FORENSIC PATHOLOGY - Bloodhounds Incorporated：法医病理学-侦探公司.ppt

FORENSIC PATHOLOGY TOXICOLOGY TOXICOLOGY The three “curses” of mankind: alcohol, morphine and cocaine TOXICOLOGY Forensic Toxicology The study and practice of the application of toxicology to the purposes of law. Identification and quantification of lDrugs lPoison TOXICOLOGY Collection of Body Fluids Blood Vitreous humor Urine TOXICOLOGY Collection of Tissues Kidneys Liver Bile Muscle Thigh Hair and Nails TOXICOLOGY Collection of Insects Maggots Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Opiates Cocaine TOXICOLOGY Analysis Separation from biological substance Purification of drug by extraction Detection and quantitation GC-Mass Spectrometer Gas chromatograph High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Immunoassay UV spectrophotometer TOXICOLOGY A positive ID with any but GC-Mass spectrometer cannot confirm analysis of type of drug. TOXICOLOGY Toxicology Screens 1st Screen Lower Alcohols lAcetone, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol TOXICOLOGY Toxicology Screens 2nd Screen Acidic and Neutral lBarbiturates, salicylate TOXICOLOGY Toxicology Screen 3rd Screen Basic lTranquilizers, synthetic narcotics (ecstasy) , antihistamines, antidepressants, local anesthetics TOXICOLOGY Toxicology Screen 4th Screen Narcotics lOpiates, cocaine and methadone TOXICOLOGY Deaths Most commonly abused drug in US = alcohol 30,000 people/ year die of chronic liver disease Cause of 50% of all MVA TOXICOLOGY Deaths Marijuana is #2 Heroin and cocaine are #3 TOXICOLOGY Ethyl Alcohol Proof Twice the percentage of alcohol content in a drink 80 proof = 40% alcohol TOXICOLOGY Ethyl Alcohol Beer 3.2 to 4% Table wine 7 to 14% Whiskey 40 to 75% Vodka 40 to 50% Gin 40 to 85% Rum 40 to 95% TOXICOLOGY Ethyl Alcohol Metabolized in liver to Acetylaldehyde Acetic Acid Carbon Dioxide TOXICOLOGY Ethyl Alcohol .08 Impairment of reaction responses, visual acuity and coordination 0.1-0.2 Increasing impairment of reaction times, drowsiness, staggering and slurred speech TOXICOLOGY Ethyl Alcohol 0.40+ Unconsciousness, coma, death TOXICOLOGY Methyl (Wood) Alcohol Weakness, nausea, vomiting, headache and cyanosis Permanent blindness Isopropyl Alcohol CNS depressant Diabetic ketoacidosis Acetone to isopropyl alcohol TOXICOLOGY Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze CNS depression and acute renal failure Nausea, vomiting, convulsions and coma Phencyclidine (PCP) Hallucinogenic agent Violent behavior Blocks dopamine re-uptake and releases Catecholamines TOXICOLOGY Heroin (diacetylmorphine) Metabolized to monoacetylmorphine May have small amounts of codeine in urine Due to impurities in heroine not breakdown product of heroin TOXICOLOGY Heroin Needle tracks Raised hyperpigmented scars Death by CNS depression TOXICOLOGY Cocaine Potent CNS stimulant Smoked (crack), sniffed and shot intravenously Ulceration and perforation in nasal septum Death by Myocardial infarction Cerebral hemorrhages Aortic aneurysms TOXICOLOGY Cocaine Effects Increases heart rate and force of contraction Coronary artery constriction Aggressive, violent and paranoid behavior May die after struggle Immune to pepper spray TOXICOLOGY Methamphatemine and Amphetamine CNS stimulant Increases dopamine release and blocks re-uptake of norepinephrine Restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, coma convulsions and paranoid psychosis Intake Oral, intravenous, snorted or smoked TOXICOLOGY Lead Heavy metal toxicity Pica in children Produces Brain swelling, extremely pale almost white TOXICOLOGY Iron Ingestion of iron sulfate tables Severe pain in abdomen, bloody vomiting and diarrhea Lye Esophageal and gastric necrosis TOXICOLOGY Arsenic In all living organisms Herbicides, pesticides, water Popular poison Tasteless and odorless Fatal dose Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, garlicky odor breath and metallic taste Death Liver and kidney failure TOXICOLOGY Cyanide Produces cellular hypoxia by combining with iron in red blood cell Can cause tremendous stomach pain Used in gas chamber Bitter almond smell Small percentage of population can smell cyanide TOXICOLOGY Strychnine Bitter tasting Violent convulsions Rapid rigor mortis TOXICOLOGY Digoxin Digitalis Succinylcholine Neuromuscular blocker Insulin hypoglycernia TOXICOLOGY Antidepressants Tricyclics Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin, amoxapine, trazodone and negazodone Death by ca