Images Across Cultures.txt

:10357 : imagesacrosscultures . . 7t 20064 . . :o; İ 涨 桰 桢 () : : ) :i 绰:72 :/imagesacrosscultures by tongzhaosheng underhtesupevrisionof proltiandebei athesis submittedinpartialuflfillment oftherequirementsofrthedegreeof masterofartstotheschoolofforeignstudies anhuiuniversity april2006acknowledgements aeknowledgements thehtesishastkaenmenearlyoneandahalfyearsotfinish.it15reallyahard nadehallengingjobofrmeayoungnadinexperieneedetacherotwrietappaerof suehadegere.fortunately1gothelpnadeneouargementrfomquietamnuberof people.50here1vaailmyselfofhteopportuniytthepageaoffrdsmeofaddressing mygratlutdetohtem.firstlynadalsomostimportnatofall1wallttoextend1llydeep gratiutdenadrespeettomyspuevrisorporefssortinadebei.she15erallya lgareheednadhihgmindedpersonwhoowshowtoeneouragenaullownnad surtgglingsutdent.herwit15brihgtherattiutdeeaeruflherguidnaeeeonseientious nadherinsturetionporefssional.wihtouther1wouldnothvaeborughtmywritingto awellsurteturedessya.501syaeordiallyproefssortina1htankyourfomthe bottomofmyheart. ofanhui seeondly1magrateufltohteporefssorsoftheenglish universiytsuehaspor.fhongzengliupro.fzhuyuepor.f zhoufnagzhupro.fchenzhengafpro.fzhuxiaomeipor.fchenbingtonmae justaefw.thankstohteirsparklingnadvividlectuers1gothteinspiartionnadmueh inofmrationofrmyppaer.thirdly1owemuehtoms.huyiningdenaoftheenglish departmeniofhunagshnauniversitywhohaseneouragednadveenurgedmeto finishwritinghetppaer.shealsooeffredmequetianumberofmaterialswhieh eolleeetdattheeostofherownbusystudyinshnaghaiprovedtobeveyruseuflnad valubale.lastlybutnottobeoverlooked1wnattohtankmyef.wlthouthertimely aidandencouragement1wouldhvaebeendeefaetdbytheobstaclesinthewyaof writingand1wouldhavebeenletfdepressedofrtherestofmydyasmgesacrossculuters : ; ; ; 嶼 ; :;abstaret absttact thishtesisattemptstoufrtherthesutdiesofrtansmissionofimagesrfomhte erosseulturalperspeetive.theuathorholdsthatthemostdesirbaleprineipleinhte transmissionofimages15totrnasmithteimagestothehighestdegreehtat15tokeep htemenaingsnadlinguistieofmrsoftheoriginalimagesalmostintact. thethesisstartswihthtediseussionofimageeoneept.basedonthetheoretieal naalysesofsomenaeientchineseseholarssuehaswnagbitheofrmationofna imgaeerquireshrteebasicelements:yi(menaing)xinag(object)nad yna(lnaugage).xinag(objeet)15thestartingpointofnaime:yi(menaing) reefrstohtepsyehologiealrefleetionofauserpuonnaobjeet:yna(lnagugae)15the linguistiepersentationofnaimgae.xinago(bjeet)15brodalyeonneetedwithsueh htingsasnatuarlenviromneninadsoeialsumrundings:yim(enaing)15liknedto aeshettieeonseiousnessnadhtoughipattenrnadyan(lnaguage)15eoncemedwith linguistieefatures. basedonhtenaalysesbaovetheuathorfindsoutthatthemajoreontributing afetorsinhtertnasmissionofimagesaerosseulurtesarelinugistieefaturesaestbetie eonseiousnesshtouhgtpattemsgeographicalefuatreshistoriealallusionsand religiousbeliesf.theyexertaninflueneeonthetrnasmissionofimagesrfomvarious aspeets.linguistieefaturesinfluencethelinguistiepersentationsofimages;aeshettie eonseiousnessandthouhgtpattemsmainlyinfluencehetaceeptnaeeofsoureeimages onhetpartoftargeteraders;naturaleonetxtshiostriealallusionsnaderligiousbeliesf influeneehetoriginofimgaes.alhtouhghtereare50manyafctorsinvolvedinhet rtnasmissionofimageshteauthorholdshtatimgaesenastillbertnasmittedtohte highestdegreeoneonditionhtatappropriatetechniuqesarepaplied. ltieralrtnaslationenabepapliedtortnasmittinghteimagesrtiggeredby linguistieefatures.freetrnaslation15papliedtotransmittinghteimgaestriggeredby aeshtetieconseiousnessnadhtouhgtpattems;meanileweenaapplyliteral translationtodealingwihtsomeimageshtatcnabeaeeeptedbytargeteraders.asofr mimagesacrossculutres htoseeulturespeeifieimgaestriggeredbynuatraleontextshistoriealallusionsnad erligiousbeliesfwemyauselitearlrtnaslationnadrtnasliterationeomplementedwhti notesnadepxlnaations.inhtiswayallhteimagesenabertnasmittedtohtehighest degree.wihthetgrowthofeulturaleonmunieationbetweenorientalculutrenad oeeidnetalculturehteaeeeptnaeeofredaershasimporvednadtarnslatorsteehniques oftrnasmittingimageshvaeexperieneedadynmaieporeesswhiehporvethe efasibiliytofhteprineipleoftrnasmittingimagestohtehighestdegere. keywords:imgae:erosseulurtalperspective;prineipleoftrnasmittingimgaestothe hihgestdegree:teehniuqesofrtnasmittingimage v1connts contents aeknowledgements abstraet chinese.11 englihsiii chapteronenirt0ductoin.1 1.1previoussutdiesoftranmsissionofimage.l 1.2neeessiytnadsignificnaeeofhtestudy2 1.3ogrnaziatinoofhtethessi3 chaptertwotheoreticalsoureesofimage.6 2.1coneeptofimage6 .22classificationofimgae.10 chapterthreetransmissionofimagesacrosscultures.14 3.1lingulsticfeatures.16 3.2aesthetlcc0nsciousness23 .33thoughtpattems.29 3.4naturalcontexts.32 3.5historicala11usions.36 3.6religoiusbeleisf.42 chapterfourconclusion.46 bibliography48chaoneinrtoduetion chapteroneintroduction image15hteeyrstallizationofcultuarlhisto.it15pemreatedinallusions idiomsprovehtsandespeeiallyinpoeyrtthegemofalnaguage.trnasmissionof imgae15muehmoreeomplieaetdhtnahtatofohtertextsasimage15erlatedtohte lingualeulotralnadsoeialelementsofacornnntlnity. 1.1previousstudiesoftransmissionoflmage uptonowquiteaefwseholarshvaepublishedwokrsnadjoumalsofrthe diseussionofrtnasmissionofimagesnadtheirstudiesaremainlyexpnadedorfmhte ofllowinghrteeaspeets: 1.theydiseusstransmissionofimagesrfomtheperspectiveoftrnasmission srtategies.bynaalyzinghtetnarsmissionofsomeidiomsporvehtsandallusionshety proposesometransmissionsrtategiessuehaslitearlrtnasmissionrfeertnasmission nadaeombinationofboht.undoubtedlyhtesediseussionsareofmuehmenaingin insturctingyoungtranslatosrbuthteirporposalsaernotbasedonthenaalysesofhte pseeifiecharaeteristiesofimagethhtefindingsrhatersetreoytpedapasskeyofr htetrnaslationofallkindsoftexts. 2.theydiseusstrnasmissionofimagesrfomhteperspeetiveofeomparisonnad eontrastbetweenorineatlculturenadoceidnetalone.culutarldiefferneesgivebihrt toimageelashhtat15dieffreniunderstnadingsofhtesmaeimageindieffrent eulutraleoniexts.thusrtnaslatorsshouldbeavareofhtesimilaritiesandeonlrasts betweenthetwoeulurtes50astoaehieveeorrectinteprerattionofimgaesand apporpriatertnasmissionofhtem.thosenaalysesarereasonbalebuthteirfindingsare otogeneralnadpapliebaletotaeklingallkindsofeulurtaldieffrences. 3.theydiseussrtnasmissionofimagesrfomhteperspeetiveofaehstetie eonseiousness.theartielesofthiskindholdthatthesrtategiespapliedbytranslatosr tohtertnasmissionofimgaesareinevitbalyinflueneedbyhteirownaeshtetie eonsciousnesswhiehenaeonsequenilyeuaseinpaporpriaetnadevendistorted rtnasmissionofimgaes.thusatranslatorshouldhvaenaunblasedattiutdetowardhte diflerneesintheaesthetieeonseiousnessbetweenorienatleulturenadoeeidetflalmagesacrossculutres onenadyrttofindpaporpriatemehtodsofrtransmissionofimgaes.ifanimage15in obedieneetohtenomrsofaeshtetieeonseiousnessoftargeterdaersartnaslator shouldrtnasplantitrfomasoureelnaguage/eulurteintoatargetone.ifnaimgae arouseshteefelingofpaathyonhtepofhtetargetreadersthetranslatorshould modiyfit.admittedlyhteirustdiestouehonthespecifieeharacteristiesofimagenad hteirfindingsareobtainedbynaalyzingtheerlationshipbewteenimagenadaeshtetie conseiousness.howeverhetirnaalysesarenoteompleteenoughbeeuaseimage15 notmerelyrelatedtoaesthetieeonsciousness. thusaeriticalnaalysisofallthosejounralsnadwokrshelpsusrealizethattheir sutdiesaerarforfmsystematie.thefindingsaretoogeneralnadenabeobtainedby naalyzingthertnasmissionofvouskindsoftextssuehasthertnasmissionof eultureloadedwodrsnadofufzzylnaguageete.50htosespuehteialfindingsdonot touehpuonhtepeeuliarhcaraeteristiesofimageswhiehareproofundlyrelatedtothe deepeoreofhteeulurteofaeomnruniyt.onlybynaalyzinghterelationhsipsbetween imgaenadthedeepeoerofhteeulutreenawefindpaporpriatenaddeslrable teequesspecifieallytaeklingrtnasmissionofimgaes. 1.2necessiytandsignificanceofthestudy image15elosely11nkedtohtelnaguagenadeultureofacomnrunity.fromhte perspectiveoflnaguageimagehassemnatiemeaning:butintemrsofeultuerithas eonnoattivemeng.theporblem15thattheeulturalinofmrationennaotbe inieprretedexrtieatedrfomitseulurtaleontextinwhiehit15widelyownbutin thereulturaleonetxtitmyabelittleknownorrejectedorveendepreeiated.thus inmosteasestodireetlytrnasplnatimagesiniotheartgetlnaguagewillbeequalto plyahtelutetoaeowbeeuasehtetargeterdaersseopeofknowledgeafilstoenable themtopapreeiatehtesubtleaeshtetieorreligiousorallusiveriehnessofhteimages. thustheprineipleofafihtuflness15inpaporpriateofrhtetransmissionofimgaes inhtisartielehteuathorholdshtathowtotnarsmithteimagestothehighest degereshouldbehtedominnatprineipleinhtertnasmissionofgaes.tortnasmit hteimestohethighestdegree15veyrbenefieialtotheeultuarleonnunieation 2chaoneinrtodu betweenorientaleulturenadoeeidentaleulture.itprovidesthetargetredaerswhti opportunitiestofigureouthtemenaingofhteoriginalimageashtesoureeeradersdo. meanwhileitinmnayeaseseeheshtetargetlnaguagenadeulture.it15also helpuflofrhtenationsinhtisworldtotkaenaopennadereeptiveattltudetovards eulurtalohetmess.alhtoughhteeulturalgpasbetweenoeeidenialcultuernadthe chineseeulurtearestillwidehttheexpnasionoftheaceeptnaeeofbothsoureenad artgeterdaerstheywillinevitbalybeeomenarrowernadnoarrwer. 1.3organizationofthethesis thethesis15developedmnailyonthenaalysesofthetrnaslatingpractieeofa numberoftypiealimgaes.tobeginhttheuahtorrtiestoexplorehetrelationship maongimage(yixinag)lnaguage(yna)menaing(yi)nadobjeet(xinag) erpseetivelybasedonhtehetoretiealnaalysesofhteeoneeptofimageproposedby somenaeientexpertssuchaswnagbi.aeeodringtohtemmeng(yi)objeet x(inag)nadlnaguage(yna)areeloselyerlatedtoeaehohetrnadtheyarethe neeessaryeomponenisofimgae.thecloserelationshipmaonghtehrteeprovidesa permiseofrhteemergenceofhetlinugisticnadeultuarlacfotrshtatexertagerat impactpuonhtetransmissionofimgaes. thentheauthorspeeifieallyatlksbaouthowlinugisticefautresaesthetie eonseiousnessnautraleontextshisotriealallusionsnadreligiousbeliesfexertgreat iactspuontheofmrationnadtransmissionofimgaesbynaalyzinghtetnarsmission ofaeonsiderbalelargemnuberofytpiealexmaplesseleetedorfmhtetransmission practieeofimages.thoseeultuarlelemenisinflueneetheofmrationnadtrnasmission ofimgaesorfmvariousaspeets.lnaguagemaiulyinfiueneeshteeonsturctionsnad preseniationsofimages.forexampleinauutmnmazhiuynahetpoetpresenisa gorpuofimageswhichareinaceodrnacewihtchineselinugistieefautresbutimgaes ofhtatkindarerarelyusednienglihs.nveehrtelessbasedonhetnaalysesofsveeral versionsofhtetrnasmissionofittheauthorholdsthattheimagesofthiskindenabe wellkeptinenglish. 3magesaerossculutres aeshtetieeonseiousnessandhtouhgtpattemsmainlyinflueneehteaceeptnaeeof soucregaesonhtepofartgeteraders.beeuaseaeshtetieeonseiousnessnad thaughtpattemsbetweentheeastenreulturenadhtewestemeuluteraredieffrentnad veencontraryinmnayrespectssomesoucreimesennaotbedirectlytnarsplanted orhtetargetreaderswillafiltounderstnadthem.inthiseasetrnaslatorsshould modiyfnadalterhetlinugistieofmrsofhteoriginalimagesnadeonveyhteireulurtal menaings.forexajplerobertbmusoneeusedrvaentomodiyfhteblaekhairof hisloverwhleh15hardofrchineseeraderstoaceeptbeeuaservaeneonnoetsbda luekinthechineseeulture.thuswnagzuolinagmodifiedrvaenintopiteh black50astocaetrofrhteaeshtetieeonseiousnessofchinesepeople.admittedly basedonthemutualaeeeptnaeeofhteimagessuehasdragonnadeloudnadrain aseximgaeinchinesehteauthoralsoholdsthattheaeeeptnaeeofbothsoucre readersnadtargetoneshasbeenimporvednadtheyarewillingotaeeeptsomepytieal culturalimgaesinoferingeultures.inthepasttrnaslatorshdatoereonsturcthte imgaesoftheoriginalbutatpresenthteyarebaletoretainthemintargeteulurte.as aresultbohthteofmrnadeonetntofhetoriginalimgaescnanaturallypassiniothe tgaretlnaugagenadeulture. asofrhetimgaesprodueedbynaturaleontextssuehaseastwindnadwest windbyhistoriealallusionssuehasimgaesofhistoriealpersonagesnadplacesnad byerligiousbeliesfsuchasgodnadbuddhahteuathorholdsthathteyshouldbe rtnasmittedhtbohtsemantleofnllsnadhteeulturaleonnotationsalmostinlact beeuasehetyareeulturespeeifieimgaesexelusivelybeinghtereinsoucrelanguage nadeulurte.theyhvaenoeuqivalenisintargetlnaguagenadeulorfe50theyare irreplacebale.amdittedlyit15diffieultofrthetargetreaderstodieretlyacct eulturalothemess.giventhathteauthorholdshtatnnaotationsandexplnaations shouldbegivnetoafeilitatehteunderstnadingoftgaretredaers.andinhtiswyahte imagesofhetoriginalenabetrnasmittedtohtehihgestdegree. finallytheuathoreoneludeshtenaalysesofhtisthesisnaddavoeateshte eorsseulturalavvarenessorfmeveyrtrnaslatorinordertoeontributetoabetter undesrnatdingmaongpeopleorfmdieffrenteulurtalcontexts.theauthoralso 4-chronertoud porposeshtattransmissionhteoriesshouldbeappliedtothenaalysisoftrnasmission ofimgaesofrhteproofundnadsystematienaalysisofit. 5imagesacrossculuts chaptertwotheoreticalsourcesof image it15veyrdimeulttogiveaele-areutnadallinelusivedefinitionofimage.briefly psekaingimage15aeomblnationofhetsubjeetivemenaingnadtheobjeetive objeet.imgaeeomesintobeingwhenapersonattaeheshispersonalseniimenitothe naturalobjeets;inotherwordshetumstonatureofrtheexperssionofhisown efelings.forexampleoriginallywater15merelyakindofnaturalobjeetwhiehhas nohtingtodowithhumnaefelingsbutinlitearyrwokrswater15otfenendowed wihtspecialmenaingsbymenofletters.conufeinasoneeeommentedwhilestnading byariver:.heintendedtoshtattimepassedquieklyas waterflowed.fromhtenonwater15widelyusedasnaimagebypoetstoexperss hteirpiytonthepassingofhethappytimeinsuehsenieneesas绨 仨etc.thereofrehteofmrationofnaimeota largeextentreliesonthepersonalefelingsnadpereeptualeomprehensionoftheuser. () (1996:165)inordertouferhteexplnaationof theeoncpetofimgaeweneedtoexplorehterelationshipbetweenimgae(yixinag) nadlnaugage(yan)menaing(yi)andobjeet(xinag). 2.1theconceptofimage 2.1.1imagey(iang)andlanguagey(an) bookofchanges()15hotughitobeaphilosophiealwokrrefleetingearly people5modeofthikningofimage.weenafindsomeeluesorfmhtestatemenisin hteaendedsatetmenst()aeommenibookonbookofchas :鲻? : hesaidwhat15writtendoesnotgivehetufllnessofwhat15/wassaid(yn)a:what 15/wassaiddoesnotgivetheufllnessofhteeoneeptinthemind(yi).ifthis1550 thendoesitmenathathteeoneeptsinthemindsofthesgaesennaotbepereeived? 6chetrrtwotheorectialsoucresofima hesaidthesgaesestbalishedhteimgaes(xinag)togivehteufllnessofhte eoneeptsinhteirmindsnadtheysetpuhtehexgarmastogivetheufllnessofwhat15 urtenadaflseinasiutation(qing):tothesetheypapendedstatements(xici)togive hteufllnessofwhatwassaid.(stephenowen1992:31) th1spassageervealsheterlationmaonghteeoneeptinhtemind(yi)imgae (xinag)nadwords(yna).basedonhtatchenzhieeoneludedthat:images (xinag)aerobjeetsinnatureorthosethingsrelatingtohumnaliefwhiehenabe ergardedasmaterialsofrhtought:theeoneeptinhtemind(yi)15hteeontentof htought:nadwhat15/wassaid(yna)15theresultofhtoughiinhtewrittenofmr.( 1990:15).hereowenuseshteeoneeptinhtemintoreefrtoyiimage otxinagnadwoulstoynarespectively. anohterphilosophicalwokrwrittenbywnagbi(226249)elucidationof htege()illusrtateshtertidaieseuertofyixinagnadynaas ofllows: ; theimgae15whatbringsouteonepet:lnaguage15whatelarifies()hteimage. nohtingenaequalimageingivinghteuflln