[外语学习]旅游英语环球之旅-夏威夷必备学习.doc

美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。（旅游英语）环球之旅夏威夷Hawaii 夏威夷州，位于太平洋中部，由夏威夷群岛组成，1900年成为美国领土，1959年被纳为美国第五十个州，位于瓦胡岛上的檀香山是该州的首府及最大城市。 White sandy beaches, palms (n. 棕榈树), swayed (v. 摇摆, 摇动) by the light ocean breeze (n. 微风), crystal clear (极其透明的；非常清澈的) water, and lush (adj. 葱翠的；繁茂的) tropical blooming (热带开花植物). Endless summer days bathed in sunshine. Is this your idea of paradise (天堂)? Welcome to Hawaii! Whether youre looking to relax, practice sports or travel and explore, Hawaii has a lot to offer. On these wonderful islands there is an opportunity to spend time with great pleasure for everyone: good waves (n. 波浪，海浪) all around the year for surfers, constant winds for windsurfers (n. 风帆冲浪者), picturesque (adj. 如画的；生动的；独特的) and diverse underwater world for divers and beauty of tropics for nature lovers.Oahu Hawaii 瓦胡岛,夏威夷群岛的主岛 Oahu is the third largest and the most developed. Like other islands of Hawaii, Oahu is the tip (n. 顶, 尖端) of an underwater mountain. The island is roughly shaped like an elephants head. Oahu is not the largest, but the main island of Hawaii. It is the most populated island and hosts five million visitors a year. Honolulu (檀香山, 美国夏威夷州的首府), the capital of Hawaii is situated here on Oahu. Honolulu boasts (v. 包含；有) about 80% of the population of Hawaii. Honolulu plays role of business, commercial and cultural center of Hawaii.Oahu Hawaii tourism is centred almost exclusively around Waikiki Beach (怀基基海滩). Over 90% of Oahu hotels are located here. Waikiki is famous for the best surfing waves on Oahu Island. The majority of the islands attractions are concentrated (v. 集中) around this urban area. Hawaii is also famous for the most challenging and scenic golf courses (there are about 36 of them on Oahu Hawaii Island). Stretching into Rainforest Mountains, through the islands central plateau (n. 高原) and along golden beaches, Oahus courses provide splendid (adj. 壮丽的, 辉煌的) scenery and some of the most challenging holes in the nation. Maui Hawaii毛伊岛,夏威夷群岛中的第二大岛 Maui is the second largest island in the Hawaiian Island chain (夏威夷群岛). The nickname of Maui is The Valley Island because the island is formed by two parallel and now dormant volcanoes (休眠火山) with a valley between them. The western section of Maui Hawaii is situated the worlds largest volcano, Haleakala (10,029 feet). As the middle island of Hawaii, Maui was the center of Hawaiian royalty (n. 皇室). Through the years, it has also served as a base for Christian missionaries, a port of call for whaling vessels, and the site of Hawaiis most productive sugar cane (甘蔗) and pineapple(菠萝) plantations(n. 种植园). Nowadays Maui is the most developed of the Hawaiian Islands. It has everything for perfect vacation: accommodation (n. 膳宿) for every taste, from budget (n. 预算) hotels to luxurious (adj. 豪华的) resorts (n. 度假胜地), gorgeous (adj. 宜人的；爽快的) beaches, nightlife (n. 夜生活) and entertainment. Kauai Hawaii考爱岛，位于瓦胡岛西北部 Enchanting (adj. 迷人的；醉人的) beauty of cascading (v. 成瀑布落下) emerald (adj. 翠绿色的) mountains, uncrowded sandy beaches and spectacular (adj. 引人入胜的, 壮观的) waterfalls -that is Kauai Hawaii. Kauai is so richly green and flourishing that its nicknamed The Garden Island. Nearly half the island is a protected conservation area (保留地区), and much of the rest is rural. Kauai is considered to be the Hawaiis oldest island. It was formed by volcanic activity (火山运动) more than 5 million years ago. Kauais central volcanic peak, Mount Waialeale, is the wettest place on earth. Thanks to moisture-laden winds (潮湿的风) that strike Mount Waialeale, the area surrounding the peak is often deluged (v. 淹, 浸) by upwards of 480 inches of rain per year.The lush natural environment and the breath-taking scenery makes Kauai Hawaii a favorite island with photographers and filmmakers. Over the years, such well-known works as South Pacific, (电影南太平洋) Raiders of the Lost Ark, (电影夺宝奇兵) Jurassic Park, (电影侏罗纪公园) and Outbreak (电影恐怖地带) have been filmed here. Roughly circular (adj. 圆形的) in shape, Kauai is 550 square miles in area and 32 miles in diameter (n. 直径). Though Kauais climate is tropical (adj. 热带的), it actually consists of many distinct (adj. 清楚的, 明显的) microclimates (n. 气小气候), including sunny dry areas, lush river valleys, temperate (adj. 气候温和的) foothills and high mountain rain forests. Big Island Hawaii夏威夷大岛 Its official name is the Island of Hawaii, but you rarely hear this. Commonly it is called the Big Island, because its nearly twice the size of all the other Hawaiian islands combined (v. 联结；结合). The Big Island of Hawaii has other unofficial names: some call it the Orchid Isle (兰花岛) due to the 100,00 plus species of orchids grown there. Sometime it is named Volcano Island, because at the heart of the Big Island there are two towering (adj. 高耸的，高大的) volcanic peaks.Geographically the Big Island of Hawaii is the most diverse island of the archipelago (n. 群岛) with eleven of the 14 known climate zones in the world: from desert lavascapes (沙漠岩石景观) to tropical rain forests (热带雨林), from beaches to snow-capped mountains. The highest point of the Big Island Hawaii is Mauna Kea (that means White mountain) at 13,796 ft above sea level and home to the worlds largest astronomical observatory (气象台), with telescopes (望远镜) operated by astronomers (天文学家) from eleven countries of the world. Molokai Hawaii莫洛凯岛，美国夏威夷中部一岛屿，位于瓦胡岛和毛伊岛之间，是隔离麻风病人的一个岛。 Peaceful and rural, Molokai is called the most Hawaiian Island. If youre looking for natural beauty, rainforests and deserted beaches, outdoor adventures and eco (生态、环境的) tourism, travel to Molokai Hawaii is a perfect choice for you. Life here is slow and relaxed. There is so little automobile traffic, that theres not a single traffic light. There are no buildings taller than a coconut tree. Although it is just only 9 miles away from Maui, Molokai is years apart from other major Hawaiian islands in terms of modern development. Visiting Molokai, you feel stepping many years back in time. The island was formed by a series of three volcanoes. According to the experts, first settlements appeared on Molokai about 650 A.D. Those first settlers most likely originated from the Marquises n. (英国等的)侯爵, with later migrations, in double hulled canoes (n. 独木舟), from Tahiti and other areas in the South Pacific. Residents here are very friendly and honest. Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布 Niagra falls, one of the wonders of the world, right on the border with Canada and some twenty miles north of Buffalo(布法罗，美国纽约州西部一城市), USA, is a must to see! At 56 metres (180 ft), the American Falls is slightly higher than its Canadian counterpart. Its crestline (瀑布最高处的宽度) is 320 metres (1075 ft) . The American Falls look spectacular at night, when it is lit with various combinations of coloured lights. Over the last century the American Falls has undergone a dramatic face lift due to natural forces of erosion (n. 腐蚀, 侵蚀).The natural bedrock (n. 矿岩床) is composed of (包括，包含) soft shale (页岩) and limestone (n. 石灰石). Over the years the continual flow of the water causes large sections of the bedrock to fall and remain at the base of the cataracts (n. 大瀑布). It is estimated that 75,000 gallons of water flow over the American Falls each second, amounting to only 10% of Niagaras total waterflow. No one has ever dared to conquer the American Falls in a barrel (n. 桶). All daredevil (adj. 鲁莽大胆的) activities have always concentrated on the Canadian Horseshoe Falls (加拿大马蹄瀑布) because it has a larger waterflow and fewer rocks at its basins (n. 底部).This ends todays first program about the USA. I hope you enjoyedlistening to it as I did. This takes me back to the many happy years I spent in the US and most Chinese the USA is top of there list, so you can take your first steps with 007, who will prepare you for this huge incredible country so watch out for more programs, if there is anywhere in particular (特别的) in the US or anywhere else in the world why dont you drop me a line (写信给某人) and lets see what we can do.英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。54、Where theres a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（骄傲必败。）Superstar and IIts common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianistChopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and IHer name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is