新初三暑假语法讲义——第八讲 非谓语动词.doc

第八讲 非谓语动词中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的三种形式；二、非谓语动词的用法；三、非谓语动词中需要注意的一些问题。考点梳理根据英语动词在句中是否独立用作谓语，可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。谓语动词是指动词在句中独立作谓语时采用的形式，如各种时态的形式。非谓语动词是指动词在句中不独立作谓语时采用的形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词、过去分词）三种。清单一、动词不定式1不定式的形式动词不定式的基本形式是“to动词原形”，称为带to 的不定式；有时，to 可以省略，称为不带to 的不定式。其否定形式为 not + (to)+ 动词原形。例：he wanted to sit down. 他想坐下。（带to 的不定式）let him sit down. 让他坐下。（不带to 的不定式）这里的to 只是个语法符号，没有词义。不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，也没有人称和数的变化。但是，不定式作为动词的一种形式，依然保留了动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语、状语等，有时，还可以有某种时态的变化（如完成时形式）。不定式与其附属部分一起构成不定式短语，在句中充当一定的句子成分。例：to learn english, to work hard, to have waited a long time等。易错点：动词不定式否定形式：not + (to) + do2不定式的基本用法动词不定式虽然是动词的一种形式，但是它却具有名词、形容词和副词的功能，因此在句中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语（宾补）、定语、状语等。考点 用作主语：不定式作主语时，常用it做形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末, 其结构为it is + adj. + (for/of) +动词不定式。例：to learn a foreign language is not easy.-it is not easy to learn a foreign language. 学习一门外语并不容易。to help the poor is his duty.-it is his duty to help the poor. 帮助穷人是他的责任。注意：在kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。 如： its very kind of you to help me. its very clever of you to do like that.例：to see is to believe. 眼见为实。his wish is to become a pianist.to the doctor, the most important thing is to save lives.真题回放2009年北京中考完成句子:多吃水果和蔬菜对身体有好处。_our health to eat more fruit and vegetables. key it is good for2008年北京中考完成句子:战士们已连续工作了18个小时，有必要让他们停下来休息。 the soldiers have kept working for 18 hours, so _.key its necessary to make them stop to have a rest. 考点 用作宾语： 一些动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，这类动词有：agree, begin, choose, dare, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, learn, like, love, need, offer, prefer, promise, refuse, remember, start, try, want, wish, would like等，常用的有would like, want, decide, learn, need, refuse, agree, plan, expect, wish。口诀1：想要决定学习，需要同意计划，希望不要拒绝。想要（would like, want）决定（decide）学习（learn）需要（need）同意（agree）计划（plan）希望（wish, expect, hope）拒绝（refuse）例：i hope to see her soon.she wants to go to university some day.he began to read and write after lunch.（当一个以上的不定式连用时，后面的不定式往往省略to。）真题回放2008重庆单选28：-whats your plan for the summer holiday?-ive no idea, but ive decided _at home and have a good rest first. a stay b to stay c stayed d stayingkey b考点 常见的一些省略to的动词不定式的句式why not do, had better (not) do, would rather do, could/would/will you please (not) do i would rather stay at home. 真题（2008年北京完成句子）：1. 邮局离这儿有点远，你最好坐车去。 the post office is a bit far from here. _take a bus.key: youd better2. 为什么不早点儿把这个好消息告诉他呢？ _tell him the good news a little earlier?key: why not或者why dont you 在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。we found it impossible to cross the river.（本句中的it 是形式宾语，不定式短语to cross the river 是真正的宾语。）考点 注意： 不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how，who连用，相当于一个宾语从句的作用。 如： the teacher is telling the students what to do. he didnt know which to choose. 比较： what to do 与how to do it 真题回放2008年河北单选39：we are going for a picnic tomorrow. ill call wendy to make sure_.a why to start b when to start c what to start d which to start2008年四川成都单选30：all the hats look beautiful. i dont know _. a how to choose b where to choose c which one to choose2008年山东潍坊单选30：the young soldier really doesnt know _ to stop the baby from crying hard. a what to do b how to do c when to do d where to dokey bca用作宾语补足语：不定式作宾语补足语时有两种情况：考点 在大多数双宾及物动词后，要用带to 的不定式，这类及物动词常用的有：allow, ask, beg, enable, encourage, expect, find, get, hate, help, invite, like, order, prefer, tell, wait for, want, warn, wish, would like 等。常考点：ask/ tell sb. (not) to do sth. 口诀2：让想要希望，鼓励说服允许三 二 二， 一 一 一口诀解释：三，二，一分别指代动词的数量。即：三让（tell, ask, get）, 二想要（would like/love, want）, 二希望（wish, expect）,一鼓励（encourage）一允许（allow）一说服（persuade, 高中考点，初中名校校内考试）例：they asked him to sing a pop song at the party.she wants her brother to go to university.we are waiting for the doctor to come.真题回放2009年北京中考单项选择33:the teacher asked ben _a difficult question in class. a answer b answering c to answer d answered 2008年吉林中考单项选择40:tell him _tomorrow, ok?a come b to come c comes d is coming2009年浙江嘉兴中考单项选择22my father is not good at cooking. he often asks my mother_.a to help him b to be helped c not to help him d how to help him2007年上海中考单项选择：we are often told _at people who are in trouble. a not to smile b to smile c not to laugh d to laughkey cbac考点 在表示五官感觉、致使等意义的动词后，要用不带to 的不定式，这类动词有：feel, hear, notice, see, watch; have, let, make 等。help 有时也可用不带to 的不定式。口诀3：吾看三室两厅一感觉，半帮助打死也不吐。口诀解释：吾看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe )三室（let, make, have)两厅（hear, listen to)一感觉（feel)半帮助打死也不吐(help) 注意： 常考单词-let, see, hear, make例：they heard him sing a song in the meeting room.the boy saw two men enter the house.the young man made the old machine start working.the teachers helped the students (to) learn english well.本类动词在变成被动语态时，原句中作宾补的不定式前要加上to，同时原来的宾补就变成了主语补足语。例：two men were seen to enter the house.the old machine was made to start working by the young man.真题回放 2008年北京中考完成句子:战士们已连续工作了18个小时，有必要让他们停下来休息。 the soldiers have kept working for 18 hours, so _.key its necessary to make them stop to have a rest. 2009年四川中考单项选择：tom often makes his little sister _but yesterday he was made _by his sister.a cry; to cry b to cry; cry c cry; cry d to cry; to crykey a考点 用作状语：不定式用作状语时一定要带to，可以表示多种语义，如目的、结果、程度、原因等。考点 用作目的状语（写作，单选中考察），例：he came to borrow my dictionary.they went on foot, so as not to be heard.in order not to be heard, they went on foot.so as to, in order to 意思都是“以便，为的是”，它们都可以用在句中，但是在句首要用in order to。另外，以上后两句例句中用了否定式，意思是“以免，免得”。in order to, so as to, in order that, so thatbets-2, pet中句型转换。 用作结果状语，例：he hurried to the house, only to find it empty.she left home, never to return again.he was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.考点 用作程度状语，例：（中考完成句子，ket, bets-1）she is old enough to travel all by herself.she is too young to swim across the big river.考点 用作原因状语，例：we jumped with joy to hear the news.i am very pleased to meet you.真题回放2008年北京单项选择23：-my brothers ill in hospital.-im sorry _that. a hear b hearing c heard d to hearkey d2008年北京完成句子：很多医护人员太忙了，顾不上吃饭。 many doctors and nurses are _have their meals. key: too busy to2007年重庆单项选择28：-linda, im very thirsty.-lets go to the nearest supermarket _ some drinks, ok?a buy b bought c to buy d buyingkey c 用作表语：不定式可以用在连系动词后作表语。 用作定语： 不定式可以像形容词一样用来修饰名词，但是它必须后置。例：we must first find something for him to eat. （本句中的for him为不定式to eat的逻辑主语。） the teacher will have something important to tell us. 如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式之后加上适当的介词。如：there is nothing to worry about. he is not a man to talk with. （本句末尾的介词with 不可遗忘。）清单二、动名词1动名词的形式动名词的形式由“动词原形ing”构成，例如：do doing, study studying, close closing, stop stopping。注意+ing的不同情况。2动名词的用法动名词或动名词短语具有名词的功能，在句中可用作多种名词性成分。 用作主语：跟不定式一样，动名词作主语时常位于句末，而在其原来的位置用it 作形式主语。谓语动词一般用单数。例：saying so much is useless.it is useless saying so much.swimming in the sea is his favorite sport.it is his favorite sport swimming in the sea. 在大海里游泳是他最喜爱的运动。 用作表语：动名词用作表语表示主语是什么，而不是主语的性质或特征如何。例：my greatest pleasure is traveling.one of his bad habits is biting nails. 他的一个坏习惯是咬手指甲。 宾语：考点 用作动词宾语：英语中常有一些动词后面跟动名词作宾语有：enjoy, finish, mind, miss, be worth, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem (in), spend, feel like, keep, stop, suggest, be used to等。口诀4（适用高中）：完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, cant help, feel like）喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）初中常考单词： enjoy, mind, keep, finish, practice等温馨提示：be busy doing, be worth doing例：she enjoys going to the cinema.he keeps making the same mistakes.i suggest leaving now. (= that we leave now.)考点 用作介词宾语：与介词一起用作状语等，也可用在部分形容词后。常用的有be afraid of, be good at, how about/what about, be interested in, thank you for, instead of, have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing, prevent/stop(from)doing, spend money/time in doing sth, 注意含有介词的固定短语：make a contribution to 或 make contributions to为做贡献devote to献身，致力于look forward to期盼，盼望prefer to 两者间更喜欢be used to doing sth.习惯， 适应例：after finishing my work, i took a short rest.they drove into town without talking to each other.all the students are sure of passing the examination.真题回放2009年北京中考完成句子63:很抱歉今天不能陪你去购物，明天怎么样？ im sorry i cant go shopping with you today. _tomorrow? key how about/ what about 2009年北京中考完成句子67: 我确信什么也无法阻止李雷成为一名作家。 im sure_a writer.key nothing can stop li lei from becoming2005年湖北黄冈：-its hot. would you mind my_ the window?-_. do it as you like, please!a to open; ok b opening; certainly not. c closing; of course d open; good ideakey b用作定语：动名词作定语时不带附加成分，通常前置，表示该名词所表示的事物的用途。如果用“for动名词”，则应后置。例：a swimming pool = a pool for swimminga teaching building = a building for teaching另请比较：the working conditions = the conditions for working 工作条件（动名词）the working people = the people who are working 劳动人民（现在分词）清单三、分词1分词的形式分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形ing”构成（如：ask asking, study studying, live living, stop stopping）。现在分词短语具有形容词和副词的作用，在句中可用作多种句子成分。过去分词的构成有两种：规则的变化由“动词原形ed”构成（如：ask asked, live lived, study studied, stop stopped），不规则的变化请参见不规则动词表。（不规则动词变化部分需要学生特别记忆）2分词的基本用法 用作定语： 现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的特征，或修饰名词所做的动作。单个的现在分词作定语必须前置；现在分词短语则后置。现在分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，都可以变成一个相应的定语从句。现在分词作定语所修饰的名词有主谓关系。例：he is a promising young man. 他是个大有前途的年轻人。i have a friend living in london. (=i have a friend who lives in london.)a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping， the rising sun = the sun that is risinghe is a young man with pleasing manner.the room was full of people waiting for the headmaster.过去分词作定语多表示被动意义和完成意义。动作发生在谓语动词之前。其前置和特征与现在分词相同。过去分词作定语所修饰的名词有被动关系或系表关系。例：he is a man loved by all.i hate to read letters written in pencil.we need more trained nurses.things seen from behind seem a little different. 从背后看到的东西显得稍有不同。 用作表语：分词用作表语时，已经完全形容词化了，可以被very, rather 等副词修饰，而且可以有比较等级。 现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征或和连系动词连用构成进行时态。例：the book is interesting.the present situation is more encouraging than ever before.the girl is watering the trees.现在分词作表语一般可以译成“使、令的” 过去分词作表语，和连系动词一起表示主语的状态或表示被动语态（动词应是及物动词）。例：the glass is broken.she is quite pleased.the glass was broken by li hua.请比较：this cup is broken. how about that one? 这只杯子是破的，那只怎么样？（系表结构）the cup was broken by my brother. 杯子被我弟弟打破了。（被动语态）考点 同类别词组： interesting-interested exciting-excited boringbored relaxingrelaxed embarrassing-embarrassed surprising-surprised 用作宾语补足语：考点 现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行，动作是宾语发出的，主动的，多用于使役动词或感官动词之后。如：see, watch, hear, feel, smell, notice, find; have, get, leave, keep例：we saw a light burning in the window.i cant get the clock going again.i saw him talking with the doctor.he kept the machine running for ten hours. 口诀：吾看三室两厅一感觉，半帮助打死也不吐。（let, make, help三个单词除外）易错点：have sb. do sth. = let sb. do sth. have sb. doing sth.=keep sb. doing sth.请比较：i saw the old man crossing the street. 我看见那个老人在过街。（表示动作正在进行）i saw the old man cross the street. 我看见那个老人过街的。（表示动作已发生过）真题回放2009海南：i heard someone _the door and _.a open; come in b to open; to come in c open; come into d to open; to come into2009浙江嘉兴：-is jack in the library?-maybe. i saw him _ out with some books just now. a going b go c to go d wentkey ab 过去分词作宾补，多表示宾语的状态或被动意义。动作是宾语发不出来的，多用于使役动词、感官动词和like, want, wish, order 等表示“希望”“要求”等意义的动词后面。特别注意“have宾语过去分词”这一结构的用法。例：i have to have my hair cut.you should make yourself understood by all.we have never seen the mountain covered in snow. 我们从未见那座山被雪覆盖过。 用作状语：分词用作状语，具有多种语义。 现在分词作状语，多用来表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。现在分词作状语它的逻辑主语是主句的主语。如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，并且已经完成，用现在分词的完成形式。例：they stood by the road, reading books.having stepped into the cave, crusoe lit a fire.hearing /when hearing a noise, they stopped talking. (= when they heard.) 听到喧闹声，他们便停止了谈话。（时间状语）she sat there reading a newspaper. (= and read a newspaper.) 她坐在那里看报纸。（伴随状况状语） 过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语一样，可以表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。过去分词作状语必须注意它表示的动作是该句主语发不出来的或表示主语的状态，但其逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语。例：when (water is ) heated, water changes into steam.deeply moved, she couldnt say a word. (= as she was deeply moved.) 她深受感动，一句话也说不出来。（原因状语）现在分词的完成式，否定式，被动形式：例：having worked among the workers for many years, he knew them very well.not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.can you see the building being built?having been put into prison, he felt hopeless.温馨提示：现在分词与过去分词可采用图表法进行比较讲解:功能例句说明现在分词过去分词定语the girl standing in front of the classroom is my roommate.please give me your written exercises.作定语，其逻辑主语为其所修饰的词。作定语，其逻辑宾语为其所修饰的词。状语the teachers went out of the building, talking and laughing.seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。表语the situation is encouraging.the boy is too excited to utter a word.表示主语的性质，特征表示某种状态补足语yesterday jim kept us waiting for a long time i heard lily singing in the classroom.hell have his hair cut tomorrow. 被补足的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语，即主动关系被补足的宾语或主语是其逻辑宾语，即被动关系重难点解析一、现在分词与动名词作宾语之比较 一些动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，这类动词有：agree, begin, choose, dare, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, learn, like, love, need, offer, prefer, promise, refuse, remember, start, try, want, wish, would like等，常用的有would like, want, wish,expect, decide, plan, agree, refuse, learn,need。 口诀：想要决定学习，需要同意计划，希望不要拒绝。想要（would like, want）决定（decide）学习（learn）需要（need）同意（agree）计划（plan）希望（wish, expect, hope）拒绝（refuse） 常用接动名词做宾语的动词：口诀（适用高中）：完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, cant help, feel like）喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）初中常考单词：finish, practice, enjoy, mind, keep等 温馨提示：be busy doing, be worth doing 既可以接动名词作宾语，又可以接不定式作宾语的动词。.意思差别不大的动词如下：begin, start 等：在begin, start, hate, like, love, prefer 等动词后，用动名词或不定式作宾语，意思上几乎没有什么区别。 口诀： 开始喜欢爱恨交织 （begin, start, prefer, like, dislike, love, hate）例：the teacher said, “you begin writing now,” and the children began to write.will you start reading / to read?so you prefer living / to live abroad?有时，like 后接动名词时，表示经常性的爱好；后接不定式时，表示一次性的或独特的爱好。例：i like traveling and, especially, to travel with friends.he doesnt like reading, but he likes to read newspapers in bed.真题：2008浙江：jane said she _sending e-mails _letters.a preferred; to writing b preferred; to write c prefers; writing d prefers; to writingkey a.意思差别的动词如下： forget, remember, regret 等：在forget, remember , regret 后，用动名词作宾语表示已做过的事情，用不定式表示要去做的事情。例：i remember posting the letter.（已经做过）remember to post the letter. （没有做）i will never forget seeing him for the first time. he forgot to do his homework. stop, go on 等：在stop, go on 后，用动名词作宾语表示“（停止或继续）做同一件事”，用不定式表示“（停下来或接下去）做另一件事”。例：they stopped talking.they stopped to talk.the teacher asked us to go on reading.the teacher asked us to go on to read. need, want 等：在need, want 后，用动名词作宾语具有被动意义，和用被动态的不定式在意义上一样。例：this room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.the old watch wants repairing / to be repaired. allow, mean, tryallow doing sth. 允许做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 例：we dont allow smoking here. we dont allow students to go out on school days. mean to do 打算， 想mean doing 意味着 例：i mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. doing that means wasting time. try to do sth. 努力去做某事 try doing sth. 试着去做某事 例：please try to do better next time. he tried speaking english to me. 比较 try to do sth.:努力做某事，不一定成功。 manage to do sth.努力做某事，且成功了。二、现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语之比较此类动词主要有使役动词（let, make, have），感官动词（see, watch, hear, notice） to do做宾语补足语时的动词常用的有：常考点：ask/ tell sb. (not) to do sth. 顺口溜：让想要希望，鼓励说服允许三 二 二， 一 一 一口诀解释：三，二，一分别指代动词的数量。即：三让（tell, ask, get）, 二想要（would like/love, want）, 二希望（wish, expect）,一鼓励（encourage）一允许（allow）一说服（persuade, 高中考点，初中名校校内考试） 省略to的不定式做宾语补足语时的动词常用的如下：吾看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe )三室（let, make, have)两厅（hear, listen to)一感觉（feel)半帮助打死也不吐(help) 注意： 常考单词-let, see, hear, make 现在分词做宾语补足语时的动词常用的如下： 口诀：吾看三室两厅一感觉，半帮助打死也不吐。（let, make, help三个单词除外）注意have sb. do sth. 与 have sb. doing sth.的区别三、现在分词与动名词做定语之比较 词性区分：现在分词为具有动词性的形容词 动名词为具有动词性的名词 现在分词相当于一个含有现在进行时的定语从句的作用 动名词作定语表示被修饰语的功能，性质或类别，不可改成定语从句。例如： a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping a sleeping bag= a bag for sleeping四、常用不定式或动名词的句型 (1) its time to do sth. = its time for sth. “是做的时候了” its time to have supper. = its time for supper. 该吃晚饭了。 (2) lets do sth. (3) it takes sb. some time ( money ) to do sth. “某人花费多少时间(金钱)做某事” it took me half an hour to do the problem. 我花了半小时做这个题目。 (4) be +形容词+enough + to do sth. “足够做某事” the girl is old enough to go to school. 那小姑娘已够上学年龄。 (5) be + too +形容词 + to do sth. “太不能做某事” the boy was too frightened to move. 那孩子太害怕，不敢动一动。 (6) be ready + to do sth. “乐意做某事” =be ready for sth. lei feng is always ready to help others. 雷锋总是乐于助人。 (7) its + 形容词+(for/of sb. )+ to do sth. its important for the twins to help each other. 孪生子互相帮助是很重要的。 (8) be afraid to do sth. “不敢做某事” =be afraid of doing sth. he is afraid to tell his father about