《单片机介绍》word版.doc

无锡职业技术学院 毕业设计说明书(英文翻译) 英文Used in AGV stepping motor controller designPick to: stepping motor is a kind of angular into electrical impulses to actuator, commonly used in positioning control and constant speed control. Widely used in industrial and commercial applications. Along with the development of digital technique is different and step-motor itself improve, stepping motor will be applied in more areas. Based on AT89C51 control stepper motor to control, when stepping drive to receive a pulse signal, it will drive stepping motor set according to the direction of a fixed Angle (and step Angle). Through controlling pulse number to control the angular orientation, so as to achieve the goal, Also can control pulse frequency control motor rotation speed and acceleration, and speed.Keywords: stepper motor, AT89C51, AGV.SCM is an integrated circuit chips, is adopted in the large scale integrated circuit technology with data processing ability of the central processor, the CPU random access memory read-only memory ROM, RAM of the I/O port and interrupt system, timer/timer function (may also include display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, multi-channel analog converter, A/D converters to A silicon integrated circuits) constitutes A small and perfect computer system.SCM is introducedAlso called micro controller chip Microcontroller (), because it is used in the field of industrial control. Within the CPU chip microcontroller only by the dedicated processor. The earliest design concept is through a peripheral and CPU integration in a chip, make more small computer systems, easier to integrate into complex and demanding for volume control equipment. INTELs Z80 is designed according to the first thought of the processor, henceforth, SCM and dedicated processor development parted.Early microcontroller is 8 bits or four. One of the most successful of the INTEL is simple, reliable and, because there was very good performance. Then in the developed MCS51 8031 singlechip system series. Based on this system of single-chip microcomputer system is widely used in until now. Along with the increase of industrial control requirements, the 16-bit single chip, but because the price is not ideal did not get very widely. After the 1990s with consumer electronic products development, microcontroller technology got a huge increase. INTEL as i960 series especially later ARM series of wide application, 32-bit SCM quickly replaced 16 MCU high-end market position, and enter the mainstream. While the traditional eight microcontroller performance also get a rapid increase in the 1980s, the processing ability than improved hundreds of times. At present, the high-end 32-bit SCM investigations have more than 300MHz, straight after the middle 1990s, performance, and the special type of ordinary processor ex-factory price fell to $1, only the top 10 dollars are also. Contemporary SCM system has not only in LuoJi environment, development and use of the embedded operating system for widely applied in the whole series of SCM. But in a handheld computers and mobile phones with high-end core chip can even use appropriative Windows and Linux operating system.Single-chip processor is more suitable for application in embedded system, so it got most of the application. In fact microcontroller is the most number of computers in the world. Modern humans live in almost every electronic and mechanical products will be integrated have microcontroller. Mobile, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, PDA and mouse in the computer accessories etc. Are all equipped with 1-2 microcontroller. And personal computers will have a few of the microcomputer in the work. Cars equipped with more than 40 commonly, complex industrial control system may even have hundreds microcomputer in working at the same time! The number is not only far more than the chip PC and other comprehensive, even than the calculation amount of mankind.Single chip microprocessor controller and said, it is not a complete a logic function of chips, but a computer system integration into a single chip. The computer equivalent of a miniature computer chip, compared with only without the I/O devices. Summary: a chip became a computer. Its small volume, light quality, price cheap, to study and application and development provides a convenient conditions. At the same time, using single-chip computer learning is the best choice of the principle and structure.Internal computer chip in and function module, for example, similar to the CPU, memory, parallel and bus disk storage device, the same effect of different, it is the component of our performance is relatively weak, but many home computers and the low price, usually less than 10 yuan to. Use it to do some control electric type is not very complicated work. Now we use roller washing machine, smoke, VCD, home appliance inside can see it! . It is mainly as a core part of control part of the.It is a kind of on-line real-time control computer, on-line control, need is the scene is strong anti-jamming ability, low cost, this is, and off-line computer (such as household PC) the main difference.SCM is on the program, and can be modified. Through the different program realization of different functions, especially the unique special function, this is some other devices need much to do and some is to spend big strength is very hard to do. A not very complex functions in America if the 1950s 74 series, or the development of the 1960s CD4000 series to fix these words of pure hardware circuit must be a big, PCB board! But if the market success in the 1970s, the series microcontroller will have the difference! Just because the SCM by your program can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency, high reliability and!Due to cost is sensitive to the chip, so the dominant software or lowest level assembly language, it is besides the binary machine code above the lowest language, since so vulgar why use? Many senior language has reached a level of visual programming, why not? The reason is very simple, no home computer chip that CPU, also did not like hard disk that mass storage device. A visual high-level small program inside a button, even if only to dozens of K also size! For household PC hard disk, but not in terms of microcontroller is unacceptable. Hardware resources of microcomputer in high efficiency, so must be compiled in the original is still large, although use. The same way, if the giant computer operating system and application software to come home PC running, household PC and bear.Can say, the twentieth century across the three electricity, namely the era of electrical and electronic times and times has entered the era of computer. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PCS. It consists of host, keyboard, monitor, etc. Still having a kind of computer, most people are not so familiar with. This computer is intelligence gives all kinds of mechanical single-chip (also called micro controller). Just as its name implies, the computer is only a minimal systems can be integrated circuits, simple operation and control. Because of its small size, are often accused of mechanical hidden in the stomach in. It is in the device, plays a role of the human mind, and it went wrong, the device is paralyzed. Now, this is the use of SCM, such as wide field of intelligent instruments, real-time control, communications equipment and navigation systems, household appliances, etc. All kinds of products used once, can have chip product upgrading, often in the product name - intelligent adjectives, such as intelligent machine etc. Now some factories technicians or other electronic developers out of spare some products, not too complex, it is functional circuits are too simple and generic. Investigate its reason, you may not use SCM in products or other programmable logic devices.SCM historySCM was born in the late 1970s, SCM, experienced three stages of MCU, SoC.1 SCM (Single Chip computer is Chip Microcomputer) stage, your best is mainly the monolithic forms of embedded system structure. Innovation mode success laid the SCM, with general-purpose computer entirely different development road. In embedded systems, create an independent development road, Intel company.2 MCU Micro Controller (namely Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main technological development direction is: expanding embedded application, satisfy requirement of various peripheral object system and its object, interface circuit intelligent control of ability. It involved with the object system related fields, therefore, the development of MCU mission inevitably fall in electrical and electronic technology factory. From this perspective, Intel has faded out of MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturer of Philips company.Philips company with its application in embedded the huge advantage, will MCS - 51 single-chip microcomputer from rapid development to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system developing road, dont forget the historical merit Intel and Philips.3 MCU embedded system is the independent development road, to the important factor of MCU development stage, is seeking application system in the maximization of chip solution, Therefore, the development of special MCU natural formed SoC tendency. With microelectronics technology, IC design, the development, EDA tools based on SoC microcomputer application system design will have greater development. Therefore, the SCM understanding from the single chip computer, the single chip micro controller extensions to the monolithic application system.MCU application fieldsCurrently microcontroller penetrated into every aspect of our lives, and almost no hard to find traces of MCU which field. The navigation devices, plane missile in various kinds of instrument control, computer network communication and data transmission, industrial automation of the real-time control and data processing, is widely used in all kinds of intelligent IC card, civil limousine security systems, video, camera, full-automatic washing machine, and the control of electronic toys, pet, SPC, these are inseparable from microcontroller. Not to mention the robot, automatic control field of intelligent instruments, medical equipment. Therefore, the SCM, development and application of computer application will create and intelligent control of scientists and engineers.SCM is widely applied in instrumentation, household appliance, medical equipment, aerospace, special equipment and process control of intelligent management etc, can be divided into the following several roughly:1 in the application of intelligent instrumentsSCM has the advantages of small size, low power consumption, the function is strong, flexible control, miniaturization and extended use of advantages of convenient, widely used in instrumentation, combined with different kinds of sensors, such as voltage, power can be realized, frequency, humidity, temperature and flow rate, speed, thickness, Angle, length, hardness, elements, the physical quantities such as pressure measurement. Using single-chip microcomputer control makes instrument digital, intelligent, miniaturization, and the function of digital circuit than electronic or more powerful. Such as precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analyzer).2 application in industrial controlUsing SCM can constitute diverse forms of control system, the data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent control, various kinds of elevator computer networking and alarm systems, secondary control system etc. Constitute3 the application in household appliancesIt can be said that the household appliances now basically adopts single-chip microcomputer control, electric meal from the fact, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, TV, audio video equipment, and other electronic equipment, amount to multifarious, omnipresent.4 in the computer network and communication field applicationModern communication interface chip, generally have can be easily and computer data communication, computer, network and communication devices in between the application to provide excellent physical condition of communication equipment, now basically achieved microcontroller intelligent control, from mobile, telephone, small program-controlled switch, building automatic communication system, wireless communications is called again, to the daily work of the ubiquitous mobile phone, cluster mobile communications, radios, etc.5 microcomputer in the application fields of medical equipmentThe use of medical equipment microcomputer in very wide, such as medical breathing machine, various analyzer, monitor, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and sickbed call system, etc.6 in various large-scale electrical application of modularizationSome special MCU designed to achieve specific functions, which in various circuits are modular application, without asking about its internal structure using personnel. If music integrated SCM, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chips in pure in (different from the tape, principle of similar to complex computer principle. Such as: music signals in digital form in memory (ROM), similar to read by micro controller, into analog signals (similar to the music sound card).In a circuit, the modular applications greatly reduced size, simplify the circuit, reduce the damage, the error rate, also facilitate replacement.7. Microcomputer in automotive field applicationThe application in automobile electronic microcontroller is very wide, such as in the car engine controller based on CAN bus, automobile engine intelligence electronic controller, GPS navigation system, abs antilock brakes, braking system, etc.In addition, the SCM in industry and commerce, finance, education, scientific research, aerospace, defense, etc have a wide range of purposes.Learning is an important part of six applicationsThe application of SCM study of six important partsA bus:We know that a circuit is connected by wire by components, connections in analogue circuit, not be a problem, because each device is a serial relationships between general, each device of connections between are not much, but not as computer circuit, which is the core of microprocessor, and devices, each device microprocessor connected between work must be coordinated, so they need a lot of attachment is still as analog circuit, if, as in all microprocessor and each device individually connections between the quantity, line will be much more, so in microprocessor introduces the concept of various devices, fieldbus devices, all together to enjoy all the data from eight eight public online, namely the equivalent of all devices, but only such parallel is not, if there are two devices and send data, a 0 and 1, a receiver to receive, what? This situation is not allowed, so want to control through control device, any time only a device sends data (can have multiple devices simultaneously receive). The device is called data data bus, all line device called control bus. The microcontroller internal or external memory and other devices in storage unit, the storage unit will be assigned address, can use, of course also address signals in distribution, because of the form of storage, so, the line is used to address allocation, the line is called the address bus.Second, data, address, instruction:Is it all together, because the nature are all the same - they are all digital, or a string of 0 and 1 the sequence of composition. In other words, the address, data and instructions are. Instructions: by single-chip microcomputer chip designer specified number, it is a kind of common with our instructions mnemonics has strict one-to-one relationship by MCU, can not change the developer. Address: is looking for SCM internal and external storage unit, input, output value of internal units by the chip designers address already, do not change, good stipulated by the unit can chip outside developers themselves, but some address unit is must have (see the program execution process). Data: this is the object of microprocessor processing, in different applied circuit each are not identical, generally speaking, processed the data may be so several situations:1 address (such as DPTR MOV 1000H), namely, to DPTR 1000H address.2 ways or control characters, TMOD MOV (e.g., # 3), 3 is controlled.3, constant (e.g., 10H # TH0 MOV) 10H namely regular constant.4, actual output value (such as P1 mouth up to the bright lights, lamp, the instruction execution: MOV P1, # 0FFH, all the lights dim, execute instructions: MOV P1, # 00H) here 0FFH and 00H are actual output value. And as for the font code, but also LED the actual output value.Understand the essence of the address, instruction, its not hard to understand why during the operation process, the data will be flying to run a command to execute.Third, the mouth, P2 and P0 P3 second function usage:Beginners tend to P0 mouth, P2 and the second functional usage P3 puzzled by the function and the original function that should have a switching between the process, or have an instruction, in fact, each port is the second function fully automatic, do not need to use the instructions to convert. If P3.6 P3.7, respectively, and when the WR micro chips RD signal Daniel turned up RAM or outside the I/O port, which is used as the second function, can be used as an I/O universal use, as long as a microprocessor, a MOVX to execute commands will have the corresponding signal from P3.6 or P3.7 send out, do not need to advance with instructions. In fact, not as a general I/O port use not not , but not (user) as