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第一部分 词法在这一部分中,我们要学习如何使用单个的词汇,例如名词,什么时候用名词。单数和复数是什么。前面要加什么样的冠词。第一章 名词第二章 冠词冠词1 不定冠词的用法冠词本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作e,而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做en。1) 表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。例如: A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。2) 代表一类人或物。例如: A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。 Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。3) 组成词组或成语,如a little / as a rule / in a hurry / all of a sudden等。2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有那(这)个的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如: Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事。例如: He bought a house.Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3)指世上独一物二的事物,如the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth等。 4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。例如: Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。6)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如: She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。7)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如: the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国8)用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如: She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如: the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)10) 用在惯用语中。例如:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre3 零冠词的用法 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。例如: They are teachers. 他们是教师。3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如: Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。例如: Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如: We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。例如: The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如have breakfast,play chess。 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如: I cant write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如by bus,by train。 10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。例如: go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其它目的)11)不用冠词的序数词; a. 序数词前有物主代词时。 b. 序数词作副词。例如:He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。 c. 在固定词组中,如at(the)first, first of all, from first to last等。第三章 动词第四章 形容词和副词1 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。 这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something nice.2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如: The Times is a weekly paper. 时代周刊为周刊。 The Times is published weekly. 时代周刊每周发行一期。3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如: The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如: The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质-类别-名词。例如:a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car 一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。2副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其它结构。一、副词的位置1) 在动词之前。2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意: a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如: We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。 b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。二、副词的排列顺序:1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如: Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.6 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closely close意思是近;closely 意思是仔细地。例如: He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。 Watch him closely. 盯着他。2) late 与lately late意思是晚;lately 意思是最近。例如: You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。 What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?3) deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地。例如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。4) high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。5) wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方。例如: He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。 English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。6) free与freely free的意思是免费;freely 的意思是无限制地。例如: You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什幺时候,我这餐馆免费对你开放。 You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什幺就说什幺。第五章 连词连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and)then等等。1 并列连词与并列结构:并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。1)and 与or They sat down and talked about something. They started to dance and sing. I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.2) bothand两者都。例如: She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴,也弹吉他。3)not onlybut (also), as well as不但而且。例如:She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 她不但弹钢琴,也弹吉他。 注意:not only but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。例如Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜欢读小说,甚至还会写。4)neithenor 意思为既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。例如:Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。2 比较and和or 1) 并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点: There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。3 表示选择的并列结构 1) or意思为否则。例如: I must work hard, or Ill fail in the exam. 我要努力学习,否则考试要不及格了。2) eitheror意思为或者或者。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如: Either you or I am right. 不是你对,就是我对。4 表示转折或对比 1) but表示转折,while表示对比。例如:Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜欢猫,而有些人不喜欢。2) notbut 意思为不是而是,后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 这些不是动物的骨头,而是人的。5 表原因关系 1) for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。 He is absent today, for he is ill.2) so为连词, therefore一般为副词。例如:He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game. 他的腿受伤了,不能上场。I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。英语冠词语法练习Exercise21.MybrotherBobdreamsofbecoming_lawyer.a.theb.ac.and./2.Isthis_trainforShanghai?a.theb.ac.and./3.Maryasked,“Whyis_Fatheroutofwork?”a.theb.ac.and./4.Heordered_booksometimeago.bookhasnowarrived.a.a;Ab.a;Thec.the;thed.an;An5.Johnwaselected_chairmanof_studentsunion.a.a;ab.a;thec.the;thed./;the6.Thisisnt_orangetree.a.theb.ac.and./7.Heis_veryoldmannow.a.theb.ac.and./8.Sheis_Englishgirlandweare_Chineseboys.a.a;ab.an;thec.an;/d./;/9.Howdoyougoto_schooleveryday?On_foot.a.the;theb.a;ac./;/d.the;/10.Heplaysthe_bestin_class.a.tennis;theb.tennis;ac.guitar;thed.guitar;a11.Weoftenhave_ricefor_lunch.a.the;theb.a;a;c.the;/d./;/12._computeris_electricdevice.a./;/b.A;ac.A;and./;the13._visitorfrom_Americaiscomingtovisitourschool.a.The;anb.A;thec.A;and.A;/14.Englishis_languageanditis_usefultool.a.a;ab.an;anc.a;thed.the;the15.Shewrote_eight-hundred-wordarticlewithin_hour.a.a;ab.a;anc.an;and.an;a16.Inhersparetimesheoftenplays_violinandbadminton.a.the;/b.the;thec.the;ad.a;the17._Brownsoftenhave_dinnerathome.a.The;ad.The;/c./;/d./;a18.Hehadfailedtwiceandhedecidedtotry_thirdtime.a.oneb.thec.ad.an19.Hisuncleworksin_bigsteelworksinShanghai.a.theb.ac.and./20.Whichis_largercity,GuangzhouorBeijing?a.theb.ac.and./21.AlexanderGrahamBellinvented_telephonein1876.a.oneb.thec.ad.an22.ProfessorWangisgivingalectureon_.a.aphysicsb.anphysicsc.thephysicsd.physics23.SheaskedmewhyIwasin_hurry.a.suchagreatb.asuchgreatc.suchgreatad.suchthegreat24.What_funwehadwhenweweretogether!a.theb.ac.and./25.What_niceweatheritistoday!a.theb.ac.and./26.Whatisyourmother?Sheis_.a.ateacherandwriterb.ateacherandawriterc.theteacherandwriterd.teacherandwriter27._UnitedStatesjoined_in1917.a.The;theWorldWarb.The;WorldWarc./;theWorldWard./;WorldWar28._birdscanflyin_sky.a./;/b.The;thec./;thed.the;/29._UnitedNationswasfoundedin1945.a.Theb.Ac.And./30._teacherpattedmeon_shoulder.a.The;theb.A;ac.The;/d./;the31._UralsdivideEurasiainto_Europeand_Asia.a.The;the;theb.The;/;/c.The;the;/d./;/;/32._mostchildrenlike_sweetthings.a.The;theb./;/c.The;/d./;the33._is_mostwidelyusedlanguageintheworld.a.TheEnglishlanguage;theb.TheEnglish;thec.AnEnglish;ad.Englishlanguage;the34.Haveyoufound_lostnecklace?a.theb.ac.and./35.Shehasformed_habitofkeepingdiaries.a.theb.ac.and./36.Computeris_mustin_twenty-firstcentury.a./;theb./;/c.a;thed.the;the37._firstofOctoberis_NationalDay.a./;/b.The;thec./;thed.The;/38.Lessonfifteenis_mostdifficultlesson,butitisnt_mostdifficultoneinBookTwo.a.a;theb.the;thec.a;ad.the;a39.Thatsnotourcar.Itbelongsto_.a.theBrownsb.theBrownsc.theBrownsd.Browns40.What_pitythathehasmissedthechance!a.theb.ac.and./41._weatherinKunmingiscoolin_summerandwarminwinter. a.The;the;theb./;the;thec.A;thethed.The;/;/42.Sheisnot_American.Sheis_European.a.an;anb.a;ac.an;ad.a;an43._YuexiuParkisthelargestparkinGuangzhou.a.Theb.Ac.And./44.Isaw_one-eyedmanin_street.a.a;theb.an;thec.the;and.the;/45.Thatsreally_interestingstory.a.theb.ac.and./46._applesIboughtyesterdayspoiled.a.Someofb.Someofthec.Thesod.Thesome47._youwork,_youwillget.a.Harder;moreb.Hardest;mostc.Thehardest;themostd.Theharder;themore48._arenaturalenemies.a.Thecatsandtheratsb.Catandratc.Thecatandtheratd.thecatandrat49.Thisis_opportunitytobelost.a.toogoodanb.sogoodanc.suchagoodd.asuchgood50.Wecantdrink_whichisnotclean.a.waterb.thewaterc.awaterd.waters51.Thisis_penthatIlosttheotherday.a.thesameb.suchthec.thesod.asthe52.Itisknownthat_goldisavaluablemetal.a.theb.ac.and./53.Itis_togoboatingortogohunting.a.funb.afunc.thefund.funs54.Acowis_asahorse.a.strongasananimalb.asstrongananimalc.asastronganimald.asananimalstrong55.Sheissolovely_thatwealllikeher.a.girlb.agirlc.thegirld.suchgirl第二部分 句法第一部分 简单句五种基本句型1) 主语谓语动词(不及物动词)He can swim. The bell rang. The fire is burning.2) 主语系动词表语表语可以是形容词,名词,代词,副词,分词,介词短语,从句等。The food is sweet. (形容词)I am a teacher.(名词)The handbag is mine.(代词)My mother is out at the moment.(副词)She is very excited.(过去分词)The book is in front of you.(介词短语)Thats why I am here.(从句)常见系动词:be, get, turn, feel, seem, appear, look, taste, sound, smell, become, go, prove,3) 主语谓语动词宾语I love English. She is doing her homework.谓语动词多为及物动词,宾语可以由名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句等表示。They are playing basketball.I have nothing to do.She wants two.I hope to finish work today.I hate asking questions.You see what I mean.4) 主语谓语动词间接宾语直接宾语Please give me a book.主语谓语动词直接宾语介词间接宾语My mother bought a coat for me.I bought the book to him.其中介词可以用for 也可以用to, 如果强调为谁,要用for5) 主语谓语动词宾语宾语补语l 名词:They made him general manager.l 形容词:I keep the door open.l 副词:Put your book away.l 不定式:He ordered his men to fire.l 分词:He heard me singing.I saw the vase broken.l 介词短语:They look on him as a teacher.从句:I asked him what he was doing.时态(tense)一般现在时Simple Present一般过去时Simple Past一般将来时Simple FutureI study English everyday.Two years ago, I studied English in England.I am going to study English next year. If you are having problems, I will help you study English.现在进行时Present Continuous过去进行时Past Continuous将来进行时Future ContinuousI am studying English now.I was studying English when you called yesterday. I will be studying English when you arrive tonight.现在完成时Present Perfect过去完成时Past Perfect将来完成时Future PerfectI have studied English in several different countries.I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S. I will have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.现在完成进行时Present Perfect Continuous过去完成进行时Past Perfect Continuous将来完成进行时Future Perfect ContinuousI have been studying English for five years.I had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S. I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive.一、 一般现在时(simple present)用法:1. 表示习惯性或经常性的动作,常与表示频率的频度副词一起使用,常见的有:always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never这些词的排列顺序是由“最经常”到“最不经常”即“从来不”He often goes to that shop. Sometimes he goes there in the morning and sometimes in the afternoon. He frequently asks questions about the commodities in the shop. He is curious about everything.2. 表客观真理,格言警句或事实:Two and two makes four.The moon moves round the earth.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.No man but errs. 人非圣贤,孰能无过。3. 表将来在由when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如:Please tell him when he comes tomorrow.Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.4. 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件,用一般现在时表达将来时概念The play begins at 6:30 this eveningThe meeting opens at 2 oclock. The plane takes off at nine.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。(1) 直接加“s”,works, takes (2) 以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”再加“es” carry_carries(3) 以“x, o, s, ch, sh,”结尾的动词加“es” goes dresses watches 1 我知道你很忙2 月亮绕着地球转3 夏天跟在春天后面4 这条河流进大海5 太阳从东边升起西边落下6 你什幺意思7 看起来你是对的8 他主修英文9 Jim长的像他的姐姐10 他不喜欢这部电影11 视天气情况而定12 飞机在11:30起飞12:30到达北京13 我经常去这个公园慢跑14 通常他在晚上会看2个小时电视15 这里很少下雪二、 现在进行时(present continuous):构成:is /am /are /+ 现在分词用法:1. 表示现在某个时间点正在进行或发生的动作:My secretary is typing a letter at the moment.Listen! Someone is singing.We are learning English now.2. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc,用于进行时态表示即将开始的动作。Look! The bus is coming. 看!车来了!The old man is dying.I am leaving for Beijing tonight.3. 与always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表示说话人常有感情色彩:赞赏或厌恶。He is always thinking of others.(他总是想着别人。) The boy is continually making noises.(这男孩不断的发出吵闹声。)The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.4. 面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。believe (相信), belong (属于), doubt (怀疑) ,hear (听见),know (知道),see (看见),understand (理解), think (认为),consider (认为),feel (觉得),look (看起来),seen (看上去),show (显示),mind (介意),have (有),sound (听起来),hate (讨厌),love (喜爱),detest (憎恨),desire (意欲)重点:永远不要说:Im believing you. He is seeing a house. Im hating /loving you.但是,有时候,have, consider, think 等词可以用于正在进行时,比如:在have a party, think about, consider something中。因为这时have意为“举行”;think和 consider意为“考虑”。三、 现在完成时(present perfect)构成:have/has done1、 表示过去所发生的对现在产生影响或结果的动作。常与yet, just, already, recently, lately,等表时间的副词搭配使用。I have finished the book. He has lost his job. The clock has stopped.2. 表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在的动作,常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如:so far (迄今为止),up til

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