[英语]高考英语语法笔记讲解加练习直接打印.doc

105名词一.名词的分类（一）专有名词 表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称。例如： Jim 吉姆 May Day五一节 China中国 New York纽约 （二）普通名词 表示一类人或东西是一个抽象概念的名称。 1.个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体。例如： student 学生 panda熊猫 pencil铅笔 2. 集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体。 例如： class 阶级 party党派 army军队 group组 3.物质名词 表示无法分为个体的实物。例如：water水 fire火 paper纸 4.抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。例如：work工作 light光 二、规则内的名词的复数说明词尾的加法例词一般情况加-sboots ,houses以s,x ,ch, sh加-eswatches, brushes（N：stomachs）以o结尾多数情况下加es(以辅音字母加o结尾)tomatoes, potatoes, heroes以y结尾以辅音字母加结尾，变y为i，加esstories, factories元音字母加y 结尾，直接加stoys, boys以f或fe结尾变f 或fe 为v,加esknives, wives, leaves直接加sroofs, beliefs, proofs两种方法均可handkerchiefs, handkerchieves三.规则外的名词的复数形式 （一）zoozoos bamboo-bamboos photo -photos radio- radios piano-pianos 巧记：动物园竹林中举办照片展，收音机里钢琴的声音回荡在林子间零公斤烟草 kilo-kilos zero-zero或zeroes tobacco-tobaccos证据:海湾房顶上的农奴信仰首领 proofs gulfs roofs serfs beliefs chiefshandkerchief- handkerchiefs handkerchieves zerozeros / zeroes volcano-volcanos / volcanoes safe-safes（保险箱） stomach- stomachs (二)man- men woman -women foot - feet tooth - teeth child- children mouse -mice goose - geese ox- oxen phenomenon-phenomena (三)单、复数形式相同 Chinese Japanese Swiss means works yuan jin fen mu Sheep deer fish (在表示不同种类的鱼时，fish可以加复数词尾。例如：) He caught many fishes yesterday. 各种- steels teas silks fertilizers (四)有些名词经常以复数形式出现： thanks goods trousers clothes glasses scissors shoes chopsticks spectacles(眼镜) socks overalls (工装裤) surroundings(环境) winnings（赢得物） commons平民 crossroads 有些名词虽以-s作词尾，却通常作单数看待： politics mathematics physics phonetics news savings积蓄 remains遗骸 bellows（风箱） 有些名词的复数有两个意思，一个与单数的意义相似，另一个则和单数意义不同 colour 颜色 colours 颜色 旗帜 arm 手臂 arms 手臂 武器 custom 习惯 customs 习惯 海关 （五）cattle police youth militia people 用作复数。 (六)复合名词变成复数时，有下列三种情况： 1.film-goers常看电影的人tooth-brushes牙刷 greenhouses go-betweens grown-ups drawbacks 2.在主体名词末加-s lookers-on passers-by sons-in-law daughters-in-law editors-in-chief 3.两个构成部分都要变成复数。例如：men doctors women workers (七)注意：变复数后应浊化的五个词的巧记： 路旁有座房（path, house） 房内有浴缸（bath） 浴缸有青年（youth） 青年把嘴张（mouth） （八）.不可数名词数及数量表示法 （物质名词和抽象名词） 1 不可数名词 物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词如: water，rice，fish，meat 等。 特别记住： work chalk time space music money weather cotton homework wood information news medicine 2.一般用单数形式。但物质名词在表示不同类别时，可以用复数； 有些物质名词的 单、复数表示不同意义；有些物质名词有时不可数，有时可数， 其意义有所不同； 有些抽象名词也可用复数，指可数的具体事物； 而有些抽象名词复数形式时，表示别的意义。tea茶 -teas各种茶 steel钢 -steels各种钢 snow雪-snows 积雪fish(鱼) fishes(各种鱼) fruit(水果) fruits (各种水果) room(空间) a room(房间) sand沙-sands沙滩 water水-waters江水，海水 green绿色-greens青菜 paper纸-a paper一张报纸，一份文件 hair(所有头发) hairs (几根头发) glass玻璃- a glass一只玻璃杯 fire火- a fire一堆火 hope-hopes希望 time时间- times时代 work工作-works著作 iron 铁-an iron一个熨斗 wood woods short shorts force forces（军队） greengreens（蔬菜） ruinruins（废墟） 3. 物质名词在表示数量时，常用表示数量的of 词组来表示。 a piece of paper a cup of water a tin of fruit a cake of soap a cake of soap 4.专有名词一般只用单数，但有时也可用复数。例如： the Wangs王家全家人 There are four Lius in our class. 我们班有四个姓刘的。四、所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ s”。如：Tom Toms“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day五、名词所有格应注意的地方 1，并列名词各自的所有格，在每个名词后加 s。 Johns and Marys mothers (二人各自的母亲)如果是亲兄妹，写成John and Marys mother 2，习惯上也用于某些表示时间、团体、城镇、国家、太阳、月亮、地球、距离等无生命名词。例如： todays newspaper our Partys stand Beijings weather Chinas capital ten minutes walk the moons light 3，名词所有格修饰的名词，如果上文提到过，可以省略；表示某人的家、商店等时，被所有格修饰的名词，也不常出现。可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。 This is not my pen, but Xiao Lis. Im going to my uncles (house)for dinner. 4，凡不能在词尾加s 的名词，都可以用of构成短语，表示所有关系。此外，of 所有格能表示同位关系，s所有格则不能。She doesnt live in the city of Beijing. 5，双重所有格 of所有格和s 所有格两种形式结合而成的后置修饰语，叫做双重所有格。（1）用作of 宾格的所有格名词，一般是人，必须是特指的。 several students of Lao Hus That dictionary of the teachers (2) of 前的名词可以和a ,any, some, no, few, two等数量词连用，但不能和one, the 连用：可以和指示代词this, that 连用，表示爱憎等情绪。 A friend of my brothers will come to join us. That little daughter of your sisters is really a dear. (3) 双重所有格与of-所有格的不同含义： a photo of Mr Greens 格林先生收藏的一张照片 a photo of Mr Green 格林先生的相片六、.名词作定语时一般用单数形式，但在个别情况下也有需用复数的。 goods train 货车 sports meet 运动会 the United States government 美国政府a two-thirds majority 三分之二多数 a sports field a clothes shop 代词用法归纳人称代词 单数 复数人称 一 二 三 一 二 三主格 I you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us you them1.人称代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格 They all like him very much. She gave the books to you and me. 2. 在强调句中，亦可用宾格代替主格。 It was me that did it. (= It was I that did it. )在比较状语从句中（as. Than ）口语中常用宾格，书面语常用主格。Im fatter than him.-Who is it ?-Its me (作表语)-Id like to have a rest -Me，too（自由对话）3. 人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为 “第二人称，第三人称，第一人称” You, she and I all enjoy the music. 你我她都喜欢音乐。4.it作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等 What the weather like today? Its windy. Its about five minutes walk from home to school. 5.it可作为形式主语，将不定式、动名词等构成的主语后移，使句子显得平稳 Its hard to reach the apples. Its good for you taking a walk after supper. 6. 一般说来，在指代身份或性别明确的人时，通常要根据情况用代词he / she；若是指代身份或性别不明的人，则用代词it：在对话中说话者对所涉及的人不了解.甚至趁男记女也不了解,比如有人敲门.或打电话时,只闻其声不见其人.常用it来指代不清楚的人.I dont know who it is. 我不知道那是谁。 A tall man stood up and shook hands with her. It was the general manager. 一个高个子站起来同她握了手，他是总经理。 6 We, you 与第三人称代词特殊用法 1），we 用来泛指一般人，相当于people或you,they and I,常译为“人（们）”，常含自己在内。 We have shortcomings as well as good points. 人们总是既有优点，也有缺点。 2），you 在大多数情况下可以同one通用，常译为“人们”、“任何人” You eat to live and not live to eat. You have to be careful with people you dont know. 3），第三人称代词的特殊用法 they 可以用来指“人们”“有人”“人家” They say there are living things on the moon. He 可以用来泛指“任何人”，相当于one. He who plays with fire gets burnt. she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等 We love our motherland, we hope shell be stronger and bigger. The ship is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston. It 可以用来指代小孩。心目中想的或上下文提及的人，若再次提到这个人时 就得用he / she。 It 可以用来代替人的不定代词（somebody,someone.) The child smiled when it saw its mother. Who is the person? -Its my friend, Tom Maybe he is coming to ask for me. Somebody has been here. But we have no idea who it was.二、物主代词 Possessive Pronouns 单数 复数 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语 My brother is a worker. 2.名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语 Whose dictionary is this? Its mine. Our room is big and theirs is small. You may use my pen. Ill use hers. 3. 形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词 These books arent ours. Ours are new. (our books = ours)4.“of +名词性物主代词”表示所属 A sister of his is a nurse.他的一个妹妹是个护士。 Tom is a friend of mine我的一个朋友三、反身代词 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself复数 ourselves yourselves themselves1.反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语和同位语 He thinks more of others than of himself. That poor boy was myself. He himself was a doctor. 2.反身代词有以下常见搭配 enjoy oneself = have a good time by oneself = alone help oneself to learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. 注意：oneself 有单复数之分 I enjoy myself. Children, help yourselves to some fish.Im not quite myself today我今天不大舒服。ake yourself at home不要拘礼；请随便吧。3. 反身代词作介词的宾语也常用于一些惯用语组中。例如： by oneself独自地、自动地 This is a machine that works by itself 这是一部自动化的机器。 of oneself启动地、自然而然地 The disease will not die of himself 疾病不会自然消亡。 for oneself为自己、亲自地 She felt sorry for herself 她为自己感到难过。 in oneself本性、本身 It is not a bad idea in itself 这主意本身不错。 to oneself独占、独有 How I wish to have a house to myself！多么希望能独有自己的房子呀! beside oneself精神失常、发狂 He was beside himself with joy. 他欣喜若狂。 above oneself自高自大 Hes bit above himself now 他现在有点自视过高四、不定代词 不是指明代替特定名词（或形容词）的代词 all, each, every, both, either, neither none, one, little, few, many, much other, another, some, any, no 由some, any, no, every 等构成的合成代词几组在用法上容易混淆的不定代词1.some/any 2. many/much 3.another/other 4. the other/others/the others 5.few/a few/little/a little6.every/each 7. any/none /all (表三者或三者以上范围) 8.both/either/neither9.Something/anything/nothing Somebody/anybody/nobody10.no one/nobody/none/nothingno one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物，none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念。特指的人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有。-How many people are there in the hall ?-None(回答how many)-who wants to go with him ?-No one(Nobody) (回答who)-What can you see in the bottle ? -Nothing (回答what)-Is there any water in it ?-None陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isnt it?陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one, everyone等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?) Everyone knows the answer, dont they?(does he?) No one was hurt in the accident, were they?五、指示代词 表示空间和时间远近关系的代词 包括:this/that (单数) these/those (复数) such1that，those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。The oil output in 1998 was higher than that of 1995( that 代替oil output)The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany 2. this 和that 有时还可以用作副词，表示程度。 I can only promise you this much. 我只能答应你这么多。I cant walk that far. such such引起倒装句，谓语数取决于后面主语的数Such is my answerSuch are our people做定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so that， suchthat 句型中。I have never seen such beautiful flowers(复数名词前，so 不可)I have never seen such a great film(也可为so great a film)We have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing(不可数词前，不可用so)There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him(在数量概念的多少many，much，little，few 之前，不可用such只能用so ,否则用such六、疑问代词 用来构成特殊疑问句的代词 常见有：who whom whose what which who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which (ever ), what ( ever )通常做主语宾语定语 表 语 What makes you think like that ? 做主语 Who(Whom) were you talking with? 做宾语Which bus do I need? 做定语 Whats your father? 做表语七、相互代词 可换用 each other = one another Do you often write to each other? 八、关系代词： who, whom, whose, which, that, as高考英语名词试题01. Every ton of this recycled paper uses 90 litres of water in its _ A. structure B. manufacture C. construction D. organization 02. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuelsB. articlesC. goodsD. products03. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real _.A. exchangeB. bargainC. trade D. business04. -Shall we go out for a walk? - Sorry. This is not the right _ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance05. To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our _” A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices06.Dogs have a very good _ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. A. sense B. view C. means D. idea07. The young man made a _ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution08. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly_ A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon09. Whats the _ of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion10. I cant say which wine is bestits a(n)_ of personal taste.Aaffair Bevent Cmatter Dvariety11. He and his wife are of the same ; they both want their son to go to college.A. soulB. spiritC. heart D. mind12. My morning includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine13. Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight14. One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living_. A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges15. You are always full of . Can you tell me the secret?Taking plenty of exercise every day. A. power B. strength C. force D. energy16. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _ in many parts of the city. A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance17. Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _ for a wedding in some country. A. way B. situation C. event D. choice18. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _ of exercise. A. limit B. lack C. need D. demand19. School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous _. A. states B. conditions C. situations D. positions20. If you like I can do some shopping for you.Thats a very kind _. A. offer B. service C. point D. suggestion21. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their_ and weaknesses. A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values22. The_ on his face told me that he was angry. A. impression B. sight C. appearance D. expression23. At the meeting they discussed three different_ to the study of mathematics.A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways24. Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A. explanationsB. instructions C. descriptionsD. introductions25. It is said that dogs will keep you for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. A. safety B. company C. house D. friend26. Finding information in todays world is easy. The _ is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not. A. ability B. competition C. challenge D. knowledge27. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of _. A. dateB. shapeC. order D. balance28. It is no _ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. A. use B. help C. time D. way29. I am sure David will be able to find the libraryhe has a pretty good _of direction. A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense30. My _of this weekends activity is going out with some good friend. A. ideaB. opinion C. mind D. thought 31. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _ all over the country. A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses32. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at best when he worked with others. A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character33. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off _. A. a price B. priceC. the priceD. prices34 The faces of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a _of 60 miles. A. length B. distance C. way D. space35 The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance36 In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _ in personality. A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict37 Chinese arts have won the _ of a lot of people outside China. A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation38 I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens .A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place39 Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within of little children . Ahand Breach Cspace Ddistance 40.Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. There is no_ for this while you are on duty.Areason Bexcuse Ccause Dexplanation41. I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up. I just turned it on, thats all, said the boy. A. error B. mistake C. fault D). duty42. One of the consequences of our planets being warming up is a(n) _ in the number of natural disasters. A. result B. account C. reason D. increase43. Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their _ some people drink alcohol. A. temper B. mood C. consciousness D. pressures44. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well.A. ideaB. senseC. thought D. thinking45. - Im taking my driving test tomorrow. -_!A. Cheers B. Good luck C. Come on D. Congratulations46. To regain their after