《氨基葡萄糖》word版.docVIP

氨基葡萄糖危险性glucosamine does not cause glucose intolerance and has no documented effects on glucose metabolism.41氨基葡萄糖不会导致葡萄糖不耐症并且没有资料显示对葡萄糖代谢有影响。（Anderson JW, Nicolosi RJ, Borzelleca JF (February 2005). Glucosamine effects in humans: a review of effects on glucose metabolism, side effects, safety considerations and efficacy. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43 (2): 187201. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.006. PMID 15621331. (Study financially supported by Cargill Incorporated, a manufacturer of glucosamine as acknowledged in the paper.）Other studies conducted in lean or obese subjects concluded that oral glucosamine at standard doses does not cause or significantly worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction. 424344其他对瘦弱或肥胖例子研究得出的结论是，口服标准剂量的葡萄糖不会导致或显著恶化胰岛素抵抗或血管内皮功能障碍。（Muniyappa R, Karne RJ, Hall G et al. (November 2006). Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects. Diabetes 55 (11): 314250. doi:10.2337/db06-0714. PMID17065354.）（Pouwels MJ, Jacobs JR, Span PN, Lutterman JA, Smits P, Tack CJ (May 2001). Short-term glucosamine infusion does not affect insulin sensitivity in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 (5): 2099103. doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.2099. PMID11344213.）（Biggee BA, Blinn CM, Nuite M, Silbert JE, McAlindon TE (February 2007). Effects of oral glucosamine sulphate on serum glucose and insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test of subjects with osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66 (2): 2602. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.058222. PMC1798503. PMID16818461. /articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1798503.）生物利用度和药代动力学Bioavailability and pharmacokineticsTwo recent studies confirm that glucosamine is bioavailable both systemically and at the site of action (the joint) after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis patients. Steady state glucosamine concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid were correlated and in line with those effective in selected in vitro studies.4546最近的两项研究证实，骨性关节炎患者在口服结晶氨基葡萄糖硫酸钠盐后，其组织系统和骨节处是可利用氨基葡萄糖的。稳态的氨基葡萄糖血浆和滑液浓度是呈正相关的。（Persiani S, Roda E, Rovati LC, Locatelli M, Giacovelli G, Roda A (December 2005). Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 13 (12): 10419. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009. PMID16168682. ）（Persiani S, Rotini R, Trisolino G et al. (July 2007). Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 15 (7): 76472. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019. PMID17353133. ）The bioavailability of glucosamine sulfate is around 20%.47 硫酸氨基葡萄糖的生物利用度是20左右。（Cohen MJ, Braun L (2007). Herbs & natural supplements: an evidence-based guide. Marrickville, New South Wales: Elsevier Australia. ISBN0-7295-3796-X.）药效学The possible effects of glucosamine sulfate in patients with osteoarthritis may be the result of its anti-inflammatory activity,4849 葡萄糖硫酸盐骨关节炎患者造成的影响可能是其抗炎活性。（Largo R, Alvarez-Soria MA, Dez-Ortego I et al. (April 2003). Glucosamine inhibits IL-1beta-induced NFkappaB activation in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 11 (4): 2908. doi:10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00028-1. PMID12681956.）（Chan PS, Caron JP, Orth MW (July 2006). Short-term gene expression changes in cartilage explants stimulated with interleukin beta plus glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. The Journal of Rheumatology 33 (7): 132940. PMID16821268.） the stimulation of the synthesis of proteoglycans,50 and the decrease in catabolic activity of chondrocytes inhibiting the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes and other substances that contribute to damage cartilage matrix and cause death of articular chondrocytes.51525354蛋白多糖合成的刺激，和抑制蛋白水解酶和其他有助于损伤软骨基质，造成关节软骨细胞死亡的物质的合成以减少软骨细胞的分解代谢活动。（Dodge GR, Jimenez SA (June 2003). Glucosamine sulfate modulates the levels of aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase-3 synthesized by cultured human osteoarthritis articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 11 (6): 42432. doi:10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00052-9. PMID12801482.）（Chan PS, Caron JP, Orth MW (November 2005). Effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on regulation of gene expression of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in interleukin-1-challenged bovine articular cartilage explants. American Journal of Veterinary Research 66 (11): 18706. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1870. PMID16334942）（Uitterlinden EJ, Jahr H, Koevoet JL et al. (March 2006). Glucosamine decreases expression of anabolic and catabolic genes in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 14 (3): 2507. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.001. PMID16300972.）（Chu SC, Yang SF, Lue KH et al. (October 2006). Glucosamine sulfate suppresses the expressions of urokinase plasminogen activator and inhibitor and gelatinases during the early stage of