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乔木移植后的护理措施 Management measures of trees after transplantation 摘要:通过总结大树移植中存在三个方面的矛盾认为,大树移植成功的关键是保证地上部分与地下部分的水分平衡。围绕这一关键点,提出了大树移植后的主要养护管理措施,包括水分管理、促发新根及去除多余萌蘖、扶正培土、补充修剪、松土除草与施肥、病虫害防治等内容。Abstract: by summing up the tree transplant exists in three aspects: the contradiction that the tree transplant the key to success is to ensure that the aerial part and underground part of the water balance. Around this point, this paper puts forward the main maintenance management measures of trees after transplantation, including new water management, promote root and remove excess shoot, centralizer ridging, supplementary pruning, scarification weeding and fertilizing, pest control, etc. 关键词:大树移植,存在的矛盾,养护管理措施Key words: the tree transplant, contradictions, maintenance and management measures 在城市园林绿化和种植布局的调整过程中,大树移植日渐成为一项重要的园林绿化施工工程。而大树移植时,往往存在成活率低、枝条干枯、死亡等现象,影响栽植效益和绿化美化效果。因此,掌握正确的移栽后管理措施就显得尤为重要。In urban landscaping and planting layout adjustment process, the tree transplant increasingly become an important landscaping construction engineering. And when the tree transplant, tend to have low survival rate, the phenomenon such as dry branches, death, affect the effect of planting and afforestation. Therefore, to master the correct management measures is particularly important after transplanting. 1.大树移植存在的矛盾The contradictions in the tree transplant. 所谓的大树一般是指胸径在15cm以上的乔木树种。大树移植主要存在3个方面的矛盾。So-called trees generally refers to the diameter at breast height in 15 cm above the arbor tree species. Big tree transplantation mainly there are three aspects of contradiction. (1)吸收根的分布与土球的矛盾。根据树木生命周期变化规律,大树根系正处在离心生长趋向或已经达到最大根幅,且大部分的吸收根主要分布在树冠投影附近,在骨干根基部的吸收根多离心死亡,而由于施工及机械力量的限制,大树移植时土球不可能太大,因此在可带土球的范围内,吸收根最少。Absorption of root distribution and soil ball. Life cycle according to the trees, the tree root is the centrifugal growth trend or has reached maximum root, and most of the absorption of root mainly distributed near the crown projection, the backbone of the foundation of absorbing root centrifugal death, due to the limit of construction and mechanical strength, the tree transplant soil ball cannot too big, so the ball can be zone, within the scope of the absorption of root at least. (2)根系、树冠的损伤与再生的矛盾。由于土球的限制,大树移植时,根系的损伤是难免的,而过大的树冠对于树木的移植也是极大的困难,又由于大树年龄大,阶段发育老,其细胞的再生能力较弱,故根系、树冠恢复慢,新根及枝条的发生能力较弱。The root, the contradictions between the damage and regeneration of the canopy. Restricted by soil ball, big tree transplantation, the root of the injury is inevitable, but too big canopy for the transplantation of trees is also a great difficulties, and because of the large tree age, stage of development of the old, the cells regeneration ability is weak, so the root system, canopy recovery slow, new roots and branches of the ability is weak. (3)地上部分与地下部分的平衡矛盾。尤其是水分平衡矛盾,这一点也是最重要的。水分是大树移植后成活的关键因素,这主要表现在2个方面,即地下根系的吸水与地上树冠的蒸腾。由于土球的限制,大树移植后,吸收根少且新根发生慢,为了使大树尽早发挥绿化效果和保持原有优美姿态,地上部分不宜修剪过重,因此树冠蒸腾强,在夏季干旱高温时,矛盾尤为突出。The aerial part and underground part of the balance of contradictions. Especially moisture balance the contradiction, which is also one of the most important. Moisture is a key factor in the tree survival after transplantation, which is mainly manifested in two aspects, namely the underground root water absorption and the canopy transpiration. Because of the limitation of clay ball after the tree transplant, less absorbing roots and new roots occur slowly, in order to make the tree beautiful greening effect and maintain the original attitude as soon as possible, the part should not be cut is overweight, so the canopy transpiration intensity, drought, high temperature in summer, especially contradictions. 2大树移植后的主要养护管理措施 。 The main maintenance management measures after the tree transplant. 根据大树移植的特点可知:大树移植后的第1年是成活的关键,尤其是要在经历过夏季高温干旱后方能断定大树移植的成活与否。在此期间,若能及时进行养护管理,就能促进树木的水分平衡,恢复生长,增强树木对高温干旱或其他不利因素的抗性。所谓“三分栽,七分管”,在大树成活期中更显得重要。Conclusion according to the characteristics of the big tree transplantation: 1 year after the tree transplant is the key to survival, especially in the summer of high temperature and drought behind can be concluded that the tree transplant survival or not. During this period, if can promptly carries on the maintenance management, can promote the moisture balance of the trees, to restore growth, enhance resistance to high temperature and drought or other adverse factors in trees. The so-called three points, seven is in charge, in the tree ChengHuoQi is more important. 2.1水分管理the moisture management 水分是限制树木成活的关键因子。大树移植后,由于根系和树冠的受伤,对水分更为敏感,因此新移栽大树的水分管理是养护管理的最主要措施。这包括以下几个方面:首先,要做好地上部分的保湿工作。Water is a key factor limiting trees survive. After the tree transplant, because of the root and canopy were injured, more sensitive to moisture, so new transplanting big trees moisture management is one of the main maintenance management measures. This includes the following aspects: first of all, want to do a good job of moisturizing the ground part. 通常所用的方法有树冠喷水(包括滴灌)、遮荫、包干以及使用蒸发抑制剂等。喷水宜采用喷雾器或喷枪,直接向树冠或树冠上部喷射,让水滴落在枝叶上。喷水可在上午10时至下午16时进行,每隔12h喷1次。也有的地方做法是在树冠南面架设三角支架,安装一个高于树冠1m的喷灌装置,尽量调成雾状水,因为夏、秋季大多吹南风,安装在南面可经常给树冠喷水,使树干树叶保持湿润,也增加了树周围的湿度,并降低了温度,减少了树木体内有限水分、养分的消耗。Methods commonly used are shade canopy water spray (including irrigation), all-in, evaporation and the use of inhibitors, etc. Spray appropriate USES sprayer or spray gun, directly to the crown or upper canopy jet, let the water drip on the branches and leaves. Water spray can be 10 in the morning to afternoon 16 when, spray once every 1 2 h. Also in some places it is south in the canopy erect triangular bracket, installation of a 1 m above canopy sprinkling irrigation equipment, tuning into fog water as far as possible, because in the summer, autumn most south wind blowing, installed in the south can often give canopy water spray, the tree leaves moist, also increased the humidity around the tree, and reduce the temperature, reducing the trees limited water and nutrient consumption in the body. 滴灌的方法类似于吊盐水,即在树旁搭一个三角架,上面吊一只储水桶,在桶下部打若干孔,将塑料管固定在孔上,管的另一端封死,然后将管螺旋状绕在树干和树枝上,按需要在管上打孔至滴水,同样可起到湿润树干树枝、减少水分养分消耗的作用。夏季高温季节还可以采用在树冠上方架设遮阳网,以防过度曝晒,遮荫度一般约为70%左右,以便让树体接受一定的散射光,保证树体光合作用的进行,以后视树木生长情况和季节变化,逐步去掉遮荫网。Drip irrigation method is similar to condole brine, namely a tripod under the tree, hung above a water storage barrel, play several holes at the bottom of the barrel, the plastic pipe is fixed on the hole, pipe at the other end of the block, and then pipe spiral around the tree trunks and branches, according to the need to cut holes in the tube to the drop of water, also can have wet trunk branches and decreasing the consumption of water nutrient effect. Summer high temperature season also erect sun-shade net, above the canopy can be used to prevent excessive exposure, shade degrees generally about 70% or so, so that the tree bodies accept some scattered light, guarantee the tree photosynthesis, according to the condition of tree growth and seasonal change, gradually get rid of shade net. 包干的方法是用草绳、麻包、苔藓等材料严密包裹树干和比较粗壮的分枝,此法既可避免强阳光直射和热风吹袭,减少树干、树枝的水分蒸发,又可贮存一定量的水分,使枝干经常保持湿润,另外还可调节枝干温度,减少高温和低温对枝干的伤害。其次,加强土壤水分管理。这主要包括旱季的灌水和雨季的排水两方面。多雨季节要特别注意防止土壤积水,应适当培土,使树盘的土面适当高于周围地面;在干旱季节要注意灌水,最好能保证土壤含水量达最大持水量的60%。Lump sum method is to use materials such as straw rope, gunny, moss tightly wrapped, and relatively thick branch this method can avoid direct sunlight and warm air blowing, reduce the evaporation of trunk, branches, and can store a certain amount of moisture, make the stems often moist, also can regulate the temperature of a limb, reduce the high temperature and low temperature injury of limb. Second, strengthen the management of soil water. It mainly includes two aspects of the dry season and rainy season the water drainage. The rainy season, should pay special attention to prevent soil water, should be appropriately ridging, make trees soil surface appropriate above the ground. Pay attention to the water during the dry season, can guarantee the best soil water content up to 60% of the maximum water holding capacity. 2.2促发新根及去除多余萌蘖promote new root and remove excess shoot 大树移植后,由于土球的限制,导致移植后所带的土球中须根很少,而树木水分和养分的吸收主要依靠其侧根中的须根。因此,我们必须采取措施促发新根。这主要通过一些可以促进根生长和萌发的植物生长调节剂来实现,如生根粉等。可以结合灌水,将生根粉或其他生长激素施入土壤,以便促进树木根系的生长。另外,在树木移栽中,经强度较大的修剪,树干或树枝上可能萌发出许多嫩芽和嫩枝,消耗营养,扰乱树形。在树木萌芽以后,除选留长势较好、位置合适的嫩芽或幼枝外,其余的应尽早抹除。After the tree transplant, because of the limitation of clay ball cause of transplantation with soil ball very few fibrous root, and the absorption of water and nutrients mainly rely on the trees in lateral root fibrous root. Therefore, we must take measures to promote the new root. This mainly through some can promote root growth and germination of plant growth regulator, such as ShengGenFen, etc. Can be combined with irrigation, will ShengGenFen or other growth hormone into the soil, so as to promote the growth of tree roots. In addition, in the tree transplanting, the pruning intensity bigger, trunk or branches may be many buds and shoots sprouting, consumption of nutrients, disrupt the tree. After the trees sprout, in addition to better select and remain growing, position the right bud or branches, the rest should be erased as soon as possible. 2.3扶正培土the centralizer ridging 由于雨水下渗和其他种种原因,导致树体晃动,应踩实松土。树盘整体下沉或局部下陷,应及时覆土填平,防止雨后积水烂根。对于倾斜的树木应采取措施扶正,并立树桩固定支撑。Due to rain infiltration and other reasons, resulting in tree shaking body, should be on real vehicle. Trees integral sinks or local subsidence, should be timely fill and level up, turns the soil to prevent the rain water roots rotted. For measures should be taken to the centralizer tilted trees, stumps fixed support. 2.4补充修剪supplement pruning 新栽树木虽然已经过修剪,但经过挖掘、装卸和运输等操作,常常受到损伤或其他原因使部分芽不能正常萌发,导致枯梢,应及时疏除或剪至嫩芽、幼枝以上。对于截顶(冠)或重剪栽植的树木,因留芽位置不准或剪口芽太弱,造成枯桩或发弱枝,则应进行补充修剪(或称复剪)。修剪的大伤口应该平滑、干净、消毒防腐。New though planted trees have been cut, but after mining, loading and unloading and transportation operations, often damage or other reasons make some bud cant normal germination, leading to low tip, should be timely dredging or cut to the buds, young branches above. Weighing shears for truncation (champions league) or to plant trees, because leave no or snip bud bud position is too weak, causing dry pile or weak, should complement trim (or shear). Pruning of the wound should be smooth, clean and disinfection antiseptic. 2.5松土、除草、施肥scarification, weeding, fertilizing 因浇水、降雨及人类活动等导致树盘土壤板结,影响树木生长,应及时松土,促进土壤与大气的气体交换,有利于树木新根的生长与发育。但在成活期间,松土不能太深,以免伤及新根。有时树木基部附近会长出许多杂草、藤本植物等,应及时除掉,否则会耗水、耗肥。藤蔓缠身妨碍树木生长,可结合松土进行除草。一般情况下,大树移植第1年内不进行施肥,但此时可进行叶面追肥。等到大树根系萌发后,则可进行土壤施肥。Caused by water, rainfall and human activities, such as trees soil harden and affect the growth of trees, should be timely scarification, promote gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere, new trees root growth and development. But during the period of survival, digging too deep, so as not to hurt the new root. Sometimes near the base of trees will grow many weeds, vines, etc., shoul
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