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AutoCAD Text: Introduction to AutoCAD1.1 OverviewIf nature didnt make it someone using Autodesk design software probably did.No doubt AutoCAD-based product was used in the design and maintenance of much of what you see around youand much of what you dont see, including your buildings HVAC and electrical systems, the surrounding landscaping and your telecommunication network.AutoCAD is a powerful 2D and 3D design and drafting platform that automates your design tasks, and provides digital tools so you can focus on the design rather than the software itself. Architects, engineers, drafters, and design-related professionals use AutoCAD to create, view, manage, plot, share, and reuse accurate, information-rich drawings.AutoCAD: The foundation for collaborative designAutoCAD supercharges your design process, unlocking the value of your design data at every step of the way. In fact, AutoCAD offers:Powerful design tools to enhance productivity and performance.New ways to help you connect and collaborate with your design teamand extend the reach of your design data.New tools to help you manage your corporate design standards. Evolved deployment and integration features and advanced license management tools to help you use your Autodesk software assets for a greater ROI.System RequirementsRecommended System RequirementsThe recommended operating system for AutoCAD is intel Pentium or AMD K6- 450MHz-basesd PCMicrosoft windows XP Professional, Windows Millennium Edition, or windows NT 4.0(SP5 or later)128MB RAM200MB free disk spaceVGA display of 1024768 or higherMouse or other pointing deviceCD-ROM driveLess capable machines (such as Pentium 233) can run AutoCAD, but the results may be less than ideal. Sufficient swap space id also required installation of AutoCAD as well as any data or drawing files saved. The use of additional memory or faster processors will improve performance and capacity.2.2 CAD/CAM CAD/CAM is a term which means computer aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform certain functions in design and production. This technology is moving in the direction greater integration of design and manufacturing, two activities which have traditionally been treated as distinct and separate functions in a production firm. Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of the future. Computer-aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. The computer systems consist of user firm. The CAD hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphics display terminals, keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamic response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part programming. The collection of application programs will vary from one user firm to the next because their product lines, manufacturing processes, and customer markets are different. These factors give rise to differences in CAD system requirements. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) can be defined as the use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the plants production resources. As indicated by the definition, the applications of computer-aided manufacturing fall into two broad categories: 1) Computer monitoring and control. These are the direct applications in which the computer is connected directly to the manufacturing process for the purpose of monitoring or controlling the process. 2) Manufacturing support applications. These are the indirect application in which the computer is used in support of the production operations in the plant, but there is no direct interface between the computer and the manufacturing process. INCREASING DRAFTING PRODUCTIVITY CAD/CAM system can entail a whole new set of drafting philosophies, all of which enhance productivity. For instance, most systems now on the market have a number of built-in functions that make new and useful drafting techniques automatic. Layering, for example, enables drafters to create drawings in logical segments that can be stored separately for easy identification; but the segments can still be output together, in one single piece, which illustrates the entire drawing at once. Layering with a graphics system uses the same principle except the overlays are logical rather than physical. The uses for this are myriad. Layers can be used to separate English and metric dimensioning information, inventory data, textual information, electrical requirements pluming, machine tool paths, and a host of other things. The result is cleaner, less cluttered drawings. Another example of a productivity enhancement for drafting might involve automating auxiliary views of a design. By pressing the right button or by entering the right command, a drawing could be turned 90 degrees in one direction or another. Three-dimensional designs could be rotated on any axis or displayed in any of several projections. To take it one step further, remember that entire designs can be stored on the system. When the drafter receives a job that has specifications similar to a stored drawing, he merely retrieves it, brings it into working storage, and edits those portions of the design that are not consistent with the specifications of the new job. Productivity increases are thus compounded. The original job is speeded up, and that job, in turn, is used to speed up the next job even further. This illustrates the need to maintain a complete and up-to-date data base that can be accessed easily by all users. IMPROVING DESIGN ANALYSIS Design analysis is another important task that can be handled automatically by a properly integrate CAD/CAM system. This is particularly important in an application like piping plant design where drawings are often complex and must adhere to precise industry specifications. A CAD/CAM system with piping design applications software can give the user automatic feedback on such characteristics as fluid capacities, material chemistry, stress limitations, and coupling requirements. It can also generate orthographic plans, elevation data, equipment parts lists, cost estimates, flow diagrams, process and instrumentation diagrams, and bills of materials. The system can even access and control complex engineering analysis programs and provide instant feedback on the viability of various design alternatives. OTHER ANALYTICAL BENEFITS CAD/CAM can influence a companys engineering systems in many other ways as well. It can streamline all physical processes, and permit reevaluation of current engineering methods and reporting procedures. CAD/CAM improves and expedites quality assurance techniques, and it lends itself naturally to maintaining accurate and complete documentation and to keeping accurate records of part numbers and bills of materials. WHAT ARE THE DRAWBACKS? The drawbacks to CAD/CAM may not be so obvious, but they can be devastating to even the best plans. The most debilitating of these comes from the leap entailed in moving directly from manual drafting and record keeping to CAD/CAM. It is like putting a jet engine in a Volk wagon. The car may go fast for a little while, but the whole thing will shake apart if he chassis is not reinforced sufficiently to handle the stress. If management is unwilling to evaluate the existing operating conditions, standards, and procedures, the implementation of CAD/CAM is very likely to failfor a number of compounding reasons. For one, management policies will be unorganized because the CAD/CAM system will be isolated from standard operation procedures. This will likely produce a growing feeling among low-level managers that the system can never be made useful to them. For another, no interdepartmental communications paths will have been established. This could result in the feeling there is no long-term commitment to CAD/CAM. For still another, operators ( the people actually using the system ), will have had no input in the way the system was implemented. This leads to lack of drawing standards, poor system management, and alienation of system users. Such circumstances are really unforgivable, especially since the opportunity to evaluate standard operating conditions will almost certainly suggest improvements in those procedures even if the CAD/CAM system is never implemented. 正文：AutoCAD介绍1.1概览 大自然不能造出来的东西，人们使用Autodesk公司的设计软件或许就能造出来了。 毫无疑问，AutoCAD或者基于AutoCAD的产品被用于设计与维护许多你身边看到的东西你的电脑、你的桌子、灯等以及许多你看不见的东西，包括你的房屋的采暖、通风与空调及电气系统、周围的景观与道路和你的无线电通信网络等。AutoCAD是一个强大的二维与三维设计及制图平台，它使你的设计任务自动化，并为你提供数字工具，以便你能够专注于设计而不是软件本身。建筑师、工程师、制图人员以及设计相关的专业人员使用AutoCAD来创建、观看、管理、绘图、共享、精确地重用及含有丰富的信息的图纸。AutoCAD：协作设计的基础AutoCAD可以极大地提高你的设计过程的效力，使你在设计过程中每一步都能展示设计数据的价值。事实上，AutoCAD提供了：用来增强生产力与性能的强大设计工具。提供新的途径帮助你与设计小组联系及协作并且扩展你的设计数据的范围。提供新的工具，帮助你管理公司的设计标准。改进的部署与集成功能以及先进的许可证管理工具，能帮助你使用Autodesk公司的软件资产一获取更高的投资回报率。系统要求，推荐系统配置：用于AutoCAD的推荐操作系统是基于Intel Pentium或者AMDK6-450的PC机（个人计算机）Microsoft Windows XP专业版、Windows 2000专业版、Windows 98、Windows Me或者Windows NT4.0(SP5或者更高的版本)。128MB RAM（内存）200MB（或更多的）空闲磁盘空间。VGA显示器，支持1024768或者更高的分辨率鼠标或者其他指点设备CD-RAM驱动器更低性能的机器（如奔腾233）也能够运行AutoCAD，但是效果可能不理想。对于AutoCAD的安装操作以及任意数据或者图纸文件的保存，足够的交换空间也是必要的。使用额外的内存或更快的处理器将直接提升性能与容量。2.2 CAD/CAMCAD/CAM是专业术语，指的是计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造。它是一种利用计算机来完成一定的设计和制造功能的技术。这种技术正向设计和制造的集成方向发展，而在生产流程中这两项传统上是被认为不同的和独立的功能。总而言之，CAD/CAM会为将来的集成计算机的生产提供技术基础。 计算机辅助设计（CAD）可以定义为使用计算机系统来协助一个设计方案的形成、修改、分析及优化。计算机系统包括针对有特殊要求的使用者而完成的特殊设计功能的硬件和软件。CAD硬件通常包括计算机，一个或多个的图像显示器，键盘和其他的外围设备。CAD软件包括帮助操作者管理计算机的支持计算机系统图像的系统程序和应用程序。例如，一些应用程序包括零部件的应力-应变分析、机构的力学反应、热传递的计算和数字控制部分的编制程序。不同的使用者所储存的应用程序是不同的，这是因为它们的生产线、制作过程和消费者市场是不同的。这些因素使CAD系统所要求的设备不同。 计算机辅助制造（CAM）可以定义为使用计算机系统通过直接或间接的计划计算机界面来计划、操作和控制一个工厂的生产。计算机辅助制造的应用有两个方面： （1）计算机监视控制。这是直接应用，把计算机直接与生产连接，用于监视和控制生产过程。 （2）制造支持应用。这是间接应用，是计算机用于支持生产操作，但不是计算机与生产过程的直接连接。 绘图率的提高 CAD/CAM系统具有一组含有制图原理并以此提高生产率的全新的设备。例如，目前市面上多数计算机系统就具有许多能使新且有用的绘图技巧自动化的内在功能。以图层设置为例，它能使制图者在为了容易辨别而分开储存的逻辑块中绘图，但是这些块是可以立即把整个图全部显示出来并输出的。带有制图功能系统的图层设置其原理除了层是逻辑的而不是随性的之外，其它是一样的。这方面的应用有多种形式。图层设置可用来区别英寸制和公制的尺寸标注、目录数据、文本信息、电子设备、