武汉大学化学应用英语翻译答案.pdf

化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p5 化学方程式中的反应物和产物以离子形式表示的是离子方程式，以分子形式表示的是完 整的方程式。 the chemical equations in which reactants and products are written as ions are ionic equations, and the chemical equations in which reactants and products are written as molecules are full equations. p6 在计量化学中，通过化学方程式可以知道反应物和生成物的比例。因此如果已知反应物 的量，就可以计算出产物的量。 in quantitative chemistry, the ratios of reactants to products can be determined based on chemical equations, thus the amounts of the products can be calculated if the amounts of reactants are known. p7 电磁波的频率越高，其能量越高。 the higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the higher the energy. p8 在质谱中，检测器通过粒子的质荷比的不同来区分不同的粒子。 in a mass spectrometer, the detector sorts different particles according to their mass to charge ratios. p9 原子吸收及发射光谱是由样品的原子中的电子跃迁引起的。 the atomic absorption and emission spectra are the results of electron hopping in the sample. p10 红外光谱和核磁共振波谱常用于表征物质的化学结构。红外光谱可以检测分子中的功 能基团。氢核磁共振波谱可以区分分子中的处于不同化学环境的氢原子。 ir spectroscopy and nmr spectroscopy are commonly used to characterize the chemical structure of substances. ir can detect the functional groups in molecules. 1h nmr can identify the h atoms in different chemical environments. p11 同位素的原子数相同、而质量数不同，这意味着它们的质子数目相同、中子数目不同。 isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers, indicating that they have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons. p12 由于特定轨道的能级是定量的，因此原子中不同电子的能量可以通过电子所在的层、 亚层、轨道来比较。 the energies of different electrons in an atom can be compared based on the shells, subshells and orbitals of the electrons because the energy of a particular orbital is quantised. p13 在确定原子的电子构型时，我们应从最低能级的轨道开始填充电子，并遵循泡利定律 和洪特规则。 to determine the electronic configuration of an atom, we should fill the electrons starting from the lowest energy level and obey pauli principle and hund principle. p14 比较周期表中不同的原子，我们可以发现电离能和电负性的周期性变化。 through comparing the different atoms in the periodic table, we can find the periodic changes of ionization energy and electronegativity. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p15 离域的电子和金属离子间的静电引力为金属键。 the electrostatic force between delocalized electrons and metal ions is metallic bonding. p16 两离子的相对尺寸是决定离子晶格种类的决定因素。 the relative sizes of two atoms are the dominant factor that determines the type of ionic lattices. p17 共价键是两个具有共用电子对的相邻非金属原子的原子核间的吸引力。 a covalent bond is the attraction force between the nuclei of two neighboring non-metallic atoms with lone pairs. p18 在推测分子形状时，我们需要考虑孤对电子对其它电子对的斥力比成键电子对对其它 电子对的斥力大。 when determining the shape of a molecule, we need to consider the fact that the repulsions between lone pairs and other electron pairs are stronger than those between bonding pairs and other electron pairs. p19 在含氧化合物中，双键成键的氧不带电荷。 in oxo-compounds, the double bonded oxygen does not bring electric charges. p20 键的极性是由于形成该键的两个原子的电负性不同导致的。 the polarity of a bond is a result of the difference in electro-negativities of the two atoms forming the bond. p21 分子间力中，氢键的强度大约是范德华力的 10 倍。 among intermolecular forces, hydrogen bonds are ten times stronger than van der waals forces. p22 具有离子键和共价键的物质都可能形成三维有序结构。 both ionically bonded substances and covalently bonded substances may form three dimensional ordered structures. p23 金属键、离子键和共价键的不同特性导致了由这三种键结合的物质也相应地具有不同 的特性。 due to the different characters of metallic bonds, ionic bonds and covalent bonds, the substances bonded by these three kinds of bonds possess different properties correspondingly. p24 异构体分为结构异构体和立体异构体。 isomers are divided into structural isomers and stereoisomers. p25 立体异构分为几何异构和光学异构。 stereoisomerisms are classified into geometric isomerisms and optical isomerisms. p26 外消旋体是由两种相同数量的对映体混合组成的。 aracemate contains equal amounts of two enantiomers. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p27 当温度升高时，固态的物质转变为液态，发生相变的温度称为溶点。 when the temperature increases, a substance changes from a solid state to a liquid state. the temperature where the phase transition occurs is called “melting point”. p28 相图表示了一定温度和压力下特定物质存在的状态。 aphase diagram shows the states of a particular substance at specific temperatures and pressures. p29 通过拉乌尔定律，我们可由溶液的浓度计算出溶液的蒸气压。 using raoults law, we can calculate the vapor pressure of a solution based on its concentration. p30 道尔顿分压定律陈述了气体混合物的总压力等于各组份的分压之和。 daltons law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each component in the gas mixture. p31 根据液体混合物中不同粒子间的引力的大小，非理想液体混合物有拉乌尔定律的正的 或负的偏差。 based on the strength of the attractive force between different types of particles in a liquid mixture, a non-ideal liquid mixture has a positive or a negative derivation from raoults law. p32 粒子的动能与温度有关，而势能则与粒子的位置有关。 the kinetic energy of particles is related to the temperature, while the potential energy is dependent on the positions of the particles. p33 标准焓变指的是在 298k 和 1 大气压下，特定变化的焓变。 the standard enthalpy change is defined as the enthalpy change of a particular change occurred at 298 k and 1 atm. p34 根据热力学第一定律，我们可以由反应物和生成物的标准生成焓计算出反应的焓变。 based on the first law of thermodynamics, we can calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction based on the standard formation enthalpies of reactants and products. p35 通过能量循环，可以比较某种溶质在不同溶剂中的溶解度。 the solubilities of a particular substance in different solvents can be compared using energy cycles. p36 一个物质有特定的分子式是因为这一分子热力学上最稳定。 a substance has a particular formula is due to the fact that the molecule with this formula is most stable thermodynamically. p37 熵是衡量体系无序程度的参数。 entropy is a parameter to measure the disorder in a system. p38 通过实验可以确定反应的极数和反应速率常数。 the order and the reaction rate constant of a reaction can be determined by experiments. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p41 异相催化指反应物和催化剂在不同的相中，相反，均相催化指反应物和催化剂在同一 相中。 heterogeneous catalysis means that the reactants and the catalyst are in different phases. in contrast, homogeneous catalysis means that the reactants and the catalyst are in the same phase. p42 可逆反应达到平衡后，正逆反应的速率相等。 after the equilibrium is reached, the forward reaction and the backward reaction rates become the same. p43 反应平衡定律表明了反应物浓度和产物浓度的数值关系。 the equilibrium law of a reaction shows the numerical relationship between the concentrations of reactants and the concentrations of products. p44 由反应平衡常数的大小，可以推测出反应平衡的位置。 the equilibrium position of a reaction can be predicted based on the size of the equilibrium constant. p45 平衡体系中，改变反应物浓度，将同时引起正逆反应速率的变化。 in an equilibrium system, the change in the reactant concentration induces the changes in both forward reaction rate and backward reaction rate. p46 如果保持反应体系的压力恒定，惰性气体的加入会使平衡向气体摩尔数多的一侧移动。 if the pressure of a reaction system is kept at constant, the addition of an inert gas results in the movement of equilibrium position to the side with more moles of gases to increase the pressure. p47 对于放热反应，提高反应温度将使平衡常数减小。 for an exothermic reaction, an increased reaction temperature leads to a decreased equilibrium constant. p48 在液相色谱中，选择合适的溶剂即移动相对于实现有效的分离是至关重要的。 in liquid chromatography, the selection of a proper solvent, i.e. a mobile phase, is critical to realize effective separation. p49 据 bronsted-lowry 理论，酸是质子施与物，而碱是质子接受物。 according to bronsted-lowry theory, acids are proton donors, and bases are proton acceptors. p50 对于弱酸，它的离解常数越大，酸性越强。 for a weak acid, the larger the dissociation constant, the higher the acidity. p51 酸性溶液的 ph 值小于 7。 the ph value of an acidic solution is lower than 7. p52 在计算非常稀的酸性溶液的 ph 值时，水离解生成的水和氢离子的浓度不可忽略。 when calculating the ph value of a very dilute solution, the concentration of hydronium ions produced by dissociation of water cannot be ignored. p53 如果已知弱酸的离解常数和浓度，就可以很容易计算出弱酸溶液的 ph 值。 when given the dissociation constant and the concentration of a weak acid, we can easily calculate the ph value of the weak acid. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p54 碱性缓冲溶液由弱碱和它的共轭酸组成。 abasic buffer is composed of a weak base and its conjugate acid. p55 带孤对电子的物质的水解反应可能引起 ph 值的增大。 the hydrolysis of the substances with lone pairs may induce an increased ph value. p56 在滴定终点时可以看到指示剂颜色的突变。 the sudden color change of the indicator can be observed at the end point of a titration. p57 如图 1 所示，滴定曲线的起始部分 ph 升高缓慢，而中间部分 ph 迅速升高。 as shown in figure 1, the ph value increases slowly in the initial stage of the titration curve, and increases rapidly in the middle part. p58 弱碱滴定强酸的滴定曲线的起始部分与强弱碱滴定强酸的滴定曲线的起始部分类似。 the initial part of the titration curve of a strong acid against by a weak base is similar to that for strong acid against strong base. p59 氧化还原反应中失去电子的物质被氧化。 during a redox reaction, the substance losing electrons is oxidized. p60 通常含氧化合物中氧的氧化数为-2，但需要注意的是氟化物中氧的氧化数为+2。 normally the oxidation number of oxygen in oxo-compounds is ii, however it should be noted that the oxidation number of oxygen in fluorine compounds is +ii. p61 将高锰酸钾加入一未知溶液中，如果颜色由紫色变成无色，则表明该溶液含有还原剂。 if the color of an unknown solution changes from purple to transparent when potassium permanganate is added into this solution, we can deduce that the solution contains a reductant. p62 弱还原剂具有较强的共轭氧化剂。 aweak reductant has a strong conjugate oxidant. p63 测量标准电极电势的值时，假设标准氢半电池的电极电势为零。 when measuring the standard electrode potential, we assume the electrode potential of standard hydrogen half cell is zero. p64 通过比较两个半反应的电极电势去预测氧化还原反应是否能发生的局限在于不能预测 反应的活化能。 the limitation of using the electrode potentials of two half equations to predict the occurrence of a redox reaction lies in the fact that it cannot predict activation energy of the reaction. p65 配平氧化还原反应的最后一步是将反应两边的相同的离子或分子约去。 the final step in balancing a redox reaction is to cancel out the ions or molecules appear on both sides. p66 无机化学研究除碳氢化合物及其衍生物之外的物质的化学性质和化学反应。 inorganic chemistry studies the chemical reactions and properties of all substances with the exception of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. p67 根据外层电子构型，元素周期表中可划分为 s、p、d、f 四个区。 according to outer shell electron configurations, the period table can be divided into four blocks: s, p, d and f. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p70 第一主族的元素为碱金属，其化合物有良好的热稳定性和水溶性。 the elements in group 1 are alkali metals. their compounds have good thermal stability and high water solubility. p71 碱金属离子中，锂离子的极化能力最大。 among alkali metal ions, the li+has the highest polarizibilty p72 较之碱金属化合物，碱土金属的化合物稳定性较差。 compared with the compounds of alkali metals, the compounds of alkaline earth metals have lower stabilities. p73 第二主族的元素的外层电子构型为 ns2。 the outer electron configuration of the elements in group 2 is ns2. p74 lewis 酸是电子对接收者，而 lewis 碱是电子对给予者。 lewis acids are electron pair acceptors, and lewis bases are electron pair donors. p75 在甲烷中，碳原子以 sp3杂化方式与氢原子成键。 in methane, the carbon atom forms covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms through sp3hybridization of carbon. p76 氮气和氢气在高温高压下反应生成氨气。 ammoniaisproducedthroughthereactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenunder high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. p78 臭氧的减少使更多的高能辐射穿过大气层。 the decrease in ozone allows more high energy radiation to pass through the atmosphere. p79 水的重要性在于它涉及细胞中的物质传递。 the importance of water lies in that it involves the substance transportation in cells. p80 为避免催化剂的分解，反应在达到 60%的转化率时被冷却下来。 to prevent the decomposition of the catalyst, the reaction system is cooled when 60% conversion is reached. p81 硫的典型的物理性质包括绝缘性和脆性。 the typical physical properties of sulphur include electrical insularity and brittleness. p82 卤素的银盐通常溶解性很差。 most commonly, the solubility of sliver salts of halogens is very low. p83 歧化反应中同一反应物同时被氧化和还原。 during disproportionation, the same reactant undergoes oxidation and reduction simultaneously. p84 由于不同的氧化态的存在，很多过渡元素的化合物可做催化剂。 because of the existence of many different oxidation states, many compounds of transition elements can be used as catalysts. p85 由于 d 电子对原子核的屏蔽能力较差，过渡元素能与配体形成络合物。 transition elements may form complexes with ligands because their d electrons do not good at shielding positive charged nucleus. p87 螯合物由中心金属离子和螯合剂构成。 achelate is composed of a central ion and chelating agents. p93 具有特殊反应点的官能团决定着有机化合物的性质。 the functional groups with specific reactive sites determine the properties of organic compounds. p94 有机化合物的命名根据化合物的链长、功能基团和键的类型来确定。 the nomenclature of organic compounds is based on the chain length of the compounds, the functional groups presented, and the type of bonds. p96 研究有机反应的机理时，我们需要考虑粒子的取向、电子的重新分布、中间产物的稳 定性等因素。 when studying the mechanism of organic reactions, we need to consider the factors including the orientation of the particles, the rearrangement of electrons, and the stability of intermediates. p97 根据所用的试剂的类型，有机反应分为亲电反应和亲核反应。 according to the type of the reagent being used, organic reactions are classified into electrophilic reactions and nucleophilic reactions. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p98 键的断裂分为均裂和异裂。 bond cleavages can be classified as homolysis and heterolysis. p99 sn1 反应中，亲核试剂可从两个方向进攻碳正离子，因此有可能形成光学异构体。 in the sn1 reaction, the nucleophile can attack the carbocation from two directions. as a result, optical isomers may be formed. p100 在这一加成反应中，离去基团移去后，键形成了。 in this addition reaction, a bond forms after the leaving group moves away. p101 在异裂亲电取代反应中，中间产物的稳定性对反应活化能有很大影响。 in the heterolytic electrophilic substitution, the stability of the intermediate strongly affects the activation energy of the reaction. p102 这一均裂加成反应包括三步：引发、增长和终止。 the homolytic addition includes three stages, i.e. initiation, propagation and termination. p104 烷烃的粘度随链长的增加而增加。 the viscosity of alkanes increases with increasing chain length. p105 由于碳氢相近的电负性导致了碳氢键的高稳定性，因此烷烃的反应活性低。 due to the similar electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen, which induce the high stability of carbon-hydrogen bonds, alkanes have a low reactivity. p106 烯烃是含有不饱和双键的碳氢化合物。 alkenes are the hydrocarbons containing unsaturated double bonds. p107 由于烯烃中双键的电子云密度高，烯烃的反应活性比烷烃高。 alkenes have a higher reactivity compared with alkanes due to the higher electron density in the double bonds of the alkenes. p108 制冷剂中的卤代烃与大气层中的臭氧反应，对环境造成危害。 halogenoalkanes in refrigerants react with ozone in upper atmosphere, resulting in damage to the environment. p109 空间位阻影响卤代烃的反应活性。 steric hindrance affects the reactivity of halogenoalkanes. 化学应用英语化学应用英语-课本中译英课本中译英 参考答案参考答案 黑色部分为课堂练习、绿色部分为未做练习的其它页。 p110 伯醇被氧化后生成醛、醛进一步被氧化生成羧酸。 after being oxidized, primary alcohols change to aldehydes, which can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids. p111 醇被亲核试剂进攻后，失去氢离子，因此具有弱酸性。 after being attacked by a nucleophile, an alcohol losses a hydrogen ion, which results in its weak acidity. p112 醛和酮的区别在于羰基在碳链中的位置不同。 the difference between aldehydes and ketones lies on the different positions of carbonyl groups. p114 羧酸可被氢化锂铝还原生成醇。 carboxylic acids can be reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to produce alcohols. p115 酯通常不由羧酸和醇的反应来制备，这是由于这个反应是可逆反应、产率低。 most commonly esters are not synthesized by the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols because such reactions are revisable reactions with low yields. p116 酰氯和酸酐的反应活性都很强，通过它们和其它化合物的酰化反应可以合成酯和酰胺 等有机物。 because of the high reactivity of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides, they can be used to synthesize eaters through acylation reactions with other compounds. p117 胺、晴、酰胺是几类重要的含氮有机化合物。 amines, nitriles and amides are important kinds of organic compounds containing nitrogen. p118 苯及其衍生物是芳香族化合物中重要的一类。 benzene and its derivatives are an important class of aromatic compounds. p11