从《到灯塔去》析伍尔夫的性别思想和性别差异思想.doc

上海灸邊太#硕士学位论文从到灯塔去析伍尔夫的性别思想和性别差异思想An Analysis of Virginia Woolfs Thoughts of Gender andGender Differences in To the Lighthouse专业名称：英语语言文学 作者姓名：陆慧 指导老师：胡全生二零零九年十二月M.A. THESISAn Analysis of Virginia Woolfs Thoughts of Gender andGender Differences in To the LighthouseByLu HuiUnder the Supervision ofProfessor Hu QuanshengA Thesis Submitted to the School of Foreign Languages ofShanghai Jiaotong UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements forThe Degree of Master of ArtsDecember, 2009上海交通大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进 行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含 任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重 要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声 明的法律结果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名:上海交通大学学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意 学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文 被查阅和借阅。本人授权上海交通大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内 容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存 和汇编本学位论文。保密，在_年解密后适用本授权书。本学位论文属于不保密口。(请在以上方框内打“ V ”）学位论文作者签名：指导教师签名:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAt the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my special thanks to Professor Hu Quansheng, my supervisor, for his inspiring guidance and encouragement during my graduate study, and for the extremely valuable instructions, precious advice and critical judgments he made for the improvement of this paper. Fm afraid my words are so limited that I just fail to express how deep my appreciation is.I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to all those who have directed me in the field of English language and literature, especially Professor He Weiwen, Professor Hu Kaibao, Professor Zuo Xiaolan, Professor Suo Yuhuan, Professor Wu Yong, Professor Wei Xiaofei, and Professor Shen Yan, for their interesting and enlightening courses. Their recommendations and enlightenment are also of great help to the accomplishment of this thesis.Finally, Fm also grateful to my dear parents and friends, without whose selfless care andconsistent support the completion of this paper would not have been possible.弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（1882-1940不仅是一位世界著名的英国小说及随笔作家，更因 其文学批评享誉世界。她是公认的最杰出的重要现代主义作家之一。早在20世纪20年 代，她就对父权制社会政治、经济和文化体系进行了批判，并提倡用女性的视角重新审 视人类的历史，从而创造-种全新的性别观。她的小说到灯塔去正是可以体现她女 性主义思想的作品之一。然而，在现有对到灯塔去众多的文学研究中，有一个视角 是长期以来一直被忽视的，即伍尔夫的性别差异思想，她的性别差异思想和女性主义思 想间的关系，以及这些批评思想，是如何体现在她的写作中的。本篇论文因此将着手探 索该种关系并将从性别差异思想的角度作出对到灯塔去的全新解析。本文分析的重点是伍尔夫经常在其写作中探讨，尤其在到灯塔去中最为显著的 二个主题：女性主义，对性别的理解和性别差异思想。本论文试图确认并分析这些主题 是如何在到灯塔去中体现出来的，并由此打开到灯塔去研究的一个新篇章。本论文由四章组成。第一章主要介绍伍尔夫的生平及作品，国内外对到灯塔去 的研究成果，以及本论文的组成结构。第二章简单总结了伍尔夫的女性主义思想以及她 对此的态度。另外，她的雌雄同体思想、她对性别的理解以及她的性别差异思想也在第 二章中作了概述。分析的部分主要在第i章。这一章里面对伍尔夫的性别差异思想进行 了更为深入的分析，并且在此基础之上研究并评论了她的其它一些文学批评思想。本文 以第四章结语，总结综述了在本论文中提到的主要观点。关键词：伍尔夫，到灯塔去，女性主义，性别，性别差异ABSTRACTVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) is not only a renowned English writer best known for her novels and essays but also well acclaimed for her work on literary criticism. Commonly acknowledged is her importance as one of the most outstanding modernist authors. She criticize the social political, economic and cultural system in the patriarchal society as early as the 1920s. She upholds that human history should be interpreted from female perspective in order to create a new civilization. And her novel To the Lighthouse can be regarded as one of her works that embody such feminist thoughts. However, among the existing researches on To the Lighthouse, one perspective is seriously neglected: Woolfs thoughts of gender differences and the relationship between her feminist thoughts and her thoughts of gender differences, and how these ideas are reflected in her writing. This thesis, therefore, intends to embark upon the exploration of this relationship and offers a fresh analysis of the book from the perspective of gender differences.The emphasis in this analysis is on three issues which Woolf very often approached in her works, particularly in To the Lighthouse: feminism, the understanding of gender and the thoughts of gender differences. It is their manifestations in To the Lighthouse that the thesis attempts to identify and examine and by doing so to open up a new dimension in the discussion of To the Lighthouse.The thesis is divided into four chapters. The First Chapter serves as an introduction, which includes the life and work of Virginia Woolf. It also looks into critical responses to To the Lighthouse abroad and in China and into the organization of this thesis. The Second Chapter draws a brief sketch on Woolf critical ideas on feminism and her ambivalent response to it. Besides, her androgynous vision and thoughts of gender and gender differences are also discussed. The analytical part of this thesis can be found in Chapter Three. This chapter studies Woolf thoughts of gender differences in a more in-depth way and some of her critical ideas are further researched and commented. This thesis closes with the 1 狀t chapter onclusion?，summarizing and reviewing the major points discussed in this thes:iiiKey Words: Woolf, To the Lighthouse, feminism, gender, gender differencesContentsAcknowledgementsiAbstract in ChineseiiAbstract in EnglishiiiChapter One Introduction11.1 A Brief Introduction to Virginia Woolf and Her Literary Career11.2 A Brief Introduction to To the Lighthouse41.31.4 The Critical Responses to To the Lighthouse Abroad and in China52.12.2 The Critical Responses to To the Lighthouse Abroad62.3 The Critical Responses to To the Lighthouse inChina71.51.6 The Aim of the Present Project91.71.8 The Organization of the Thesis11Chapter Two A Brief Sketch of Virginia Woolf 9s Thoughts of Gender123.13.2 Woolf and Feminism.2 Feminism and Its Development.4 Woolfs Thoughts of Feminism.4 Woolf and Androgyny.4 Woolf Androgynous Vision.4 Significance of Woolfs Androgynous Vision.4 Gender Differences and Woolfs Thoughts of Gender Differences.4 Gender Differences.4 Definition of Gender Differences233.2.4 Differences of Sex, Gender and Androgyny.4 Woolfs Thoughts of Gender Differences253.2.4 Representation of Gender Differences253.2.4 The Origin of Woolfs Thoughts of Gender Differences and HerUnderstanding of Gender Differences27The Influence of Woolf 9s Thoughts of Gender DifferencesChapter Three Manifestations of Virginia Woolf9s Thoughts of Gender and GenderDifferences in To the Lighthouse3 Manifestations of Woolf 9s Thoughts of Female in To the Lighthouse342.12.2 The Role of an Ideal Woman - Mrs. Ramsay342.32.4 The Woman Image of the New Generation - Lily Briscoe3 Manifestations of Woolf Thoughts of Gender Differences in To theLighthouse442.3 Significant Differences between Different Genders4 Rational Mr. Ramsay and Emotional Mrs. Ramsay4 Realistic Mr. Ramsay and Idealistic Mrs. Ramsay4 Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay9s Different Aesthetic Appreciation502.4 Virginia Woolf9s Thoughts of Gender Differences through Lily Briscoe.5.3 Lily Briscoe Female Consciousness5123.2.423.2.5 Lily Briscoe Way to Brightness and Hope55Chapter Four Conclusion59Bibliography63Chapter One IntroductionA Brief Introduction to Virginia Woolf and Her Literary CareerVirginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January, 1882 in London. She was an English novelist and essayist, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dallowciy (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928) and the book-length essay A Room of Ones Own (1929), with its famous dictum, UA woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction?（Woolf，2005a: 565).Both Woolf father and mother were well known: Julia Prinsep Stephen，her mother, was a beauty and served as a model for Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Edward Burne-Johns; and Sir Leslie Stephen, her father, was a notable author, critic and mountaineer. The young Virginia was educated by her parents in their literate and well-connected household at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington. One thing worth mentioning, her parents had each been married previously and had been widowed, and, the household contained children from three marriages consequently. Julia had three children from her first husband Herbert Duckworth: George, Stella and Gerald Duckworth. Leslie had one daughter from his first wife Minny Thackeray: Laura Makepeace Stephen. Leslie and Julia had four children together: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia and Adrian Stephen.Sir Leslie Stephen eminence as an editor, critic and biographer and his connection to William Thackeray (as he was the widower of Thackeray youngest daughter) meant that his children were raised in an environment filled with the influences of Victorian literary society. Julia Stephen was equally well connected. Descended from an attendant of Marie Antoinette, she came from a family of renowned beauties who left their mark on Victorian society as models for Pre-Raphaelite artists and early photographers. Supplementing these influences was the immense library at the Stephen house，from which Virginia and Vanessa (ultheir brothers, who were formally educated) were taught the classics and English literature.Yet it seems that Woolfs most vivid childhood memories were not of London but of St Ives in Cornwall, where the family spent every summer until 1895. Talland House, the Stephen summer home, looked out over Porthminster Bay. Memories of these family holidays and impressions of the landscape, especially the Godrevy Lighthouse, informed the fiction Woolf wrote in later years, most notably To the Lighthouse.The sudden death of her mother in 1895 when Virginia was 13 and that of her half-sister Stella two years later led to the first of Virginia several nervous breakdowns. The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collapse and she was briefly institutionalized. Her breakdowns and subsequent recurring depressive periods, as modern scholars (including her nephew and biographer, Quentin Bell) have suggested, were also induced by the sexual abuse she and Vanessa were subjected to by their half-brothers, George and Gerald (which Woolf recalled in her autobiographical essays A Sketch of the Past and 22 Hyde Park Gate).After the death of their father and Virginia second nervous breakdown, Vanessa and Adrian sold 22 Hyde Park Gate and bought a house at 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury. Following studies at King5s College, Cambridge (DeSalvo, 1982: 103), Woolf came to know Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, Rupert Brooke, Duncan Grant and Leonard Woolf, who together formed the nucleus of the intellectual circle known as the Bloomsbury Group.Virginia Stephen married writer Leonard Woolf in 1912, referring to him during their engagement as a enniless Jew? The couple shared a close bond The two also collaborated professionally in 1917 founding the Hogarth Press, which subsequently published Virginia novels along with works by T.S. Eliot, Laurens van der Post and others.After completing the manuscript of her last (posthumously published) novel, Between the Acts, Woolf fell victim to a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz and the coolreception given to her biography of her late friend Roger Fry all worsened her conditionshe was unable to work.On 28 March 1941, Woolf committed suicide. She put on her overcoat, filled its pockets with stones，then walked into the River Ouse near her home and drowned herself. Woolf body was not found until 18 April (Panken, 1987: 260-2). Her husband buried her cremated remains under a tree in the garden of their house in Rodmell, Sussex. Throughout her life, Woolf was plagued by drastic mood swings. Though this instability greatly affected her social functioning, her literary abilities remained intact. Modern diagnostic techniques have led to a posthumous diagnosis of bipolar disorder, an illness which coloured her work, relationships and life and eventually led to her suicide.Woolf began writing professionally in 1905, initially for the Times Literary Supplement with a journalistic piece about Haworth, home of the Bronte family. Her first novel, TheVoyage Out, was published in 1915 by her half-brother imprint, Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd. An earlier version of The Voyage Out has been reconstructed by Woolf scholar Louise DeSalvo and is now available to the public under the intended title (as the novel was originally entitled Melymbrosia). DeSalvo argues that many of the changes Woolf made in the text were in response to changes in her own life (Haule, 1982: 100-4).Woolf went on to publish novels and essays as a public intellectual to both critical and popular success. Much of her work was self-published through the Hogarth Press. She has been hailed as one of the greatest novelists of the twentieth century and one of the foremost modernists.Woolf is considered one of the greatest innovators in the English language. In her works she experimented with stream of consciousness and the underlying psychological as well as emotional motives of characters. Woolf reputation declined sharply after World War II, but her eminence was re-established with the surge of Feminist criticism in the 1970s (Beja, 1985: 53).3Woolfs To the Lighthouse was published in 1927. As a landmark of high modernism, the text, centering on the Ramsay family and their visit to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920, skillfully manipulates temporality and psychological exploration. Time Magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005 (/time/2005/100books/the complete list.html).The novel follows and extends the tradition of modernist novelists like Marcel Proust and James Joyce, where the plot is secondary to philosophical introspection and the prose can be winding and hard to follow. It includes little dialogue and almost no action; most of it is written as thoughts and observations. It recalls the power of childhood emotions and highlights the impermanence of adult relationships.The novel consists of three parts: Part I The Window, Part II Time Passes and Part III The Lighthouse.In Part I，the novel is set in the Ramsay summer home in the Hebrides, on the Isle of Skye. The section begins with Mrs. Ramsay assuring James that they should be able to visit the lighthouse on the next day. This prediction is denied by Mr. Ramsay, who voices his certainty that the weather will not be clear, an opinion that forces a certain tension between Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay and also between Mr. Ramsay and James. This particular incident is referred to on various occasions throughout the chapter, especially in the context of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay relationship. The Ramsays have been joined at the house by a number of friends and colleagues, one of them being Lily Briscoe, who begins the novel as a young, uncertain painter attempting a portrayal of Mrs. Ramsay and her son James. Briscoe finds herself plagued by doubts throughout the novel, doubts largely fed by the statements of Charles Tansley, another guest, claiming that women can neither paint nor write. Tansley himself is an admirer of Mr. Ramsay and his philosophical treatises.The second section is employed by the author to give a sense of time passing. V7explained the purpose of this section, writing that it was uan interesting experiment (that gave) the sense of ten years passing?（Dick and Woolf, 1983: 2). This section role in linking two dominant parts of the story was also expressed in Woolf?s notes for the novel, where above a drawing of an ，?shape she wrote wo blocks joined by a corridor?（ibid.: 11). During this period Britain began and finished fighting World War I. In addition, the reader is informed as to the fates of a number of characters introduced in the first part of the novel: Mrs. Ramsay passes away, Prue dies from complications of childbirth, and Andrew is killed in the war. Mr. Ramsay is left adrift without his wife to praise and comfort him during his bouts of fear and his anguish when he docs his philosophical work.In the final section，he Lighthouse?，some of the remaining Ramsays return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I, as Mr. Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with his son James and daughter Cam(illa). The trip does not happen, as the children had not been ready, but they eventually take off. While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to complete her long-unfinished painting. She reconsiders Mrs. Ramsay?s memory, grateful for her help in pushing Lily to continue with her art, yet at the same time struggling to free herself from the tacit control Mrs. Ramsay had over other aspects of her life. Upon finishing the painting aad seeing that it satisfies her, she realizes that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work - a lesson Mr. Ramsay has yet to learn. The Critical Responses to To the Lighthouse Abroad and in ChinaSince its publication in 1927, To the Lighthouse has maintained critical predominance. The novel is widely regarded as Woolfs most successful work in using stream of consciousness narrative, nonlinear plot and interior monologue, distinctly modeling characters without the formal structure of chronological time and omniscient narration. In this novel,Woolf also most perfectly realizes fictional reflection on mortality, subjectivity, anc passage of time. E.M. Forster wrote that the book was awfully sad