英语新教材备课注意的问题论文原.doc

英语新教材备课注意的问题 俗话说:“巧妇难为无米之炊”。对于我们英语教师来说，如果没有做好课前准备，就会直接影响到我们的教学质量。因此，我们必须认真对待备课。认真备好课是英语教学的前提和基础，是提高英语教学效率的重要保证，也是英语教师自我提高的有效途径。九年义务教育初中英语教材自实施以来，我发现在备课中存在以下几个问题值得注意: 一、备课前要钻研教学大纲，通读、熟悉、钻研教材，找出教材的重点、难点和它们之间的内在联系，根据教材内容制定教学目的、教学要求和教学方法教学大纲是编写教材的依据，是教师进行教学的依据，是学生学习的依据，也是考核的依据，因此要重视大纲的学习。在钻研大纲的基础上通读教材，可以增强对教材的理解。只有对教材有较深刻的理解，刁能驾驭教材。要理解教材，不能只读一课书或一个单元，必须通读全册教材，有条件时应通读全套教材。不仅通读，还要熟读、钻研教材。只有这样才能掌握教材的重点、难点和它们之间的内在联系。任何知识都不是孤立的，都有它的系统性和连贯性。不了解前后内容的关系，就不能准确地制定出每单元和每课书的教学要求，就不能在处理教材时突出重点。 如教材对音标和拼读规则的教学安排就是一个例子:本教材为了使学生识记单词，共安排了三个循环，由浅入深地结合单词把拼读规则、音标有机地结合起来。第一循环是第四单元至第八单元。在这 一循环中，通过单词中字母的排列，教会学生五个元音字母在重读开、闭音节中的读单音;第二个循环是第九单元至第十六单元。在这一循环中，老师要教会学生认读40个国际音标符号和学会一些拼读规则;第三个循环是第十七单元至第二十九单元。在这一循环中，通过归纳字母或字母组合的读音，进一步学会一些常用的拼读规则和几个国际音标符号。老师如果注意到教材的这个内容，并在教学过程中充分利用这些材料，教会学生用音、形、义结合的方法记忆单词，不是教学生死背拼读规则，而是教学生在读、记单词时会用拼读规则，就是看到符合拼读规则的单词，能基本正确地读出来;听到符合拼读规则的词的读音，能拼出这个词来。学生具备了把词的音与形联系起来的能力，再通过图片或实物记词义，他们记词的效果就会大大提高。 如果我们仔细钻研教材就会发现，这些语言现象在后面的课文里将不断出现，现阶段只要求“三会”，是符合认识规律的。如果不了解教材的内容，把上面这些句子定为当堂必须达到“四会”掌握的内容，不仅在课上练，而且还要留一定量的家庭作业，就会加重学生负担，教学就没有抓住重点。由此看来，哪些词是要求“四会”、“三会”、“两会”和“一会”，教师在备课时应做到心中有数。 二、备课时不要受课次顺序的限制，而要把一个单元作为一个整体来考虑按单元备课比按课次顺序备课更可以突出重点，对重点练的机会会更多，因而不仅节省了时间，而且还能够通过多练达到熟练掌握。以第十五单元为例，这一单元是学“时间表达法”和“在什么时间做什么事”的内容。如果按书上的课次顺序教，学生在第一节课上接触不到时间表达法，到第二、三节课才能学到这个内容，而第4节 课是单元复习课，课文里也没有再出现“现在是几点几分”这类句子。5节 是用两节课的时间学、练时间表达法呢，还是把这个内容分散在四节课的时间学?当然用四课时，学生会练得更熟。因此，我以为重新安排一下每节课的内容比较好。要学时间表达法，首先要记熟数词，龙其是1-60。事实证明，只有备课得具体、翔实、课堂上刁能教得娴熟、自如。 三、备课时应根据学习的一般规律和学习英语的特殊规律考虑教法。 学习的过程就是认识问题的过程，它包括从不知到知、到会、到熟练掌握几个步骤。人们识识问题一般是由浅入深、由近及远、由表及里、由简单到复杂，逐步发展和提高的。因此在教学过程中老师不应超越学生现阶段的认识能力和学习过程。我们在教学中常用旧单词引出新句型、用旧句型引出新词汇，这个做法是符合学生的认识规律的。有的老师喜欢把生词写在小黑板土，一个一个地带读，带着拼，这种方法不大好。因为孤立地记单词是难以记住的，即使一时记住了，到头来还是不会用。老师应该把词放在上、下文的句子早教，这样不但容易记，而且记住以后也会用。 教学中要重视第一次感知。感知印象是否深刻，关键在于学生在感知过程中是否处于积极思维状态。在学习过程中，多种感官的协同活动，是提高识记效果的一个重要手段。老师在教新词、句子或课文过程中使用实物和图片，使学生边看实物或图片，边听老师说这个词和句子，边想词义，词的拼写形式或句义，边说或边写这些词。这样眼看、耳听、脑想、日说、手写，几种动作有机配合、协调活动，就能大大提高识记效果。 心理学家经过实验研究证明，遗忘的速度是先快后慢，先多后少。根据这个规律，为了防止遗忘现象的发生，最根本的办法就是及时-复习。结合新词复习旧词、结合新句型复习旧句型、结合新内容复习旧内容等都是常用的一些教法。当学到一个新词时，老师可以要求学生一个一个地说出、拼出已学过的与这个新词有关的一串词。当学生在堂上你一个我一个地拼读这些词时，他们的学习兴趣会很浓。这样做既起到复习作用，又形成一种无形的竞争气氛，课上花的时间少，学生在没有压力的情况下进行经常性的复习，效果是显著的。四、备课时应考虑学生的思想实际和学习实际，在充分了解学生的基础上考虑教法。备课包括两个方而的工作，一方面是钻研教材，一方面是了解学生。从某种意义上讲，了解学生比钻研教材更难，因为教材是固定了的，而学生的思想是经常变化的，并且直接影响着学生的学习情绪。此外，学生的学习基础、学习方法、学习习惯都直接影响着他们的学习。老师如不注意这一点，就要犯主观主义的错误。此外，配合这套教材有一本写得很详细的教师用书，这本教师用书是供老师们备课时参考用的，切不可原封不动地照搬教师用书的每个教学步骤、教学环节、每项练习内容。因为教师用书的编写者不可能考虑所有学生的情况，而作为教师就应在备课、教课过程中考虑自己的全部学生，这样才能有的放矢地进行教学。因此，教师一定要结合班上的实际使用教师用书，更不可以为有了教师用书就可以不备课，那样做将会给教学带来不良的结果。 总之，备课是教学过程中必不可少的重要环节，并非轻而易举的事情，备一节好课更难。然而，只要我们认真学习新大纲，钻研教材，了解学生，掌握教法，就能备出一节很好的优质课来。 An Analysis of Shakespeares Tragedy World William Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, 1564, inStratford-on Avon, Warwickshire. He is one of those rare geniuses ofmankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture.Meanwhile the works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in thehistory of world literature. During the 22 years of his literarywork heproduced 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.Buttragedies, especially the four great tragedies, stand for his greatestcontribution. The disposition flaw in Hamlet which Shakespeare processes is overthe perfect moral principle. In Othello, Othello always trusts others. Butjust this nobility and innocence make him guilty. King Lears biggestweakness is that he cant distinguish what is the false flattery and what isthe faithful emotion and sentiment. Macbeth describes that how anambition makes somebody become a criminal from a famous minister andends with an evil monarch. It reflects the awful result of the excessive andcontinuous ambition for people deeply.All in all, through analyzing the heroes characters, living backgroundand their fate, this article tells people how to choose when they are facingsufferings and ridicule of life. And from them we can find the principle ofdoing something and wisdom of living. So when something veryimportant happens, one can face it and deal with it more severely, one canshoulder the burden of life more easily. I believe people can learn morefrom good tragedy works. I. The Four Great Tragedies Heroes Analysis A. A Tragic Hero一Hamlet Hamlet is one of Shakespeares tragedies. Hamlet learns from the ghost of his father the fatal secret of his death at the hands of Claudis, his uncle, who marries the widow, has the cold body of the deceased. Hamlet lays a trap to catch his uncles conscience, breaks his engagement with Ophelia, kills the wary old counselor Polonius, and is sent off to England under the escort of the treacherous courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstein, to be put to death. On the way, he rises in the night, unseals their murderous commission, rewrites it and seals itwith his fathers ring, having worded it so that they themselves shall bethe victims when they reach ;ngland. In a fight with pirates Hamletboards their ship, and is conveyed by them back to Denmark, where hetells his adventures to his friend Horatio. At Ophelias grave heencounters Laertes, her brother; and presently, in a fencing bout withhim, is killed by Laertes poisoned sword, but not before he has stabbedhis treacherous uncle and forced the fatal cup of poison down his throat.His mother Gertrude has just died from accidentally drinking the samepoison, prepared by the King for Hamlet. It is a revenge play, like Kyds Spanish Tragedy, and likeTourneurs Revengers Tradey and so on. The Renaissance was a violenttime and their theatres obsession with things like revenge proves it. Butwhereas most of Shakespeares contemporaries take, and creasedrevenge-heroes who behave accordingly, Shakespeare creates a humaneand sensitive hero who is appalled by the task appointed to him. Hamletis a clear representation of Shakespeares tragic hero.As the plays tragic hero, Hamlet exhibits a combination of good andbad points. A complex character, he displays a variety of characteristicsthroughout the plays development. Sometimes he is a human andsensitive hero, at other times he is melodramatically violent,cold-bloodedly callous, or even gleefully blood thirsty, both in word anddeed. At first everyone sees Hamlet as a sensitive young prince who ismourning the death of his father, the King. In addition, his mothersimmediate marriage to his uncle has left him in even greater despair. Thecombination of these emotions leaves one feeling sympathetic to Hamlet.Then he becomes a very human character. One sees from the verybeginning that he is a very complex and conflicted man, and that histragedy has already begun. Hamlets anger and grief- primarily stemming from his mothersmarriage to Claudius- brings him to thoughts of suicide, which onlysubsides as a result of it being a mortal and religious sin. The fact that hewants to take his own life demonstrates a weakness in his character. Hisdecision not to kill himself because of religious beliefs shows that thisweakness is balanced with some sense of morality. Such an obviousparadox is only one example of the inner conflict and turmoil that willeventually lead to Hamlets downfall. This internal struggle is obviousfrom his best-known soliloquy. To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous foutune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die-to sleep No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to: tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream-ay, theres the rub. (From Act III Scene i) To be, or not to be, shows Hamlet contemplating the idea ofloyalty, acting upon ones morals and their relation to fighting againstthe challenges of evil. Meanwhile, he doubts everything, including love.He hesitates, which makes him enter the tragedy. His tragedy shows thelimitation of his thinking as a humanist. In that period, the power ofenemy is very big. The beauty and the ugly are turned. The dream ofhumanist cant be realized. The struggle of hero must end with grey luckHamlets tragedy is the times tragedy. The liberation and freedomHamlet goes after are too heavy. The sad that dream cant be realizedmakes him more sufferings. In addition, the limitation of Hamlet is alsorevealed by his far away from people. He just wants to change thesociety by himself. He just remains himself. Though Hamlet has greatwisdom and enough reason, its unrealized to do one thing by his ownpower. Also in that society, nobody wins at last by oneself. Hamlet is also a person who believes destiny deeply. Until the laststage of his struggle, he still believes that there is a power which candecide someone to win or fail. He is tied by the old thought. So hehesitates, misses the opportunity and is passive. Hamlet, although a complex and unique character, clearlyrepresents the tragic hero. Shakespeare wants to tell us that the realworld is unreasonable, but he cant solve the question. Because of thelimitation of time and rank, the great of Hamlet is that he can reveal uglyexists in the world bravely, but not how to sweep these sins. The originalpower Hamlet represents is on the stage of childishness. They haventenough power to destroy evil. Maybe in the other words we can say thatthey are doomed to tragedy. B. Victim of Credulity一Othello Othello, a Moorish general of Venice, has promoted Cassio as hislieutenant; lago, who was hoping for the promotion himself, makes plotsagainst Cassio and Othello to exact revenge. Othello has secretlymarried Desdemona, the beautiful daughter of Venetian senatorBrabantio, and Iago determines to use Desdemona as the means of hisrevenge. Othello believed Iagos tricks, so that he killed his wife by hisown hand. At last when he finds he has murdered his wife by mistake,he cant face himself and stabs himself in front of Cassio and dies onDesdemonas bed, beside her. Othello, due to his Moorish nature but at the same time morallywhite and untainted, can be considered grey with the opening of the play.His tragedy is caused by his naivete at trusting people too easily. In thisplay, there is a character Iago who is contrary to Othello in nature. He isthe embodiment of evil. He manipulates the development of the play andall the characters in the play and leads a sorry tragedy.Iagos living gospel is One who lives only for himself. He takes everykind of measures to realize his benefit. Facially he is very good andhonest. He just wants to get trust from Othello. His evil cant be countedand cant be ignored. Iago knows the weakness of Othellos character.Othello is bom with white and untainted. He doesnt know he hastrapped in others lie and injury. When Iago manipulates Othello,Othello unknowingly gives in to the temptation, even going as far astelling Iago I am bound to thee for ever (III. iii. 242). Othello at thispoint is completely taken in with Iagos mind poisoning and willinglysubmits to him, yielding Lo his trickeries. Inevitably with a little pushfrom Iago, Othello slowly goes down the path of dark and pureblackness, with murder evident in mind. With Iagos tampering of hisinner moralities, Othello turns black like a speeding snowball, once Iagoset him on the right path. At last the green-eyed monster lures him to killhis wife and destroy his business, reputation and life. When Othellofinds his mistake, even though at the end he seems repentant towards thedeeds that he has done, he still lost. So he stabs himself and also leftssome words which are full of regret. Speak of me as I am; nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice: then must you speak Of one That loved not wisely but too well; Of one not easily jealous, but being wroughtPerplexd in the extreme; of one whose hand,Like the base Indian. Threw a pearl awayRicher than all his tribe; of one whose subdued eyes,Albeit unused to the melting mood,Drop tears as fast as the Arabian treesTheir medicinal gum. Set夕ou down this; (From ActV Scene ii) Many critics of Shakespeare like to talk about Othellos nobletemper, and like to study the motivation of evil Iago. But in fact, Iagostands not only the envy of aspiration and flesh, and also a kind ofaeriform individualism. All in all, evil and good is expressed as anever-ending fight in Shakespeares tragedies. Evil and good isrecognized as each quality manifests during a persons lifetime. But onlyat the moment of death is he able to look back and see what he truly iswithout hindrance of the other. C. A Tragic King Created by Power-Lear King Lear, the aging king of Britain, is old and wishes to retirefrom his position of King of Britain. So he determines to split hisdomain evenly between his three daughters: Goneril, Regan, and theyoung Cordelia. Because he makes a very foolish decision, so thetragedy begins. He surrenders all his power and land to his two elderdaughters as a reward for their fake demonstration of love towards himThis rash decision leads to his imminent downfall. Lear is soon to findout how much love Goneril and Regan actua!y have for him. Its late, hebegins to go mad. At last, overcome by his sorrow, Lear collapses anddies besides his lone loving daughter. Tragedy has been proved to be the most moving in all the literateworks. But many critics think that though Lear isnt the most perfectwork, it has the strongest tragedy feature. The first reason of King Lears tragedy is that his knowledge tonature and society is wrong. More exactly, he doesnt know the societyat all. As a king, he lives in a luxury and corrupt environment and hedoesnt know how people live outside. He seems only power and respect.So he makes that foolish decision. The second reason of King Learstragedy is that his knowledge to humans rank and value is wrong. Leardoesnt know the relation between king and common people. He thinkshe is a king and is different from others. His value is over everyone. Hebelieves deeply that even though he isnt a king one day, he still can ownrespect from others. That foolish decision tells him that he is wrong. After expiring tragedy, his good side in his soul begins to unfold.We see he can not only be mild to other and also be sympathy to theweak. His power of character is not only showed in the curse of twodaughters and also showed in the apologizing to his little daughter. Withthe development of play, we begin to excuse Lear. King Lear just like a fable, and tells us some philosophies of life.Gloucester begins to see clearly his two sons who is good and who is evilafter losing sight. The same, Lear becomes sane after mad. The reasons ofLears tragedy have some social reasons and also some individual reasons.It is a kings tragedy and also a commons tragedy. Who am I showsLear awaking deeply. In fact, he begins to awake from his two elderdaughters bad treatment. So he says O, reason not the need! Our basest beggars Are in the poorest thing superfluous. Allow not nature more than nature needs, Mans life is cheap as beasts. Thou art a lady; If only to go warm were gorgeous, Why, nature needs not what thou gorgeous wearst, Which scarcely keeps thee warm. But for true need- You heavens, give me that patience, patience I need! You see me here, you gods, a poor old man, (From Act II Scene iv) In the play King Lear, from the beginning to the end, the evil takethe main hero. Though the evil are all punished at the end, the good arealso not perfect. So we should remember that, if there is more tragedy inart, there is less tragedy in life. D. Tragedy Caused by Ambition一MacbethMacbeth, Thane of Glamis, is one of King Duncans greatest war captainsUpon returning from a battle with the rebellious Thane of Cawdor,Macbeth and Banquo encounter three witches. They predict Macbeth willbecome the king. By Macbeth and Lady Macbeths insist ambition,Macbeth kills the king and is crowned King of Scotland, thus fulfillingthe witches prophecy. But Macbeth goes mad gradually. At last, theprinces army is approaching and the play ends with the death ofMacbeth. Macbeth, a very reasonable and moral man, could not hold off thelure of ambition. This idea is stated in the following passage: One ofthe most significant reasons for the enduring critical interest in Macbethscharacter is that he represents humankinds universal propensity totemptation and sin. Macbeths excessive ambition motivates him tomurder Duncan, and once the evil act is accomplished, he sets into motiona series of sinister events that ultimately lead to his downfall. (Scott;236)二Not only is Macbeth overtaken by his ambition, Lady Macbeth isalso overtaken. Unlike Macbeth, however, Lady Macbeth is overtakenby her ambition immediately. As she reads the letter sent to her byMacbeth, which speaks of the new title and the witches prophecies sheimmediately decides that they must do whatever is necessary to becomeKing and Q