写作必备forstudents.doc

作文必备一评分标准2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。字数不足应酌情扣分(注: 白卷/作文与题目毫不相关/ 或只有几个孤立的词汇而无法表达思想,则给0分)字数不足应酌情扣分:字数110-119100-10990-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949扣分12345679( 注: 1. 如题目中给出主题句,起始句, 结束句,均不计入所写字数 2. 规定的内容没写全者,按比列扣分 3. 如果扣为0分, 要慎重处理)二写作思路三段落特点英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句四写作原则（一）长短句原则 第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 （二）主题句原则特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！ To begin with， you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）。 Without sufficient preparation， you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. （三）一二三原则1）to start with， next， in addition， finally（强烈推荐）2）to begin with， then， furthermore， finally（强烈推荐） 3）first and foremost， besides， last but not least（强烈推荐）4）on the one hand， on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 5）for one thing， for another thing（适用于两点的情况） （四）短语优先原则 其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. （五）多实少虚原则 比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous，humorous， interesting， smart， gentle， warm-hearted， hospital 之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room （六）多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 2）转折（拐弯抹角） The car was quite old， yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin， but it was warm.3）因果（so， so， so） 更多短语： then， therefore， consequently， accordingly， hence， as a result， for this，reason， so that 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go， Why he goes away 5）插入语（多此一举）The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. 6）排比（排山倒海句）We have got to study hard， to enlarge our scope of knowledge， to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（七）挑战极限原则 特殊句式和结构的运用The weather being fine，a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.五写后修改在学习写作段落和篇章之前，首先应该学习如何写好句子。一篇文章写好之后也要着重看看语法是否正确，句式是否完整，表达是否简洁。下面从句子层面看看写好文章之后该如何修改。（1）语法知识a. There be 结构 考生病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。b. 比较结构 考生病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B., 只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。c. 含有it的结构 考生病句：1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.正确表达：1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science.)2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice.)评议与分析：很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。（2）意思完整英语中完整的句子通常必须具备两个基本条件:1.表示一个完整的意思;2. 至少包括主语和谓语两个部分(祈使句除外).如果将句子的一部分当作一个完整的句子,就会导致非完整句.非完整句缺少主语或谓语部分,因而不能表示完整的意思.其错误通常有下面几种情况:a.将从句当作句子 (误)I would never forget the day. When my mother sent me to the village school. (正)I would never forget the day When my mother sent me to the village school. (误)If there is a ball game on television. Dad does not like us to watch our programs. (正)If there is a ball game on television, Dad does not like us to watch our programs. b.将同位语当作句子 (误)Do you want to meet Alice? The smartest and pretest girl in our school. (正)Do you want to meet Alice, the smartest and pretest girl in our school. (误)New problems face the woman entering collage. Such as budgeting her money and time for study. (正)New problems face the woman entering collage, such as budgeting her money and time for study. c.将短语当作句子 (误)With 7000 undergraduates and nearly 1000 postgraduates. Our university has become rather crowded. (正)With 7000 undergraduates and nearly 1000 postgraduates, our university has become rather crowded. (误)Women and small children in the hall. (正)There are a large number of women and small children in the hall.(误)His ambition was to graduate at head of his class. And to win a state scholarship. (正)His ambition was to graduate at head of his class and to win a state scholarship. (误)The volume grew lower and lower. Finally becoming so slight as to be inaudible. (正)The volume grew lower and lower finally, becoming so slight as to be inaudible. d.将现在分词当作谓语 (误)The quantity our products increasing steadily. (正)The quantity our products is increasing steadily. (误)Thousands upon thousands of people sitting in the bleachers watching the ball game. (正)Thousands upon thousands of people were sitting in the bleachers watching the ball game. e.从句中缺少主语 (误)After finished college education, my brother found a job with a construction firm. (正)After he finished college education, my brother found a job with a construction firm. (误)The women talked to you just now is our English teacher. (正)The women who talked to you just now is our English teacher. (3) 表达简洁在英语造句时,不应使用不必要的词.只要意思得到完全表达,那么所用的词应该是越少越好.试比较下列一两组句子: A: It was blue in color. It was small in size. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. He returned in the early part of the month of August. B: It was blue. It was small. Mary is quiet and careful. He returned in early August. 很明显,B组的四个句子与A组的四个句子所表达的信息完全相同,A组的句子显得多余.B组的句子则简洁明了,而应避免写那些冗赘(wordy)的句子。六范文观察1观点类作文对命运的两种看法自己的观点结论：命运掌握在自己的手中 My View on FateDifferent people have different views on fate. Some people think that fate is predestined and nobody can change it, while others argue that everybody is the master of his fate and he can change it with his own hands.As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. For one thing, I firmly believe all men are born equal and nobody is destined to always succeed or fail in his life. For another, if a person is diligent and determined, he will realize his dream no matter how poor, humble or unlucky he may be. Just think of Nobel, who invented dynamite after countless experiments during which lost his brother and got seriously injured himself.Taking all these factors into consideration, we may safely come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as destined fate in our life. Only if we hold on to our dream can we turn it into reality, just as the saying goes, “ Everybody is the architect of his own fortune.”2利弊类家教的好处家教的坏处结论 Advantages and Disadvantages of Family TutoringRecently more and more people begin to engage family tutors for their children. They argue that family tutoring brings several advantages. First, family tutoring can help weak students to keep up with others in class. Second, the society is developing at a high speed and family tutoring can help the child make preparations for the future competition.Family tutoring also leads to many problems. To begin with, students may not welcome family tutoring at all because many of them are already overburdened. Besides, the quality of the teacher and teaching remains a potential problem, as the main aim of most tutors is to earn money. Last but not least, the student may depend too much on family tutoring and overlook learning at school.From what has been discussed above, we can see clearly that the disadvantages are more obvious. Teachers and parents should help students improve efficiency both in and out of class experience tells us that the best students need no family tutoring. 3办法类毕业生关注找工作问题找工作的三个解决办法总结How to Get a Job After GraduationThe past decade has witnessed a more and more fierce competition in the job market. Consequently students voice growing concern over how to get a job after graduation. As for this problem, in my opinion, there are at least the following approaches.First of all, the main approach is to take part in grand recruiting fairs in big cities. The students hands in his resume and waits for the notice of an interview. Secondly, the student can go over the advertisements on newspapers, TV or the Internet to find a satisfactory job. Of course, he should also wait for replay after sending out applications. Finally, going directly to an ideal company is a brave behavior, which sounds pretty rare among the job hunters.Personally, I would like to choose the second method in my own practice. On the one hand, I dont want to have a try at those companies which have not advertised in the mass media. The success rate is so rare that I cannot afford the time and energy. On the other hand, I would not like to go to those crowded recruiting fairs, which often provide only poor-paying posts which are neither challenging nor promising. As long as I am sure of making sufficient preparations and distinguishing myself during interviews, it is out of question for me to get the ideal job which I have been dreaming of.七写作结构（一） 开头部分1. 开门见山The Best Way to Stay HealthyThe best way to stay healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology. 2. 正反表态Advantages/Disadvantages of Advertising on TelevisionNowadays more and more advertisements are seen on TV every day. Some people think that advertising on TV can bring us a lot of benefits, but others hold the different opinions. In my opinion, I am in favor of the former.3. 让步法Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?Nowadays, young people choose to phone each other rather writing letters. Some are worried that letter writing will be useless in the future. Even so, I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones. .4. 提问法Factors Influencing Young AdultsOf the different factors that can have influence on young adults, the family and friends stand out most. Which of the two is more important? My view is that it is friends who have the most important influence on young adults. 常用句型1. When it comes to , some people think/believe/hold /argue that2. There is a public debate today that 3. Recently, . has been brought into focus.4. Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to 5. Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic to many people that .6. . has aroused much public concern in 7. In my opinion/Personally .8. From my point of view .9. My view is that .10. As for myself/For my part, I would like to say .11. As far as I am concerned, I .12. We can assume （二）主体部分段落展开主题句: 本段要说什么问题; 具体; 简洁扩展句: 说明和支持该主题 表示各种逻辑关系的过渡词连接各个句子1. 列举时常用词语: for example, for instance, such as, like, thus, takeas an example, to illustrate.2. 分类时常用词语：to begin with, first, second, furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, finally, last but not least 3. 因果关系常用语汇: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in4. 比较常用语汇：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, similarly, the same as, in the same way（三）.结尾部分1. 总结归纳Advantages/Disadvantages of Advertising on TelevisionFrom the above, we can see that TV advertising is beneficial both to manufacturers and consumers because of the information it provides.2. 再次强调Factors Influencing Young AdultsGenerally speaking, in most cases, friends are the most important influence on young adults.3. 提出建议GlobalizationIn order to survive the competition of globalization, we must go along with the historic tide of globalization, and actively cope with the opportunity and challenge that the economic globalization brings.常用句型1. In summary, 2. In short, .3. In brief, .4. To sum up, .5. In conclusion, .6. All in all, .7. On the whole, .8. In a word, .9. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that.10. Thus, it can be concluded that.11. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that .12. We can conclude from the foregoing reasons and examples that .八常用模板 （必背: 结合真题自主练习）Nowadays ,there are more and more . It is estimated that Why have there been so many ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follo