[专业课]北京工业2004综合英语.doc

北京工业大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：311 科目名称：综合英语 适用专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学Part One: Vocabulary (20 points, 1 point each)This section contains 20 items. For the first 10 items, choose the one word which would best keep the meaning of each underlined word in the original sentence. For items numbered 11 to 20, choose the most appropriate word to fill in each blank. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. Some animals coloration uses bold, disruptive markings to scare predators, a. disturbing b. distinctive c. brilliant d. unfavorable2. The scientists made an astounding discovery.a. astonishing b. rapid c. solid d. resilient3. The sale of the building had a minuscule effort on the profits of the corporation, a. dim b. drabc. major d. tiny4. His name was conspicuously absent from the list of winners.a. constantly b. enormously c. noticeably d. broadly5. That the dignitary is inaccessible frustrated the reporter.a. depleted b. apparent c. remote d. enormous6. The presence of the first person singular in the poem was almost negligible, a. exceptional b. intricate c. insignificant d. scattered7. The wave of migration was encouraged by the development of seagoing boats using sails, and by innovative farming practices.a. erratic b. creative c. striking d. practical8. Mint is a herb that is well known for the aromatic oil distilled from all parts of the plant, a. valuable b. fragrant c. medicinal d. flavorful9. Scientists speculate that unrestrained population growth and dwindling resources may force humans to look to the sea for food.a. unavoidable b. unexpected c. unchecked d. unnecessary10. Cactus plants have spines that prevent animals from nibbling them.a. ruining b. reaching c. climbing d. gnawing11. One will l be punished or fined, if one_the traffic lights.a. devises b. deprives c. defies d. detects12. He waited until he heard the front door slam; made a quick check to_that the house really was untenanted, then he swiftly mounted the stairs.a. ascertain b. confirmc. convince d. certify13. That noise may be_to you, but 1 cant bear it.a. ardent b. authentic c. asunder d. audible14. We always laugh when Harry tells a story, for it is sure to be_.a. fortuitous b. hilarious c. gregarious d. commodious15. She gets along very well with everyone; so she is the_ member of our family.a. rusty b. impetuous c. congenial d. imperious16. The bridge is too far away from here. Wed better_ the stream here.a. fumble b. twirl c. gyrate d. ford17. No one believed that she could_the things well ahead.a. reconcile b. suspect c. forsaked. anticipate18. His amiability_ him to be a constant listener to others troubles.a. censured b. denounced c. convicted d. doomed19. Peter tried in vain to_his anger with his wife and thus a quarrel broke out.a. tame b. strangle c. constrain d. clutch20. To keep warm, we_a heap of dry woods around our camp.a. checked b. swept c. eliminated d. ignitedPart Two: Reading Comprehension (85 points)This section contains two passages. Read each passage and then answer the questions given at the end of each passage.Passage AWhen an aircraft starts to descend, passengers stomachs sink too. Over 40% of accidents happen during the relatively short time from the final approach to touch-down. Nevertheless, flying remains one of the safest ways to travel; even during approach and landing accidents are rare. For this passengers must partly thank the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which was adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as a worldwide standard in 1949. Now a new standard is called for, to take advantage of advancing technology, but people cannot agree on which one.Any new system has to be very good. The ILS enables aircraft to land even when weather conditions allow the pilot to see only 75 meters (250 feet) ahead. Indeed the ILS signals are sometimes fed directly into the flight computer so that an aircraft can land itself The ILS signals come from two radio transmitters on the ground,-each of which uses a different frequency.The localiser transmitter is at the opposite end of the runway to the landing aircraft and sends out a beam centered along the runway; this shows the aircrafts ILS receiver whether the aircraft is too far to left or right The glide-path transmitter, which is close to the point where the aircraft will touch down, points a beam towards the incoming aircraft, angled up at three degrees: this tells the receiver whether the aircrafts descent above or below the glide-path.Although the ILS has proved highly reliable, it has three significant defects. The most serious is reflection: signals can bounce off buildings and confuse the system. Even an aircraft that is taxiing or parked can cause problems. Second, some of the ILS frequencies are close to those used by FM-radio broadcasters who have been given permission to increase the power of their transmitters, which will interfere with ILS. The third problem is the lack of frequencies for airports that are relatively close together.So in 1978 the ICAO chose the Microwave Landing System (MLS) to replace the old ILS. The MLS also uses two radio signals from similarly sited transmitters to guide down aircraft, but there the similarity ends. The MLS uses narrow beams at a much higher frequency, sweeping back and forth across the path of incoming flights. A receiver on an aircraft registers when the beams pass and works out its angle to the runway from the timing of the signals. The new system is significantly less susceptible to interference than the ILS. And because its signals fan out wider, aircraft can make long curving approaches. This sometimes helps controllers manage traffic.Recognizing the complexity of organizing an orderly changeover which would affect thousands of airports and tens of thousands of aircraft, the ICAO set January 1 1998 as a target for the MLS to take over. Airports around the world began to order and install MLS transmitters. However, in the early 1990s the smooth transition was thrown into chaos. Americas Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) became increasingly convinced that the satellite Global Positioning System (GPS), which is owned and operated by Americas Department of Defence, was a better option.This system allows anyone with a receiver to calculate his exact position from radio signals transmitted by a network of 24 satellites orbiting the globe. Americas armed forces and increasing numbers of civilian sailors, pilots and walkers use it to navigate with great accuracy. The system works well and has the bonus that many aircraft already carry GPS receivers to help them find their way from one airport to another. Successful trials have already taken place and the.FAA expects to authorize GPS landings in conditions where pilots can see at least 550 meters ahead by the end of the decade. This covers the many American airports which have generally good weather.All this convinced the Americans to abandon MLS last year, upsetting European aviation authorities, which were concerned that in a war the American military might close down civilian access to the GPS. Earlier this year, a special meeting of ICAO considered the conflict and came up with a compromise which keeps airports happy but will require aircraft to carry extra equipment. Airports which want to stick with ILS can do so. Those which support MLS can introduce it in place of ILS and those which want to use the GPS (or its Russian equivalent) are to be given time to bring their technology up to ICAO standards.For people who hoped for a world standard this looks like a mess. One answer may be the multi-mode receiver. These devices, which are now being developed by avionics firms in Europe and America, will give a consistent ILS-type display on the flight deck whether they are receiving signals from ILS, MLS or GPS. New approach systems might be accommodated by slipping more circuit-boards into the receiver. Having lost the battle on the ground, the standardizes may yet triumph on the flight deck.Complete the following summary of Passage A, Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write them on the Answer Sheet (40 points, 4 points each) A reliable landing device is needed by all passenger airplanes. The highly reliable radiodevice that has been in use since 1949 is called_1_, which is basically made up of two _2_and_3_. It has been realized that some_4_exist and pose safety hazards to landing aircraft. Another landing device is the MLS, developed more recently. Compared with ILS, the MLS transmitters send out_5_ frequency signals, which are less likely to be interfered by such things as_6_and FM radio signals. The latest development of science and technology has brought about_7_GPS, which works on a completely different principle from its two predecessors. It relies on radio signals transmitted by_8_and trials on airplanes have proven successful. With the above three different systems, _9_are now having problems deciding which one to use as_10_. One solution may be that airports can use anyone they like but aircraft will be equipped with a special device that responds to all of the three.Passage BThree decades ago womens movements around the globe were rigorously questioning the exclusion of women, their interests, and visions of the good life, from policy debates, including those of science.What underlying assumptions and processes had led to the noticeable underrepresentation of women scientists and engineers, and what was responsible for their even lower numbers at higher levels in scientific and technological institutions? How, specifically, did the cultures and practices of scientific institutions contribute to the limited attention to and, lack of funding for womens expressed concerns, including research in the areas of scientific reproduction, health, work, and lingering social inequalities? What assumptions and processes had led male scientists and policy makers to equate their own concerns and opinions with human perspectives in general?In the last 30 years, great progress has been made in analyzing and responding to these concerns. Despite the roadblocks, women have made headway, if unevenly, as they enter the fields of science and technology. Greater opportunity in these fields has allowed more women to share good wages, interesting work, and high social status associated with these occupations. What positive effects, if any, have these changes had on the sciences and their institutions and cultural practices? It appears that improving womens opportunities in science has benefited both the sciences and the cause of women in general, for the example of womens accesses in fields thought to be most resistant to them has provided powerful encouragement to women seeking equality in other endeavors. Just as Marie Curies achievements excited the imaginations of women around the world, So, too, are women today inspired by the successes of women scientists, mathematicians and engineers. Thus, in those cases where science and technology institutions have made it possible for women to advance, they have provided a model for other fields.Advancing scientific careers for women has led to other benefits for science, the most obvious being an enlarged pool of smart, well-trained, highly motivated individuals from which to staff its projects. Whatever the social, political or psychological benefits that men may have gained by discriminating against women in the past, the intellectual loss has never been justified. Invoking gender criteria when recruiting and advancing the best scientists and engineers works against their interests.Moreover, these days the presence of significant numbers of women in a field often increases its legitimacy and the value of its work in the public perception. For example, research that results in medical recommendations concerning womens health issues is more likely to be perceived as objective when it comes from institutions in which women have had a visible role in designing and supervising research projects. In this context it is worth pointing out that so-called womens health issues are not just about womens bodies. As long as women continue to be responsible for the daily maintenance of households and their familys health, womens health issues will include everyones health issues. Gender diversity in policy-makers enhances the quality of decision-making in science and technology. To stress the importance of womens perceptions and analyses, especially around issues that most affect them, is simply to point out that allowing for different viewpoints can have immense value in scientific and technological work. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet (15 points)1. Advancing scientific careers for women has led to many benefits for science. Name four of them. (8 points)2. How do you understand the sentence: womens health issues will include everyones health issues? (3 points)3.Why does the author believe that different viewpoints can be of considerable value to science? (4 points). Translate the underlined sentences in Passage B into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30 points, 6points each)1. What underlying a