项目周期外文翻译.doc

山东科技大学学士学位论文附录：英文文献与翻译The Project CycleIf the question, ”What does the world bank do?” had to be answered in a few words, those words would be :”It lends for development projects.” The World Banks main business, that is, loans to those who have been carefully selected and prepared a comprehensive assessment of, and strict supervision as well as the systematic evaluation of the particular item. Bank for Reconstruction and Development since their inception in 1946, and its subsidiarys soft lending institutions - the International Development Association (the IDA, 1961 operation was put into operation), together provided a total of 3094 T for the hardware project development loans and soft loans, the total has more than 92 billion U.S. dollars. The vast majority of these loans, that is, more than 90% for specific projects such as schools, agricultural production planning, dam, road construction, and fertilizer plants.The Bank will focus on project loans, the World Bank to ensure that funds are invested reliable, productive principle of the project. These projects can promote economic development in borrowing countries, but also taking into account the ability to repay loans. World Bank is a development agencies, but also a financial institution, the loan for each project must be consistent with the characteristics of the dual. In recent years, the number of items and amounts of loans have significant growth. In the early 50, the World Banks annual loans of less than 20 pens, a total amount of about 400 million U.S. dollars, and the vast majority concentrated in Europe and Latin America; in the 1967 financial year, a total of 67 loans totaling 1.1 billion U.S. dollars; in June 1986 ring the financial year, approved a loan for 246 pens, the total amount of up to 12.3 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, to 90 countries.There has been no less a change in the character of projects. From lending countries, development strategy and project design of loans, the World Bank Loan of the growing tendency to develop. - Borrowing countries: a gradual shift of loans in Asia, Africa and Latin America, poverty and the least developed countries. - Development strategy: the so-called progressives theory, that economic growth will eventually benefit the broad masses of the poor, the World Bank has been a more reasonable way to replace its urban and rural poverty by increasing labor productivity in the population and the standard of living of the plan, the whole economy will accelerate the eradication of poverty and direct together. - Sector: the focus from infrastructure and industry to a wider range of projects, only to speed up the development, provision of basic services and improving income distribution. Although the infrastructure is still important, but the bandwidth of the scope of the World Bank has developed and extended to agriculture and rural development, roommates and gas, urban construction and public facilities, water supply and sanitation comfortable, small business, education, health care, population and nutrition in all its aspects. - Project Design: new and traditional pay more attention to the various sectors of the distribution of income and employment, the development of regional resources and technology development institutions, generous talent, the impact on the environment and the elimination of the shackles of social and cultural issues. However, the World Bank has always been attention to the role of the market, possible price, quality linked to you and, where feasible, to recover the cost of the project to ensure the proper maintenance of the project and reconstruction of the areas of concern have also increased.This evolution in the development orientation-and in the quality-of bank lending can be illustrated, at the risk of oversimplification, by comparing a “typical” loan of the 1950s with a “typical” loan of the 1970s. 50s loans may be used for a middle-income developing countries the construction of power plants. By foreign consultants to design and supervision, foreign contractors and suppliers responsible for the implementation of the foreign staff to assist in the management of projects, from a certain sense, the project is taking abroad. As the project management organization in the analysis, the World Bank for the project technical and financial feasibility analysis. But he really the project in the energy sector in the context of the situation in which, power distribution, fees structure of the standards and the impact of electricity consumption, such as the lack of sufficient attention. 70s loans may be used to fight a low-income rural development in developing countries. The project provided a complete set of goods and services (including ancillary facilities, credit, marketing, storage, infrastructure projects and studies, etc.) in order to improve the lives of rural productivity and book reviews. Expand the existing local public institutions or the establishment of new institutions; in a wide range of co-ordination of training programs, to make full use of local talent; to promote low-cost design and application of appropriate technology, again for local contractors and suppliers to provide more opportunities; in the project to establish a monitoring and evaluation system to help coordinate the implementation of the project and lessons learned for future projects; also paid attention to cost recovery from beneficiaries where the project to ensure a virtuous circle.Although records indicate that the project over the changes and development, but the World Bank is still involved in a small number of larger projects. Now with a total investment of 140 million U.S. dollars for the project, the World Banks average loan amount of about 5 million dollars. Be independent of the projects the World Bank can play an important role in demonstrations, they are able to isolate other investors as a partner or an independent provider of funds, the World Bank loan on the basis of freedom of capital injection. 1981 World Bank-funded projects 1 / 3 to be jointly financed from abroad. Each of the World Bank-funded projects will have to contribute to development goals and the economic, technical and financial must be honest and reliable. No two projects are similar, each project has its own unique background, the loan must be for the actual situation. In addition, each project will be going through a cycle, although some differences, but essentially the same process. This article will discuss the various stages of the project cycle, including project selection, preparation, evaluation, negotiation, reporting to the Executive Board, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of the final. The Bank also discussed the various stages of the role. Interface between the various stages of the final stage and will, in turn, generate new methods and ideas to the project, the introduction of the heart of the selected projects to be self-renewal cycle.The banks role in the project cycle is performed largely by its projects staff, who now number about 1300 drawn from 100 nationalities. World Bank project staff about the employment of all the business 3 / 4, accounting for all the large number of other experts in various disciplines, including agronomists, experts in tropical crops, groundwater experts, agricultural credit and livestock experts, demographers, architects, rural and urban sociologists, public health experts, environmentalists, macro-planning workers, educators and energy experts. Technical experts in their respective areas of accumulated rich experience and the development of a time when accession to the WTO when the line to work, but it also is to become managers. Most of them to China and Russia have worked in developing countries. World Bank staff on the requirements of their projects have a wide range of development projects and have a reasonable understanding of the independent judgments of competence and experience. We can say that the World Bank staff in the ranks of scale, diversification of the country and career are unique. Selected projects Project cycle of the first phase involved the selection of projects. Such projects must have a very high priority, looked worthy of the support of the World Bank, at the same time can lead to the World Bank, the Government and the borrowers interest and to consider the three. Early, the selection of projects carried out by special means, primarily on the basis of the government and the borrowers proposed to take in one way or another 2. Over the years, the World Bank have been borrowing countries to encourage and help improve their planning capacity, at the same time improve their own methods of project selection. The World Bank carried out on a countrys economic and sector analysis, in order to turn over the development of a reasonable evaluation of the ongoing development strategy laid the foundation for dialogue, the strategy, including the countrys main sectors of the economy and the policy and institutional reforms. Then be selected so that the application of the World Bank and contribute to a continuous development strategy, in line with the requirements of various departments and the Government and the World Banks approval of both projects. These projects also must go through a preliminary feasibility study that identified in the technology and management program on the possibility of investment efficiency in line with expectations.Selected a project in line with the above-mentioned requirements will not be easy, because they are likely to lack the good sense to make only the necessary. Government and other lending institutions may be in the priority development goals and sectors with different views of the World Bank. The size of the choice of projects may be difficult (from the pilot phase is to start, or start with a larger amount, the risk of greater investment in the beginning?), In order to achieve the project objectives, in terms of policy or management system the needs of the differing points of view may be soon. Certain matters which may be the decision-making process has been extended to the preparation phase. In practice, the project in the context of how such a selection? World Bank and the Governments intervention will complicate the process, and the Government in formulating economic plans and the ability to deal with different projects and making the process more complex. World Bank to a countrys economic analysis by the size of the database and its own economy and quality of work. Analysis completed by the State Department, or by the bear, either directly or through the World Bank and United Nations specialized agencies, a joint project, or through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)-funded research projects, bilateral assistance programs, or previous World Bank loan Research to a provision.Finally, some projects proposed by private sponsors, such as the development of new resources to find the mining and oil companies. In accordance with the World Banks point of view, these projects the World Bank confirmed in the selected before, must meet the aforementioned criteria. Once identified, projects are incorporated into a multi-year lending program for each country that forms the basis for the banks future work in the country. Country programs are used for programming and budgeting the banks operations and for assuring that the resources necessary to bring each project forward through the successive phases of its cycle are available.After a project has been incorporated into the lending program, it enters the project pipeline, and an extensive periodnormally one or two yearsof close collaboration between the bank and the eventual borrower begins. A “project brief” is prepared for each project, describing its objectives, identifying principal issues, and establishing the timetable for its further processing.项目周期如果简要回答“世界银行经营什么”的问题，答案是：“他为项目的开发贷款”。世行的主要业务，即贷款给那些经过精心选定和准备、全面评估、严格监督以及系统评价的特定项目。国际复兴开发银行（简称“世行”）自1946年投入运营以来，与其附属的软贷款机构国际开发协会（简称IDA,1961年投入运营）一道，共提供了3094笔用于项目开发的硬贷款与软贷款，总额已超过920亿美元。这些贷款中的绝大部分，即90%以上，用于特定项目，如学校、农产品生产计划、水电站大坝、道路建设和化肥厂。世行将重点放在项目贷款上，是以确保世行资金投向可靠的、富有成效的项目为原则的。这些项目既可以促进借款国的经济发展，也考虑到项目贷款的偿还能力。世行既是一个开发机构，也是一个金融机构，其贷款的每一项目都必须符合该机构的双重特点。近年来，项目数量和贷款金额都有了显著的增长。50年代初期，世行每年贷款不足20笔，总额约4亿美元，且绝大部分集中在欧洲和拉美；在1967财政年度，共有67笔贷款，总额已达11亿美元；在1986年6月戒指的财政年度内，批准的贷款为246笔，总额高达123亿美元，分别带给90个国家。项目的性质也发生了很大变化。从贷款国家、发展策略、贷款部门和项目设计上看，世行贷款日益倾向于开发性。借款国家：贷款逐步转向亚非拉的贫困与不发达国家。发展策略：所谓渐进式的理论，即认为经济的增长将最终使广大的贫困者受益，已被世行以一种更为合理的方式所取代，它通过提高城乡贫困人口的劳动生产力和生活水平的计划，将加速经济整张与直接消除贫困结合起来。部门：已将重点由基础设施和工业转向更为广泛的项目，只在加快发展、提供基础服务和改进收入分配。虽然基础设施仍是重要的，但世行带宽范围已发展并扩大到农业和农村建设、室友和天然气、城市建设与公共设施、供水与卫生舒适、小型企业、教育、医疗、人口和营养等各个方面。项目设计：新型的和传统的各个部门都更加注意收入分配和就业、开发地区资源与工艺机构的发展、大方人才的培养、对环境的影响以及消除社会和文化的束缚等问题。然而，世行对历来受到重视的市场作用、可行价格、优质挂你以及在可行的情况下收回项目费用以保证对项目的适当维护和重建等方面的关注，也有增无减。世行贷款的这种开发性倾向和质的发展变化，我们不妨简单地通过对50年代与70年代的两笔“典型”贷款的比较来加以说明。50年代的贷款可能用于一个中等收入的发展中国家的发电厂建设。这项由外国咨询顾问设计和监理、外国承包商和供应商负责实施、并由外籍人员协助管理的项目，从一定意义上说是国外包揽项目。如同对项目的组织于管理工作进行分析一样，世行对该项目的技术和财务方面的可行性也进行分析。但他对该项目在真个能源部门中所处的背景情况、电力分配情况、各种收费的标准与结构对电力消耗的影响等缺乏足够的重视。70年代的贷款可能用于一个低收入打发展中国家的农村建设。此项目提供一套完整的物资和服务（包括附属设施、信用、营销、仓储、基本建设和情况研究等），以提高生产力和农村的生活书评。壮大原有的地方公益机构或建立新的机构；在广泛培训计划的配合下，尽量使用当地人才；提倡低成本的设计和运用适当技术，一遍为当地承包商和供应商提供更多的机会；在项目中建立一个监控和评估系统，以帮助协调项目的实施并为未来项目总结经验；还注意从受益人那里收回成本以保证项目的良性循环。尽管以上记录表明了项目的变化和发展，但是世行仍在参与少量的较大型工程。现在对一个总投资为1.4亿美元的项目，世行的平均贷款额约为5千万美元。得到世行自主的项目能起到重要的示范作用，所以能孤立其它投资人作为合伙的或独立的资金提供人，在世行贷款的基础上再注入自由资金。1981年世行资助项目的1/3得到来自国外的联合资助。每项世行资助项目必