英语专业毕业论文-On translation of Chinese political reports---“The Economist” .doc

编编 号号 本本科科生生毕毕业业设设计计（ 论论文文 ） 题目题目: a study of the english translation of neologisms originating from recent chinese political news -economists 外国语 学院 英 语（师范） 专业 学 号 学生姓名 指导教师 ii 二二一二年五月一二年五月 摘要 i 摘摘 要要 经济学人(economists)于1843年9月在英国伦敦创刊。它是西方政界、商界、金 融界人士的必读刊物，在世界各国享有较高声誉。经济学人一直对中国关注十分密 切，有时一期竟然刊登五、六篇关于中国的文章，尤其是政治改革方面的重大事件，无 一遗漏。从2012年1月28日出版的最新一期开始，经济学人杂志开辟了新的中国专栏， 为有关中国的文章提供更多的版面。这是70年来，该杂志首次为一个国家开辟专栏。 经济学人根据其对中国国情的了解和认识，词汇运用技高一筹，文中的中国时政词 语颇具研究价值。本文选取英文杂志经济学人(the economist)20112012年度关于 中国时政的报道为语料，从数据处理、术语解释、措辞、修辞手段等角度入手，运用描 述性统计的方法，探讨英文期刊时政报道的语言特点。旨在通过数据统计的形式，为时 政报道的语言特点理论提供更加充足的论证，并发现最新时政报道的语言特点和趋势。 希望英语学习者在结论中获得启示。 关键词：关键词：中国时政词语；经济学人；语言特点；数据统计 abstract ii abstract “the economist” (economists), is founded in london, england, in december, 1843. it is a must be reading of western politics, business and financial community, which enjoys a high reputation in the world. “the economist“ has been paying close attention to china. in recent years, it even published five or six articles on china at one paper, especially the major events of chinas political reform, no one left. it reports from politics to economy, from urban to rural, from macro to micro, from the phenomenon to essence. however, due to the lack of directly corresponded english vocabulary, the english translation of political words with chinese characteristics is a major difficulty of foreign media, and it is also a topic of concern in the translation world. in accordance with their knowledge and understanding of chinas national conditions, the vocabulary of “the economist“ came out on top, the report is more exciting. from the latest one published on january 28, 2012, “the economist“ magazine has opened up a new column to provide more forums for the article about china. it is the first national column in 70 years.this paper selects the english magazine “the economist“ (the economist) 2011-2012 annual report on the chinese current affairs as corpus. through aspects like data processing, terminology interpretation, diction, rhetorical devices, we use the methods of descriptive statistics to explore the linguistic characteristics of the current affairs reports of the english journal. the significance of this study is using statistics to provide more adequate argument for the language features theory of current affairs coverage ，it also attempts to identify the linguistic features and trends of the latest current affairs coverage. english learners will get an important inspiration from the conclusion of this study. keywords: words of chinese politics; economists; linguistic characteristics; data statistics contents iii contents chapter 1 introduction .1 chapter 2 literature review 2.1 chinese and westerners researches on nologisms translation 2.2 problems in the translation of nologisms chapter 3 words describe political trends2 3.1 frequency and diversity 3.2 the comparison method in the description. 3.2.1 vertical comparison 3.2.2 parallel comparison4 chapter 4 terminology .5 4.1 the grammatical structure of terminology. 4.1.1non-restrictive attributive clause.5 4.1.2appositive and parenthesis .6 4.1.3present participle and past participle (hereinafter referred to as “participle “) 6 4.2the translation of terminology7 4.2.1transliterate completely according the chinese pinyi.7 4.2.2transliterations according the chinese pinyin with explanatory text7 4.2.3literal translation8 4.2.4literal translation with explanatory text.8 chapter 5 rhetorical devices9 5.1metaphor .9 5.2other rhetorical devices.9 chapter 6 conclusion11 references.12 acknowledgements 13 on translation of chinese political reports-“the economist” 1 chapter 1 introduction with the deepening of chinas reform and opening-up policy and the acceleration of social development, more and more foreigners, from high-ranking officials to ordinary people, are increasingly concerned about the various events in china. political event is always the most sensitive, and also an important part which has great influence on many other aspects of social life. in fact, this phenomenon indicates that our country is drawing distinguished worlds attention. the daily life of chinese people is also affected by all kinds of political events. does politics seems very far away? maybe a few decades ago, the answer would be “yes“. but now, things are different. more and more ordinary people are focusing on both domestic and international politics. in the past, chinas information channel is extremely limited for foreigners. due to some historical and cultural reasons, foreigners could not have enough understanding of china. they even have a lot of misunderstandings about china and chinese people. however, with the rapid development of media industry in the world, foreigners now have more information channels to know about china, and the accesses are being increased. some chinese scholars， nie wei2, zhang jian2, wang yuguang2, guan zhongming2 ， have discussed the linguistic characteristics of english news, who mainly focused on follows: 1) english translation of political news 2) english translation strategy of chinese characteristic words 3) statistical research used for the political commentary 4) review of the political commentary words . “as political news has unique content and writing style, to have a better understanding of political news, readers need to hold some basic knowledge about the chinese political background, besides, the english translation process of chinas current affairs with chinese characteristics is also very important.“ 1 most of the traditional studies about the translation process of english reports focused on the naturalized and alienation of translation.“ adaptation and alienation are two different ideas. domestication theory think that translation should follow the where to go principle. it agrees with the culture of the target languages strategy. alienation emphasized from where, that translation is the dissemination of strange things, so the translations of works should keep the cultural flavor of the original language.“ 2 during the research and comparison between english and chinese reports, some scholars find several linguistic characters of english reporting. they use the method of making a list of vocabulary, combined with examples, to illustrate the linguistic characters. this is a new achievement, through the methods of data processing, terminology interpretation, diction, rhetorical devices, exploring the linguistic characteristics of current affairs reports of the english journal. the significance of this study is to provide more adequate argument for the language features theory of current affairs coverage and identify the linguistic features or trends of the latest current affairs coverage. however, most of the materials are selected from economic forums of the english newspapers, which are lack of political themes, so they have less representativeness. this study focuses on analysis from the major political events, to explore the linguistic characteristics of the english journal of political coverage. the paper selected the english magazine “the economist“ as a case, which studies from the words, terminology, interpretation 江南大学学士学位论文 2 and rhetorical aspects of the language features of english political news reports. the significance of this study is using statistics to provide more adequate argument for the language features theory of current affairs coverage ，it also attempts to identify the linguistic features and trends of the latest current affairs coverage. english learners will get an important inspiration from the conclusion of this study. on translation of chinese political reports-“the economist” _ 3 chapter2 literature review this chapter mostly review the studies of the translations of neologisms. it will also explore some relevant researches on translation studies in china and weatern countries. 2.1 chinese and westerners researches on nologisms translation translation is a linguistic phenomenia for some scholars, for others a cultural one. translation is far from being just a matter of language, vermeer strongly points, instead, predominantly a cross-cultural event. “transaltion is not the transcoding of words or sentences from one language to anorher, but a complex action in which someone provides information about a text under new functional , cltural and linguistic conditions and in a new situation, whereby formal characteristics are imatated as far as possible.”(cited in snell 一 hohty 2001:46) 2 western scholars susan bassnett (1991) 2 and gideon toury (1995) 2 claim that translation should be always oriented towards target culture. to be specific，they contend that belief sturctuers， literary and linguistic conventions，moral norms，value systems，and political expediencies of the target cultural always shape translations in powerful ways (robinson2003:196). chinese scholars have also conducted extensive researches on translation. chinese traditional views on translation are 一“faithfulness，smoothness，and elegance ”. liu miqing(1999:258 一 269)explores some principles of the expressive theory of cultural translation ( 文化翻译表现 论). 2 he summarizes them as the principle of cultural adaptability，scientific principle and aesthetic principle. the essence of the principle of cultural adaptability is that the expression of cultural inofmration in translation should be adapted to the tl cultural reality and its development needs，which should be paramount to other principles. scientific principle demands that translators base their work on the cultural meanings( cultural information+ semantic information) of tl，and convey them throuhg appropriate and realistic means，refraining from arbitrary manipulation. aesthetic principle emphasizes“being ture to the original flavor” ， namely，ture to the characteristics，structure，and cultural quality etc of source text. in a word，tarnslators should be skilled in the dynamic imitation of the source text. the study reviews the standpoints of western scholars on cultural translation and cultural trnaslation models by chinese scholars，which thus provide authoritative references for the study to adopt the tagret culture oriented method in translation and to summarize some guiding principles in the end. 2.2 problems in the translation of nologisms from english newspapers have a brief review of chinese and english newspapers and periodicals, a lot of chinese new nologisms are to be found: love outreach( 爱心活动)；second job/career (第二职业)；sudden influx of migrant laborers (民工潮); aid the poor project (扶贫工作); risk ones fortune in business (下海) ; careers fair (人才市场); job-hop/jump ship (跳槽). with so many reports on chinas political events and situations, it is easy to find new 江南大学学士学位论文 4 nologisms in english newspapers about china, but if we read them clearly, we will find out that some of these words can hardly express the distinguished chinese characteristics. such problems as chinglish; the ignorance of custome of language; without distinguishing the meaning of the words in the original material; without distinguishing the register of the translated text; the perversion of the word order in the translated text; poor back translation; without paying more attention to the political words. to further explore the linguistic characteristics of the current affairs reports of the english journal, and to identify the linguistic features and trends of the latest current affairs coverage, we use the methods of descriptive statistics, from the aspect of words, terminology, interpretation and rhetorical devices in this paper. on translation of chinese political reports-“the economist” _ 5 chapter 3 words be used to describe political trends 3.1 frequency and diversity in the actual writing, in addition to avoid re-use the same vocabulary, editors also need to use vivid vocabulary as far as possible, so as to show a picture of political trend for readers. (all of the following graphs, tables of data and content are based on the articles of “the economists” from 2011 to 2012. table 1: samples describe the political trends trendsverbnumber upward develop; improve; advance; grow; accelerate; rise; raise; increase; strengthen; reinforce; progress; expand; speed up; facilitate; further; push; promote; widen; extend; boost; get ahead; get; obtain; gain; acquire; receive 27 downwardslip ;downturn; fall; decline; drop; decrease; reduce; lower; sap9 change change; shift; transition; transform; reform; become; vary; alter; convert; metamorphose; correct; revise; switch; rectify 14 maintain maintain; keep; hold; retain; preserve; save; adhere to; uphold; insist on; persist; remain committed to; stick to 12 others manage; run; control; command; dominate; contain; declare; guide; supervise; lead; open up; evolve 12 samples showed more types of verbs and verb phrases are used in the articles. the upward trend has 27 types of verbs and verb phrases; the changes have 14 types of verbs; 12 types of verbs to express maintain; and 12 types of other verbs. this shows a diversity of verbs in political descriptions. in addition, from the analysis we can also found that the frequencies of different verbs are also different. 江南大学学士学位论文 6 graph 1 : the most frequently used verbs of upward trends 18 22 18 10 9 38 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 developgrowgainincrease promoteriseraise frequency table 2 shows in the 27 verbs to describe the upward trends, 7 words are used most frequently, they are develop, grow, gain, increase and rise. rise is the most common word, which is used more than 30 times in the description of the upward trends. figure 3 shows in the 9 verbs to describe the downward trends, 6 words are used most frequently, they are drop, decline, fall, sap, reduce and lower. fall is the most common word, which is used more than 10 times in the description of the downward trends. the rise and fall are so high-frequency words, which make the article easier to understand. graph 2 : the most frequently used verbs of downward trends 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 dropdeclinefallreducelowersap frequency 3.2 the comparison method in the description to describe trends and sort out the logic of data, the study found that comparison is the most common way used by magazine editors. there are two comparison methods: longitudinal comparison and parallel comparison. in addition, an upward trend or downward trend can also be compared with each other in order to make an emphasize. vertical comparison (eg, historical data) is able to provide readers with a specific political trend over a period of time, while the horizontal comparison can be used by providing the same or similar policy in different parts of the world to summarize the specific indicators. vertical comparison of the analysis was the most common form of comparison, often on translation of chinese political reports-“the economist” _ 7 together with the side bar chart text. the chart is like a summary of the data. in the sample articles, the time span of longitudinal comparison is generally longer, the longest of which is an example 160 years, while the shortest is 4 years. the goal is to provide long-term development of the political and social trend. see examples (1)(2)(3). 3.3.1 vertical comparison eg.(1)in 1861 shanghai came under attack from the taiping rebellion. to help pay for their defence, chinas provincial governments borrowed money from foreign investors. but since 1994 chinas provincial and municipal governments have been prohibited from borrowing. that changed on november 15th 2011,when shanghai sold the first bonds under a new scheme, raising 7.1 billion yuan(1.1 billion).(economists, nov 26th, 2011) (2)from 1999 to 2009 the states share of industrial output by value fell from 49%to 27%.(economists, nov 26th,2011) (3)average prices in the citys residential market nearly doubled between 2000 and 2004. last year, they jumped by 28 in the city centre. (economists, nov 26th, 2011) (4)they prefer a bigger role for the state. chongqing officials proudly note that the municipality, which ranked 19th among chinese provinces by value of its state assets in 2003, has since moved up to number four, thanks to a more than sevenfold increase in their worth to 1.25 trillion yuan ($192billion). (economists, jun 25th 2011). due to the different forms of governments in different countries, the media must reflect relevant changes in the worldwide, so horizontal comparison is the most effective way. sample comparison shows that editors tend to use such a comparison to give a brief description on the national situation. see examples (5)(6)(7). 3.3.2 parallel comparison eg.(5)elsewhere in china, ringleaders are commonly rounded up once strikes have been settled, but those in guangdong were not.(economists, nov 26th,2011) (6)the chongqing model is held up in shining contrast to that of guangdong and its “capitalist roaders”.( economists, nov 26th,2011) (7)american foreign direct investment reaps returns of 13.5 in china，compared with 9.7 worldwide, according to k.c. fung of the university of california, santa cruz. china impose lower tariffs on average than brazil and india.( economists, dec 10th,2011) as can be seen from the example (2), structures of contrast sentences are relatively simple. the simple sentence structure on the one hand can strengthen the contrast effect, on the other hand, make the sentence become more compact. in addition, through the flexible use of numbers and percentage in a contrast, can produce stresses on the grim situation. example (2) used percentages in the comparison, achieving a purpose of emphasis. 江南大学学士学位论文 8 chapter 4 terminology 4.1 the grammatical s