membranes spun with different shear rates. As shown in Figure 1,there is no obvious difference among the overall morphologies of the fibers with differentshear rates under this low magnification. The finger-like macrovoids can be observed for allthe fibers. With a higher magnification, Figure 2 illustrates the outer skin morphology. Novisible defects can be observed in outer skin. From the outer edges shown in Figure 3, thethickness of the dense layer, varying from about 300 to 800 , can be found increasingwith increasing shear rate. Figure 4 exhibits that the inner surfaces of hollow fibers areporous,Shows a homogeneous structure in SEM.exhibits a heterogeneous structure because of the phase separation.At a higher resolution, a tendency to form an organized structure can be found in some of thePEO domains.WAXSFigure 4 shows the powder scattering data over the 2 range from 14 to 32 . Both the 7:3and 9:1 copolymers have WAXS patterns Fig. 4 and , respectively with poorly resolvedcrystalline reflections superimposed on amorphous halos, indicating poorly formed crystals.The PDOXTC homopolymer Fig. 4 has more pronounced and better resolved peaks thanthe corresponding copolymers, indicating a higher level of crystallinity and crystalline order.TGAThe thermal stabilities of P(cHTC) and PTMC were compared by TGA (see Figure 5). The onsetof decomposition temperatures for P(cHTC) and PTMC were 300 and 260 C, respectively. Ourresult on the thermal stability of PTMC was consistent with a previous report. 37From the TGA curve, 5 % weight loss was found at 453 C.133-2通常用以描述图的语言还有In the region of 0-6 mole% PEG, where overall FN bioactivity remains uniformly high, thespecific bioactivity increased monotonically with PEG concentration (Fig. 4b), whereas thesurface topography (as revealed by AFM) exhibited a biphasic dependence on PEGconcentration. One of the possible mechanistic explanations for our observation may be thatIn contrast, for the high PEG regime (above 8 mole% PEG), FN adsorption elicited littlechange in surface topography.Furthermore, a few adsorbed FN molecules may have reducedthe overall surface roughness slightly by serving as “cavity fillers” in the sparse DTE areasbridging PEG domains.Cell attachment exhibited a sigmoidal dependency on PEG concentration, which was analogousto the dependence observed for the overall FN bioactivity.In contrast to the sigmoidal dependence of cell attachment on copolymer PEG concentration,the cell adhesion strength values decreased linearly with PEG concentration. It is noteworthy thata similar nature of PEG dependence was observed for the total amount of fibronectinadsorbed. In deed, such a linear dependence on ligand concentration has been shownexperimentally for osteoblast adhesion strength and 3-3通常用以描述表格的语言还有As the results in Table 3 show, at higher initiator concentrations and reaction temperatureshigh conversion and high molecular weights are reached, but the Mn values obviously passthrough a maximum. It is evident, that besides the previously mentioned reversible equilibriumbetween polymer and cyclic ester, irreversible degradation reactions also play a role, whichappears very clearly under certain conditions. The ring-opening polymerization proceeds with aconsiderably higher reaction rate with diglycolide than with D, L-dilactide. In agreement withGilding and Reed the reactivity of the diglycolide is 15 times higher than that of the D,L-dilactide.The exponent and constant of the viscosity equation are changed in opposite directions (Table 5).Comparable viscosity values may correspond to different molecular weights. A small monomeror oligomer content decreases the solution viscosity to a lesser degree than the Mn value.The results in Table 1 of the ring-opening polymerization of D, L-dilactide at 130 C in thepresence of different initiators show that certain tin(II) compounds were especially active. In theliterature, partly contradictory results and controversial discussions are found concerningthe mechanism of coordinative-chemical initiated or catalyzed ring-opening polymerizations andthe influence of different reaction conditions. The number of unanswered questions rises ifcopolymers are included. A basic prerequisite to achieve a high degree of polymerization is theuse of very pure monomers. They should not contain any impurities that initiate additional chains,or hinder the build up of chains by forming non-reacting end groups.10 So, the content of freecarboxylic groups in the monomer should not exceed a value of 0.08m eq/g. The reactiontemperature and the initiator concentration have a great influence on the reaction rate and on thenature of the products formed. The course of monomer conversion with time at differenttemperatures shows that an increase in temperature results in the expected acceleration of thepolymerization; a nearly complete conversion at an initiator concentration of 5x10-5 mole/moledilactide is apparently only reached at t 150C. Somewhat surprising is the influence oftemperature in the range 130-180C on the attainable average molecular weight of the polyester.As can be seen, a rise in temperature, connected with an increase in the reaction rate, results in anunexpected rise of Mn values. It is reversed by returning to lower temperatures. The resultsin Table 2 make it clear thatdistinctly higher Mn values are reached at 130C. Table 2 alsoshows that an acceleration of the reaction by increasing initiator concentration leads again to theformation of higher molecular weight products. This effect is unusual in polymerization reactions.are listed in Table n.are summarized in Table n.are compared in Table n.3-4二自己观点的阐明表示比较肯定的结论Our results confirm that the reaction of does not furnish, in contrast to widely citedreport by Konig and Geiger. Rather, our results establish that Kohig and Geiger obtained lowmolecular weightIt must be emphasized that, due to the special biodegradation mechanism of PECs, comparisonsof biodegradation of particular PECs can only be made using the same shape and amount ofimplantates at the same implantation site.This effect, which is unusual in polymerization reaction, has always been observed within thetemperature investigated.A careful study of revealed thatIt must be pointed out thatThese results clearly indicate thatOur studies indicate thatTherefore, it is reasonable to postulate thatTherefore, we may conclude thatIt appears clearly thatThis means thatThis elucidates thatThis suggests thatThe cause for this is certainly Clearly, Definitely, 表示与期望相符:As expected, copolymers became softer and lost much of their stiffness and strength in the wetstage. Generally, copolymers containing more than 5 mol% of PEG were flexible.23This is in accordance with the results discussed in the pervious chapter and supports theproposed degradation mechanism for the PHACs.is in good agreement withThese observations are consistent with 表示与期望相反:Surprisingly, our result does not show the same trend reported in the pervious references 3,4.表示否定及未来工作期望From these results we can conclude that the presence of primary amines has a significant toxiceffect on the red blood cells.This means that it is very unlikely that these polymers can beused as vectors for vivo use.All preliminary attempts to elucidate the polymerization mechanism failed.It is unknown that. This, together with, is an area requiring additional study.Nevertheless, one of most significant findings of our study is thatWith regard to, no unambiguous conclusion can be drawn from the present results. is not well understood currently and this is an area warranting further study.is not fully explored and/or understood.This can be little doubt that表示可能It is expected that this ring-opening reaction of six-membered cyclic carbonate can be utilizednot only for the synthesis of carbonate-modified acrylic polymers but also in the development ofnovel polymers containing carbonate units.However, these results do not imply the absence of an interaction between the particles and thealbumin since the solutions become turbid after adding the albumin. This is probably due to theformation of ternary complexes.This could be explained by the formation of a monolayer of albumin around the particles, whichprovides a further stabilization of the complexes.There seems to be a relationship between the amount of positive charges present on the polymerchain and the degradation speed. PHEG, bearing no charges, degrades very fast, having only 12%of its initial molecular weight after 7.5 h. pDMAEG has the highest amount of positive chargesunder the experimental conditions and its degradation is slowest. After 82 h, the polymer has24retained 52% of its original molecular weight.this could be due to the presence of the acid functions, preventing a good interaction betweenthe polymer and the cells. The high haemolytic effects of pEI and pLL are probably due to thehigher charge content. Maybe the lower molecular weight of the pLL and pEI also plays acrucial role, but this needs to be further investigated.The reason for this is not completely clear. An explanation could be that the pyridine and theacid groups cause an extra buffering of the endosome, resulting in an enhanced release from theendosome. Further tests need to be done to allow us to draw further conclusions.This could be due to two reasons: 1and/or 2It is likely thatThis is plausible, sincemight be ascribed to3-53. ResultsA meaningful result includes statement of results and explanatory text. The results are presented in a format that is accessibl