电子商务外文翻译.docx

Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, either electronics trade, either the electronic trade took one kind of emerging business model, will have the profound influence to the social economy, and will play the vital role in the world each place social development. It will be representing for the 21st century later the world trade tidal current. 1. what is electronic commerce? Electronic commerce refers is carries on the trade activity through the electron transmission mode by the digital form which the commerce data exchange and online is engaged in. Usually, electronic commerce may divide into two levels: One is low level electronic commerce, namely electron business intelligence, electronic transaction and electronic contract. Two is high level electronic commerce, including all trade activity which is engaged in with the aid of the Internet, from pursues the customer, the commercial negotiations, gets down the order form, the online payment, the writing up electron receipt, to the electronic declaration, the electronic tax payment, all carries in the Internet. Electronic commerce meant all trade transaction realization computerization. It has followingcharacteristic:Fairfree,Highlyeffective,Globalization,Virtualization,Interactive,Independent,User friendly service. Using the electronic commerce, the customer and the supplier may in the global scope mutually close and the convenient relation, thus the customer can find the ideal supplier from world each quoin who meets its need. Electronic commerce will change the environment which the enterprise will compete mutually, reduces cost which will stay at a high level in the traditional market mechanism. The transaction cost low, was advantageous for the human market and the government encourages to use the Internet (tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, impelled its start beginning then rapidly to develop. According to prediction by experts, to 2000, world electronic commerce will achieve 3,000 hundred million US dollars scales. But its already surpassed this scale. In order to guarantee the electronic commerce the security, must establish the electronic proof center. The digital ID card uses for to irrevocably prove the status. The digital ID card provide request gives third party, namely is authorized machinethe construction to handle, it key, term of validity, password and authorized organization identification information which including possessors identification information (name, address, contact method, ID card serial number), both sides uses in common and so on. Using the digital ID card, transaction both sides can guarantee distinguish another side the status, and irrevocably proved another side sends out information not after change. 2. electronic commerce possibly produce the influence and the traditional trade compare, electronic commerce has following superiority: * The cover scope is broad: Unifies the Internet, the intranet (enterprise internal local area network) and outside the networking (enterprise exterior network) the network system causes the buyer, the seller, the manufacturer and the partner can mutually relate and transmit the business intelligence and the document conveniently in the worldwide scale. * The function is complete: In the electronic commerce, the different category and the different level user can achieve the different transaction goal, for example, issue business intelligence, online negotiations, electronic payment, establishment hypothesized market and online bank and so on. * The easy to operate is flexible: Based on Internet, electronic commerce not special data exchange agreement limit. May use any type the personal computer, in world any place, carries on the transaction conveniently on the computer screen. * The cost is low: Using the electronic commerce, can reduce greatly uses in hiring the staff, maintaining the warehouse and the shop front expense and the international travel and the mail expenditure. Uses Internets expense to be extremely low. Electronic commerce will have the significant influence to the social economy: * Electronic commerce will change the people the behavior way which the custom will adopt in the trade activity. Through network, the people may enter the human hypothesized store, four glance over, chooses them to be interested the thing, as well as enjoys each kind of online service. On the other hand, the business may relates through the network and the consumer, decided the purchase goods (type and quantity) and pay up. The government apparatus can carry on the electronic tender and the government procurement through the network. * The electronic commerce core is a human. It is a social system. The online store changed peoples daily life way, fully manifests consumers in transaction right to independence. * The electronic commerce change enterprise produces the product the way. Through network, manufacturer direct understanding market demand, and needs to arrange the production according to the consumer. * Electronic commerce enhanced the trade efficiency enormously, can eliminate the middle link; Maximum limit reduces the sales cost. The production arrangement can realize “the small batch to add the variety to be diverse”, but “the zero stock” becomes the reality. * Electronic commerce summons the bank service reform. Again looks like the online bank, the online cash card and the credit card, online pay up, the electronic receipt, the electron “the cash” - when the consumer purchase does not need actual cash - these new concepts to become the reality. * Electronic commerce will change the government behavior. So-called “online government”, an online administrative-managerial apparatus is playing the social channel vital role, the maintenance order and fair, investigation and smashing online cheat.3. developed country electronic commerce present situation1990s intermediate stage, the Internet experienced exploded -like the development, the microcomputer enters human everyone, the computer network already becomes in the people daily life the indispensable part. The people were anticipating the computer network brings more advantage and the convenience. Electronic commerce arises at the historic moment. In the developed country, the government at the right moment formulates the impetus electronic commerce practical application policy, occupies the dominant position in the new turn worldwide scale competition. In 1998 the Internet helped US to create 5,070 hundred million US dollars outputs, 3 1,000,000,000 US dollars nationals bought a girl child, 1,200,000 employment opportunities; Among them, electronic commerce has created 1,000 hundred million US dollars buying a girl child. The Internet has become the first big industry, yearly produces increases 60%, occupies GDP 6%. Amounts to 1,600 hundred million US dollars every year from USs service exportation, but estimated it can compensate the commodity trade deficit. The Internet is impelling the American export aspect to play the vital role: In 1999, sold the overseas books, the automobile and the service through the electronic commerce surpasses 1,020 hundred million US dollars. Under USs proposal, 132 World Trade Organization member nations decided the Internet will turn a free trading area at least in a year time. Some countries and the organization draw up the electronic commerce development frame competitively, the formulation development electronic commerce legal laws and regulations. 19% year, the United Nations trade and the development conference passed Electronic commerce Law Model for painting. 19% years in December, American Government has published Whole world Electronic commerce Policy Frame,In April, 1997, the European Union published Europe Electronic commerce Letter of proposalOn July 1, 1997, American President Clinton promulgated Whole world Electronic commerce Frame, had the huge influence to the whole world electronic commerce. In May, 1998, World Trade Organization ministers council through Whole world Electronic commerce Manifesto, but in September, 1998, World Trade Organization congress through Electronic commerce Work plan. In October, 1998, the United Nations economic cooperation and the development organization (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) grasped too China in Canada to hold the related electronic commerce the ministers council, this conference is appraised for the whole world electronic commerce milestone. In September, 1999, the whole world electronic commerce service conversed (GBDE) to hold in France, and has published the Paris Letter of proposal. In December, 1999, US has published another Internet commerce standard. USs electronic commerce is controlling the world trade. At present, US has 6,000 ten thousand Internet users. 98% above purchases manager the online pathfinding. According to the estimate, to 2002, between American Enterprise will complete the value through the electronic commerce which the exchange involved to occupy GDP 6.1%aFortune the magazine statistics to indicate that, the world 500 strong companies all developed the online service. IBM buys a girl child 25% (20,000,000,000 US dollars concern approximately) with the electronic commerce. Was lucky had the electronic commerce, caused IBM to save 250,000,000 US dollars expenditures in 1999. HP Corporation decides as its electronic commerce solution “the electronic world” - a computerization world. This solution aims at the small and medium-sized enterprise, and will be big an investment to go to the third party - development to suit software of the small and medium-sized enterprise development electronic commerce software company. Intel mainly throws its venture capital in the Internet and the electronic commerce domain. In July, 1998, Intel started the online transaction. It amounts to 1,000,000,000 US dollars through the electronic commerce month management volume. Just like the Europe information technology observation post does the investigation indicated, in accepts the investigation in 570 companies, 47% already implemented some kind of electronic commerce, in which 4/5 starts its electronic commerce in the past two years. European Union Executive committee planned to 2001, 25% purchase completed at least through the electronic commerce. In 1998 in Australia, on the Internet doubled with the electronic commerce related website, but 11% Australian Enterprise had own website. 80% Australian Corporation use the Internet to transmit the email and the development commerce activity. In 1998, Singapore Government has promulgated the electronic commerce law. Singapore is the official Canadian people Electronic commerce Right And Duty only Southeast Asia country. Cooperate with the American manufacturer and the company, Singapore has established the electronic commerce population in Asia, provides the comprehensive enterprise (B to B) to serve to the enterprise, causes Asia Trading company to be able to enter the human whole world electronic4. China electronic commerce developed the China government and non-government electronic commerce development to begin in 1993. Today, electronic commerce already applied in the foreign trade, the customs, the finance and the commercial domain. Beijing and Shanghai had already established the local electronic commerce frame. Some electronic commerce website already and online paid up the opening to on-line shopping. Foreign trade department has February established the China electronic commerce center in, 1996, is responsible for the China international electronic commerce project the research, the construction and the operation. This center has established “the Chinese commodity trade market” on the Internet, the Chinese rich commodity resources investment world market, will open the new channel for our countrys commodity exportation. National Scientific Technical department and National Encryption Code Administrative bureau appraised highly in 19% beginning of the year had taken the ninth five-year plan period science and technology key project “electronic commerce proved safely” the topic, for constructed our country security and the regular electronic commerce environment has laid the foundation. In March, 1999, the information industrial department has authorized the drugs and the health electronic commerce network, takes all the various trades and occupations electronic commerce the demonstration project. It is Chinese one of six specialization networks, provides the related market information, the product transaction, stores in a storehouse and delivers as well as pays up and so on the omni-directional service. In 1999 in Shanghai, “the Shanghai electronic commerce safe proof administrative center” proclaimed the founding, provided the security platform for the electronic commerce, and was responsible for the domestic and foreign customer numeral proof in Shanghai the application, the examination and approval, writing up and the management, as well as provided such as digital services and so on ID card and digital signature proof, electronic notarization, security email and safe encryption. In January, 1994, on the Chinese first online store - on nautical chart book city net the bookstore started doing business according to the newest security electron transaction (SET) standard. It to the Visa credit card cardholder and the domestic Great Wall card, Long Ka, the peony card and the Pacific Ocean card cardholder provides the immediate authorized safe service. Beijing adopts the development electronic commerce measure constructs the capital electronic commerce city. In November, 1998, capital electronic commerce project start and foreign demonstration project frame. The association computer company began using its electronic commerce system in June, 1999, but 8848, Sina, 163 nets started own electronic commerce service. In April, 2000, by the national information industrial department, State economy Trade committee and Chinese Trade Promotion agency sponsored, held the fourth session of China international electronic commerce congress. The national leadership and various ministries and commissions person in charge attended the congress opening ceremony. American Government commerce Minister Levie leads American Famous Enterprise and the news media delegation total more than 100 people attends the congress. Convention date has held more than 60 seminars, carries on the discussion to the related electronic commerce widespread subject. Although has made all these diligently, but the Chinese development electronic commerce company service (B is refers to trade in its B to a C, C is refers to consumer) to sustain a loss. Some Chinese experts attribute to Chineses shopping custom - China consumer this to regard as the shopping one kind of interesting hobby; They enjoy the pleasure which as well as bargains back and forth through the appreciation and the comparison commodity spends; But all these will be able to start from on-line shopping to vanish. Because but other experts attribute to in the society this phenomenon the universal existence suspicion 11 banks to be afraid its competitor to carry off the customer not to be able to implement the service interconnection; The cash Kain bank did not believe the common people are unable to popularize; Because but the common people did not believe the online store does not like on-line shopping and so on. Why? The reason lies in online and in the society many matters all is false, for example false user quantity, the false visit flows the statistics, the counterfeit commodity, the forge diploma, the forge personal history, the false investment, the false place, the going on the market enterprise buys a girl child falsely and so on. This kind of combined environment cannot change in the very long time. In such environment, is unable to be engaged in any trade activity. Many IT entrepreneurs have lost the confidence to our country electronic commerce.5 Although the electronic commerce forecast develops rapid and the future is as if bright, but electronic commerce faced with a series of actual problems, for example, involves questions and so on security, technical, expense, legal regime, tax revenue system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure. However, electronic commerce is the new century enterprises mainstream, and will be able to develop rapidly in the next several years. Some companies forecast that Some companies forecast that, to 2003, between Developed country Enterprises electronic commerce will account for business total amount (13, 100,000,000 US dollars) above 9%, but in the online expense electronic commerce aspect, to 2002, the turnover will amount to 76,300,000,000 US dollars. Just like but experts forecast, Chinas electronic commerce will catch up with the medium developed country in 10 years. They proposed, a flowered 3 5 year formulation development electronic commerce must plan, policy and rule, construction huge and solid electronic commerce system, encourages the professional personnel, optimizes certain professions and the local electronic commerce system; Then with 5 7 years time and the international electronic commerce trail connection, causes our electronic commerce system to become the international electronic commerce the important constituent; The popular electronic commerce application, in the research, the development and the application aspect our countrys electronic commerce will promote to the high level, will achieve the developed country the average level.In following introduction world some big manufacturers in the development electronic commerce aspect the significant information/electron strategy which adopts.IBM: IBM is lifts up high the electronic commerce to take flag of the Internet new use pioneer. Not only in peoples bra