100头肉牛最佳建设投资方案及牛舍设计图.docx

health.what are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? first, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a lonog time. this affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. these chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. in addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. they may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.with these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. they focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. a healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy. organic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. they feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile. this also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. they often change the knd of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans. crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. organic farmers also plant crops to use different levels of soil, for example, planting peanuts that use the grounds surface followed by vegetables that put down deep roots. some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next years crop. these many different organic farming methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or peoples health.an early farmer pioneersome people thought jia sixie was a lucky man. he had worked for the emperor and when he got old, he was able to go his hometown to relax. jia sixie, however, had other plans. he had always been interested in agriculture and intended to do something to make chinese farming even better.jia sixie lived in the six century ad. he was born in yidu in shandong province and worked in gaoyang, which is also in shangdong. as he rode through the countryside on his journeys for his work he looked out at the fields. some of them were greener and had more crops than others. some cows and sheep looked healthier than others too. he was lost in though. what could a farmer do to get good crops from his fields? surely there must be rules that would help them. he thought he could use his knowledge to find out the best ways for farmers to grow crops and then write a book to help them. in doing so he collected information from farmers who did well, studied it and did experiments to find the best way.for example, he studied ways of keeping seeds and advised farmers to choose seed-heads which had the best color. then he told them to hang them to dry all winter. the next spring the seeds should be knocked out of their seed-heads and planted. he studied how to improve the soil. he advised farmers to clear weeds from the ground before planting crops. they could either let the animals eat the weeds or turn the soil over so that the weeds were covered and would rot. then he gave advice on turing over the soil. the first time each year, farmers should dig deeply, but the second time should be less deep. therefore the autumn ploughing of the soil should be deeper thant the spring ploughing. he suggested changing crops in the field every year: rive one year and wheat the next so that they would always get good harvests. they should also grow different plants next to each other in the field. he also gave adive on how to fish, keep a garden and even make wine.he wrote down his in a book called qi min yao shu, which was considered an important summary of the knowledge of farming. for centuries after jia sixie died, it was studied by chinese farmers and students of agriculture.unit 3a master of nonverbal humouras victor hugo once said, “laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face”, and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than charlie chaplin. he brightened the lives of americans and british through two world wars and the hard years in between. he made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.not that charlies own life was easy! he was born in a poor family in 1889. his parents were both poor music hall performers. you may find it astonishing that charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. such training was common in acting families at that time, especially when the family income was often uncertain. unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother. by his teens, charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most popular child actors in england. he could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks. no one was ever bored watching him-his subtle acting made everything entertaining.as time went by, he began making films. he grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world. the tramp, a poor, homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat. he walked around stiffly carrying a walking stick. this character was a social failure but was loved for his optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties. he was the underdog who was kind even when others were unkind to him.how did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? here is an example from one of his most famous films, the gold rush. it is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been discovered in california. like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold, but without success. instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain during a snowstorm with nothing to eat. they are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner. charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti. then he cuts off the leather top of the shoes as if it were the finest steak. finally he tries cutting and chewing the bottom of the shoe. he eats each mouthful with great enjoyment. the acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted!charlie chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films the starred in. in 1972 he was given a special oscar for his outstanding work in films. he lived in england and the usa but spend his last years in switzerland, where he was buried in 1977. he is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.an april fools joke: the noodle harvestapril fools day, or april 1st, is known in many countries as a day for playing jokes on others. it is usually a time when children make fun of each other, but sometimes other people can get caught in the fun too.one of the most famous jokes in england took place on british television in 1957. it was a monday night when there were always many serious programmes on the television. one of them was called panorama, this show explored problems and progress all over the world, so nobody was surprised when it began with a report on the excellent noodle harvest in the south switzerland. the programme mentioned two reasons for the good crop: an unusually warm winter and the disappearance of the insect that attacked the noodle crop every year. the reporter showed many noodle trees with the farmers pulling noodles off them and putting them into baskets. the people watching were told that they may not have heard of noodles from this part of the world because noodles were grown as part of small family businesses.the programme makers makers realized that people might wonder why noodles were always the same size so that they explained that “it was the result of many years patient research with the tree to produce noodles of exactly the same length.” but even so they explained, the life of a noodle farmer was not easy. “the last two weeks of march are an anxious time for noodle farmers. there is always a chance of very cold weather spoiling their crop. then100头肉牛最佳建设投资方案及牛舍设计图养殖肉牛的最佳建设投资方案及牛舍设计图希望给广大的肉牛养殖户有所帮助一：牛场建设1：每栋牛舍长60米、宽10米、中间过道1.5米，双面牛槽，槽宽60厘米、高75厘米、槽深25厘米，每头牛间隔1.2米，地面斜坡15度，要求通风要好。2：这么一栋牛舍600平方米可以饲养100头牛。根据07年最新物价，建设一栋简易牛棚需投资三万元。二：料棚建设用地（每100头牛）1：需长30米、宽8米、高4.5米。共计240平方米的草料鹏，要求通风要好。2：需求资金约一万元左右三：量粪池1：每百头牛需11.5亩2：牛粪可以用来做沼气，种植蘑菇等菌类。四：进牛成本1：短期育肥：如进400500斤肉牛，饲养45个月。每头牛需成本25003000元牛款。（肉牛）2：长期催肥：如进250350斤小肉牛，饲养67个月。每头牛需成本14002000元肉牛款。（肉牛）五：饲料分析1：粗饲料 每头牛每天需干草610斤，如果鲜草1220斤，小牛均减。2：精料 肉牛斤料，也就是说500斤的牛每天两次共计5斤精料。800斤的牛每天两次共计8斤精料。3：精料的配比 60%玉米面，25%麸皮，15%棉豆簸或菜籽饼，5%豆簸。每斤精料预计0.8元左右。4：每30头肉牛每天使用食盐1斤，如使用酒糟需加少量苏打粉、酵母粉。六：人工、水电每百头小肉牛2名饲养员，1名管理员月工资每人在600元左右。水电因地适宜。七：市场行情分析1：目前肉牛成牛1000斤以上的活牛毛重价格在7.0元/斤左右。根据市场行情,专家分析35年内将会稳步上涨不会下滑。八：概况1：每百头肉牛短期育肥需牛款投资25万30万元2：每百头肉牛长期育肥需牛款投资14万20万元综上所述，100头肉牛如短期育肥需求牛款成本在2530万元，需求草料、人工、水电费在10万元左右。总计3540万元。生长局势达到10001150斤，按6.5元/斤计算，总计在65万元以上。也就是说纯利润在25万元以上。一、设计的原则。修建牛舍的目的是为了给牛创造适宜的生活环境，保证牛的健康和生产的正常运行。花较少的饲料、资金、能源和劳力，获得更多的畜产品和较高的经济效益。为此设计肉牛舍应掌握以下原则：1、创造适宜的环境。一个适宜的环境可以充分发挥牛的生产潜力，提高饲料利用率。一般说来，家畜的生产力20%取决于品种，40-50%取决于饲料，20-30%取决于环境，不适宜的环境温度可以使家畜生产力下降10-30%，此外即使喂给全价饲料，如果没有适宜的环境，饲料也不能最大限度地转化为畜产品，从而降低了饲料利用率。由此可见，修建畜舍时，必须符合家畜对各种环境条件的要求，包括温度、湿度、通风、光照、空气中的二氧化碳、氨、硫化氢，为家畜创造适宜的环境。2、符合生产工艺要求，保证生产的顺利进行和畜牧兽医技术措施的实施。生产工艺包括牛群的组成和周转方式、运送草料、饲喂、饮水、清粪等。也包括测量、称重、采精输精、防治和生产护理等措施，修建牛舍必须与本场生产工艺相结合，否则将会给生产造成不便，甚至使生产无法进行。3、严格卫生防疫，防止疫病传播。流行性疫病对牛场会形成威胁，造成经济损失。通过修建规范牛舍，为家畜创造良好环境，将会防止和减少疫病发生。此外修建畜舍时还要特别注意卫生要求，以利于兽医防疫制度的执行。要根据防疫要求合理进行场地规划和建筑物布局，确定畜舍的朝向和间距，设置消毒设施，合理安置污物处理设施等。4、要做到经济合理，技术可行。在满足以上三项要求的前提下，畜舍修建还应尽量降低工程创价和设施投资，为降低生产成本，加快资金周转。因此栏舍修建应尽量利用自然界的有利条件（如自然通风，自然光照等），尽量就地取材，采用当地施工建筑习惯，适当减少附属用房面积。畜舍设计方案必须是通过施工能够实现的，否则方案再好而施工技术上不可行，也只能是空想的设计。二、场区的规划。牛场场区规划应本着因地制宜和科学饲养的要求，合理布局，统筹安排。一般牛场按功能分为四个区：即生产区、粪尿污水处理和病畜管理区、管理区、职工生活区。分区规划首先从人畜保健的角度出发，使区间建立最佳生产联糸和环境卫生防疫条件，考虑地势和主风方向进行合理分区。1、职工生活区。职工生活区（包括居民点），应在全场上风和地势较高的地段，依次为生产管理区、饲养生产区。这样配置使牛场产生的不良气味、噪音、粪便和污水，不致因风向与地表径流而污染居民生活环境，以及人畜共患疾病的相互影响。2、管理区。包括经营管理、产品加工销售有关的建筑物。在规划管理区时，应有效利用原有的道路和输电线路，充分考虑饲料和生产资料的供应、产品的销售等。在牛场，有加工项目时，应独立组成加工生产区，不应设在饲料生产区内。汽车库应设在管理区。除饲料以外，其他仓库也应设在管理区。管理区与生产区应加以隔离，保证50米以上距离，外来人员只能在管理区活动，场外运输辆牲严禁进入生产区。3、饲养生产区。饲养生产区是牛场的核心，对生产区的布局应给予全面细致的考虑。牛场经营如果是单一或专业化生产，对饲料、牛舍以及附属设施也就比较单一。在饲养过程，应根据牛的生理特点，对肉牛进行分舍饲养，并按群设运动场。与饲料运输有关的建筑物，原则上应规划在地势较高处，并应保证防疫卫生安全。4、粪尿污水外理、病畜管理区。设在生产区下风地势低外，与生产区保持300米卫生间距。病牛区应便于隔离，单独通道，便于消毒，便于污物外理，防止污水粪尿废弃物蔓延污染环境。三、牛舍的建设牛舍应建在场内生产区中心，尽可能缩短运输路线。修建数栋牛舍时，方向应坐北向南，以利于采光、防风、保温。牛舍超过四栋时，可两栋并列配置，前后对齐，相间 10米以上。牛舍应设牛床、牛槽、粪尿沟、通行道、工作室和值班室。牛舍前应有运动场，内设自动饮水器、凉棚和饲槽等。牛舍四周和道路两旁应绿化，以调节小气候。国内常见的牛舍有两类：1. 拴糸式育肥牛舍拴糸式栏舍的类型：栓糸式育肥牛舍常称常规牛舍，每头牛都用链绳或牛枷固定栓糸在食槽或栏杆上，限制活动，每头牛都有固定的槽位和牛床，互不干扰，便于饲喂和个体观察，适合当前农村的饲养习惯、饲养水平和牛群素质，应用十分普遍。如能很好地解决牛舍通风、光照、卫生等问题，是值得推广的一种饲养方式。拴糸式牛舍从环境控制角度可分为封闭式牛舍、半开放式牛舍、开放式牛舍和棚舍四种。封闭式牛舍四面都有墙，门窗可以启闭，另一面为半截墙；棚舍为四面均无墙，仅有一根柱子支撑梁架。封闭式牛舍有利于冬季保温，适合北方寒冷地区采用，其他三种牛舍有利于夏季防暑，造价较低，适合南方温暖地区采用。半开放式牛舍，在冬季寒冷时，可以将敞开部分用塑料薄膜遮拦成封闭状态，气候转暖时可把塑料薄膜收起，从而达到夏季通风、冬季保温的目的，使牛场的小气候得到改善。按照牛舍跨度大小和牛床排列形式，可分为单列式和双列式。单列式：只有一排牛床 ,跨度小，一般5-6米，易于建筑，通风良好，但散热面大。适合小型牛场采用。双列式：有两排牛床，分左右两个单元，跨度10-12米，能满足自然通风要求。在肉牛饲养中，以对头式应用较多，饲喂方便，便于机械操作，缺点是清粪不方便。拴糸式牛舍的基本建筑要求：饲养头数 50头以上者，可修建成单列式，50头以上者可修建成双列式，在对头式中，牛舍中央有个通道，为给饲道，宽约1.5-2米。两边依次为牛床、食槽、清粪道。两侧粪道设有排尿沟，微向暗沟倾斜，倾斜度为1-5%，以利于排水。暗沟通达舍外贮粪池。贮粪池离牛舍约5米，池容积每头成年牛为0.3立方米,犊牛为0.1立方米,牛场应是水泥地面,便于冲洗消毒,地面要抹成粗糙花纹,防止牛滑倒。牛床尺寸为：长150-200厘米，宽100-130厘米，牛床的坡度为1-5%。牛床前设固定水泥饲槽，槽地为圆形，最好用水磨石建造，表面光滑，以便清洁，经久耐用。饲槽净宽60-80厘米，前沿高60-80厘米，内沿高30-35厘米，每头牛的饲槽旁离地面0.5米设自动饮水装置.此外每栋牛舍的前面和后面应设有运动场,成年牛每头为15-20平方米,犊牛5-10平方米。运动场棚栏要求结实光滑，以纲管为好，高度为150厘米。运动场地面以三合土或沙质为宜，并要保持一定坡度，以利排水。建牛舍时地基深度要达到80-130厘米，并高出地面，必须灌浆，与墙之间设防潮层。墙体厚24-38厘米，即二四墙或三七墙，灌浆勾缝，距地面100厘米高以下要抹墙裙。牛舍门应坚固耐用，不设门槛，宽高为2-2.2米,南窗规格100120厘米,数量宜多,北窗规格80100厘米,数量宜少或南北对开.窗台距地面高度100-120厘米,一般后窗适当高一些。建舍要求:牛舍建筑,要根据当地的气温变化和牛场生产,用途等因素来确定.建牛舍因陋就简,就地取材,经济实用,还要符合兽医卫生要求,做到科学合理.有条件的，可建质量好的、经久耐用的牛舍。牛舍以坐北朝南或朝东南好。牛舍要有一定数量和大小的窗户，以保证太阳光线充足和空气流通。房顶有一定厚度，隔热保温性能好。舍内各种设施的安置应科学合理，以利于肉牛生长。基本结构:1地基与墙体 基深8-100厘米，砖墙厚24厘米，双坡式牛舍脊高4050米，前后檐高l035米。牛舍内墙的下部没墙围，防止水气渗入墙体，提高墙的坚固性、保温性。2门窗 门高21-22米，宽225米。门一般设成双开门，也可设上下翻卷门。封闭式的窗应大一些，高15米，宽15米，窗台高距地面12米为宜。3场地面积 肉牛生产，牛场管理，职工生活及其他附属建筑等需要一定场地、空间。牛场大小可根据每头牛所需面积、结合长远规划计算出来。牛舍及其他房舍的面积为场地总面积的15一20。由于牛体大小、生产目的、饲养方式等不同，每头牛占用的牛舍面积也不一样。肥育牛每头所需面积为16-46平方米通栏肥育牛舍有垫草的每头牛占23-46平方米，有隔栏的每头牛占162o平方米。4屋顶 最常用的是双坡式屋顶。这种形式的屋顶可适用于较大跨度的牛舍，可用于各种规模的各类牛群。这种屋顶既经济，保温性又好，而且容易施工修建。5牛床和饲槽 肉牛场多为群饲通槽喂养。牛床一般要求是长16-18米，宽10-12米。牛床坡度为15，牛槽端位置高。饲槽设在牛床前面，以固定式水泥槽最适用，其上宽06一o8米，底宽035-040米，呈弧形，楕内缘高035米(靠牛床一侧)，外缘高0608米(靠走道一侧)。为操作简便，节约劳力，应建高通道，低槽位的道槽合一式为好。即槽外缘和通道在一个水平面上。6通道和粪尿沟 对头式饲养的双列牛舍，中间通道宽1418米。通宽度应以送料车能通过为原米，深015一o3米，倾斜度1：50-1：100。2. 围栏育肥牛舍围栏育肥牛舍是育肥牛在牛舍内不拴糸，高密度散放饲养，牛自由采食、自由饮水的一种育肥方式。围栏牛舍多为开放式或棚舍，并与围栏相结合使用。开放式围栏育肥栏舍：牛舍三面有墙，向阳面敞开，与围栏相接。水槽、食槽设在舍内，刮风下雨天气，使牛得到保护，也避免饲草饲料淋雨变质。舍内及围栏内均铺水泥地面。每头牛占地面积包括舍内和舍外场地 5平方米。层顶防水层用石棉瓦、油毡、瓦等。一侧应设活门，宽度可通过小型拖拉机，以利于运进垫草和清出粪尿，厚墙一侧留有小门，主要为人和牛的进出，保证日常管理工作的进行，门的宽度以通过单个人和牛为宜。这种牛舍结构紧凑，造价低廉，但冬季防寒性能差。棚舍式围栏育肥牛舍：此类牛舍多为双坡式，仅有水泥柱子作支撑结构，层顶结构与常规牛舍相近，只是用料更简单、轻便，采用双列对头式槽位，中间为饲料通道。四、选址的原则牛场场址的选择要有周密的考虑，统筹安排和比较长远的规划，必须与农牧业发展规划、农田基本建设规划以及今后修建住宅结合起来，必须适应于现代化养牛业的需要。所选场址 ,要有发展的余地,选址原则如下:1、地势：高燥、背风向阳，地下水位2米以下，具有缓坡坡度的北高南低、总体平坦的地方，绝不可建在低洼或低风口处，以免排水困难、汛期积水及冬季防寒困难。2、地形：开阔整齐，正方形、长方形，避免狭长或多边形。3、水源：要有充足的合乎卫生要求的水源，取用方便，保证生产、生活及人畜饮水。水质良好，不含毒物，确保人畜安全和健康。4、土质：土质沙壤土最理想，沙土较适宜，粘土最不适，沙壤土土质松软，抗压性和透水性强，吸湿性、导热性小。雨水、尿液不易积聚，雨后没有硬结，有利于牛舍及运动场的清洁与卫生干燥，有利于防止蹄病及其他疾病的发生。5、气候：要综合考虑当地的气候因素，如最高温度、湿度、年降雨量、主风向、风力等，以选择有利地势。6、社会联糸：应便于防疫，距村庄居民点500米下风处，距主要交通要道如公路、铁路500米，距化工厂、畜产品加工厂等1500以外，交通供电方便，周围饲料资源尤其是粗饲料资源丰富，且尽量免避周围有同等规模的饲养场，避免原料竞争。符合兽医卫生的要求，周围无传染源。五、规模的选择规模大小是场区规划与牛场建设的重要依据，规模大小的确定应考虑以下几个方面：1、自然资源。特别是饲草饲料资源，是影响饲养规模的主要因素，生态环境对饲养规模也有很大影响。2、资金情况。肉牛生产所需资金较多。资金周转期长，报酬率低。资金雄厚，规模可大，总之要量力而行，进行必要的资金分析。3、社会经济条件的好坏，社会化服务程度的高低，价格体糸的健全与否，以及价格政策的稳定等。对饲养规模有一定的制约作用，应予以考虑。4、场地面积。肉牛生产、牛场管理，职工生活及其他附属建筑物等需要一定场地、空间。牛场大小可根据每头牛所需面积，结合长远规划计算出。牛舍及其他房屋的面积为场地总面积的15-20%。由于牛体大小、生产目的、饲养方式等不同，每头牛占用的牛舍面积也不一样。肥育牛每头所需面积为1.6-4.6平方米,通常育肥牛有垫草的每头牛占2.3-4.6平方米,有隔栏的每头牛占1.6-2.0平方米。5、架子牛的来源。规模饲养肉牛应选择杂交良种牛。杂交改良牛增重快、肉质好、饲料报酬高。农区应积极推广饲养鲁西黄牛，西门塔尔牛和夏洛莱牛，利木赞牛等国内地方牛的杂交后代。health.what are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? first, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a lonog time. this affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. these chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. in addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. they may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.with these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. they focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. a healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy. organic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. they feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile. this also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. they often change the knd of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans. crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. organic farmers also plant crops to use different levels of soil, for example, planting peanuts that use the grounds surface followed by vegetables that put down deep roots. some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next years crop. these many different organic farming methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or peoples health.an early farmer pioneersome people thought jia sixie was a lucky man. he had worked for the emperor and when he got old, he was able to go his hometown to relax. jia sixie, however, had other plans. he had always been interested in agriculture and intended to do something to make chinese farming even better.jia sixie lived in the six century ad. he was born in yidu in shandong province and worked in gaoyang, which is also in shangdong. as he rode through the countryside on his journeys for his work he looked out at the fields. some of them were greener and had more crops than others. some cows and sheep looked healthier than others too. he was lost in though. what could a farmer do to get good crops from his fields? surely there must be rules that would help them. he thought he could use his knowledge to find out the best ways for farmers to grow crops and then write a book to help them. in doing so he collected information from farmers who did well, studied it and did experiments to find the best way.for example, he studied ways of keeping seeds and advised farmers to choose seed-heads which had the best color. the