简明新编英语语言学教程教案.doc

英语语言学课程大纲课程名称：英语语言学课程编号：总 学 时：36适应对象：英语本科专科一、教学目的与任务英语语言学是英语专业高年级学生开设的学科方向课。旨在使学生了解人类语言研究的成果，提高对语言的本质、功能的认识，了解语言与人类之间的关系，培养学生的语言意识，发展理性思维。该课程要求学生掌握语言学学科的基本概念；了解语言与心理、社会、文化、文学等跨学科研究的关系及其发展现状和趋势。该课程的学习有助于拓宽学生的思维与视野，培养并激发学生对语言研究的兴趣，为其在相关领域的进一步学习及研究打好基础。二、教学基本要求语言学是以语言为研究对象的一门科学。教学中应处理好以下方面的关系。1、在理解的基础上进行记忆，特别是一些重要术语的翻译与定义以及几大语法学派的理论主张，有影响力的语言学家的姓名、著作以及贡献等。注意阅读课文时要认真仔细。2、通读和理解课文的基础上进行总结，对各部分所讲的主要内容做到心中有数，重点明确。3、在学习过程中，注意联系、对比，将所学语言学理论与英语外语学习实际相结合。4、注意提高运用理论解决实际问题的能力。5、培养学生学术论文写作的能力，建构写作的理论基础及理论依据。三、教学内容及要求：第一章 语言学导论 1.1 为什么学习语言？ 1.2 什么是语言？ 1.3 语言的本质特征1.3.1 任意性 arbitrariness1.3.2 二重性 duality1.3.3 创造性 productivity or creativity1.3.4 移位性 displacement 1.4 语言的起源 1.5 语言的功能1.5.1 信息功能 informative 1.5.2 人际功能 1.5.3 施为功能1.5.4 感情功能emotive 1.5.5 交感性谈话1.5.6 娱乐性功能1.5.7 元语言功能1.6 什么是语言学？1.7 语言学的主要分支 1.7.1 语音学phonetics 1.7.2 音系学phonlogy 1.7.3 形态学mprphology 1.7.4 句法学syntax 1.7.5 语义学semantics 1.7.6 语用学pragmatics1.8 宏观语言学 1.8.1 心理语言学 1.8.2 社会语言学 1.8.3 人类语言学 1.8.4 计算语言学1.9 语言学中的一些重要区别 1.9.1 “描写式”和“规定式”descriptive and prescriptive 1.9.2 “共时”和“历时”synchronic and diachronic 1.9.3 “语言”和“言语”langue and parol 1.9.4 语言能力和语言应用competence and performance 1.9.5 “非位的”与“位学的”第二章 语音 2.1 言语产生和言语感知 2.2 言语器官 2.3 音段、分化和标音法2.3.1 音段和分化2.3.2 标音法2.4 辅音2.4.1 辅音和元音2.4.2 辅音2.4.3 发音方法2.4.4 发音部位2.4.5 英语中的辅音2.5 元音2.5.1 元音描写的原则2.5.2 基本元音理论2.5.3 元音音渡2.5.4 标准发音中的元音2.6 协同发音和语音描写2.6.1 协同发音2.6.2 宽式标音和严式标音2.7 音位分析2.8 音位和音位变体2.8.1 最小对立体2.8.2 音位理论2.8.3 音位变体2.9 音位过程2.9.1 同化2.9.2 音系过程和音系规则2.9.3 规则顺序2.10 区别性特征2.11 音节2.11.1 音节结构2.11.2 响音阶2.11.3 音节划分和最大节首原则2.12 重音 第三章 形态学 3.1 什么是词？3.1.1 “词”的三种含义3.1.2 词的识别3.1.3 词的分类 3.2 词的形成3.2.1 语素和形态学3.2.2 语素的类型3.2.3 曲折变化和词的形成3.2.4 音系学和形态学的对立 3.3 词汇变化3.3.1 特有的词汇变化3.3.2 音位变化3.3.3 形态-句法变化3.3.4 语义变化3.3.5 拼写的变化 第四章 句法 4.1 传统学派4.1.1 数、性、格4.1.2 时和体4.1.3 一致关系和支配关系 4.2 结构主义学派4.2.1 组合关系与聚合关系4.2.2 直接成分分析法4.2.3 向心结构和离心结构 4.3 生成学派4.3.1 深层结构和表层结构4.3.2 标准理论及其后的发展4.3.3 管辖、约束等 4.4 功能学派4.4.1 功能句子观4.4.2 系统功能语法第五章语义学 5.1 “意义”的意义 5.2 指称论 5.3 涵义关系5.3.1 同义关系5.3.2 反义关系5.3.3 上下义关系 5.4 成分分析 5.5 句子意义5.5.1 一个整体理论5.5.2 逻辑语义学 第六章 语用学6.1 言语行为理论 (Speech act theory)6.1.1 施为句（performatives）和表述句(constatives)6.1.2 行事行为(illocutionary act)理论6.2 会话含义(conversational implicature)理论6.2.1 合作原则6.2.2 准则的违背6.2.3 含义的特征6.3 后格莱斯时期的发展6.3.1 关联理论(relevance theory)6.3.2 数量原则(Q-Principle)和关系原则(R-Principle)6.3.3 数量原则(Q-principle)、信息原则(I-principle)和方式原则(M-principle)四、学时分配与教学方式：总学时：36学时Chapter One: Introduction（6学时）Chapter Two: Phonology （6学时）Chapter Three: Morphology（6学时）Chapter Four: Syntax （6学时）Chapter Five: Semantics （6学时）Chapter Six: Pragmatics（6学时）五、考核方式考查六、本课程与其他课程的关系：英语语言学是专业学生高年级的知识课。涉及语言的一般特征研究、语言的内部研究以及外部使用环境研究。该课程与英美文学、教学法、语音学、语法学、词汇学、测试学、语用学、论文写作等课程具有紧密的联系。语言学课程可以为其他相关课程提供理论依据，教学内容可以做到相互渗透、相互交流。七、教材戴炜栋，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社，2002年。主要参考书目1、布龙菲尔德美，1985，语言论M. 北京: 商务印书馆2、费尔迪南德索绪尔瑞士，1985，普通语言学教程M. 商务印书馆3、胡壮麟，2001，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。4. Widdowson, H.G, 2000. Linguistics M.上海外语教育出版社5. Lyones, John, 1981. Language and Linguistics: an Introduction M, CUP.6. Crystal, David, 1986. What is Linguistics M. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.7Atkinson, Martin, David Kilby &Iggy Roca 1982. Foundations of General Linguistics. London: George Allen & Unwin.8Ball, M. & J. Rahilly. 1999. Phonetics: The Science of Speech. London: Edward Arnold.9Roach, Peter. 1991. English Phonetics and Phonology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.10Adams, V. 1973. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. London: Longman.11Bauer. L. 1983. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.12Beard, R. 1995. Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology: A General Theory of Inflection and Word Formation. Albany: State University of New York.13Matthews. P. H. 1991. Morphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word Structure 2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991; Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.14Bloomfield, L. (1935 1933) Language. London: George Allen & Unwin.15Chomsky, N. (1957) Syntactic Struct6ures. The Hague: Mouton.16Atkinson, M., Kilby, D. & Roca, I. (1988) Semantics. In Foundations of General Linguistics, 188223. 2nd edn. London: Unwin Hyman.17Carroll, D.V. 1994/1999. Psychology of Language (2nd edition). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.18Fasold,. Ralph 1999 1990. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.19Fishman, Joshua 1968. Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton.20Austin, J. L. (1975 1962) How to Do Things with words. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.21Grice, H. P. (1975) Logic and Conversation. In Cole, P. & Morgan, J. L. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech acts, 4158. New York: Academic Press.22. 刘润清，1995，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。23. Fromkin,V. & R. Rodman, (1998), An Introduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, Inc.The Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communication;To prepare for the future research work. The Requirements for this courseClass attendanceClassroom discussion To look up and memorize academic termsFulfillment of the presentationChapter 1. Introduction1. What is language? Language can mean1). what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) 2). the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeares language, Luxuns language)3). a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language) 4). the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language) 5). the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language)6). a tool for human communication. (social function) 7). a set of rules. (rule-governed) Sapirs definition (1921)“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”Halls definition (1968)Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”Chomskys definition (1957)“From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finite or infinite) sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Language can be generally defined asa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1). Language is a systemSystematic- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; cant be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.2). Language is arbitraryArbitrary- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.3). Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare 4). Language is primarily vocalVocal- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. 5). Language is human-specific Human-specific- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统,当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.2. The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCultural transmissionArbitrariness -No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, . Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang )Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopyProductivity/creativity -Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires. Duality (double articulation) 双重陈述Lower level-sounds (meaningless)Higher level-meaning (larger units of meaning)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.Displacement -Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last yearThere is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.Cultural transmission-Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language. 3. Functions of language Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact.Directive: get the hearer to do something. Informative: give information about facts. Interrogative: get information from others.Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions. 4. What is linguistics? -Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. 5 The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1). Phonetics-speech sound (description, classification, transcription): articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics.2). Phonology-sound patterns of languages3). Morphology-the form of words4). Syntax-the rules governing the combination of words into sentence.5). Semantics-the meaning of language.6). Pragmatics-when the meaning of language is conducted in the context of language use.Use of linguistics1). Applied linguistics-linguistics and language teaching 2). Sociolinguistics- social factors (e.g. class, education) affect language use 3). Psycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process 4). Stylistics-linguistic and literature 5) Some other applications like Anthropological linguistics, Neurolinguistics, Computational linguistics (e.g. machine translation)6. Some important distinctions in linguistics 1) Descriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive - describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern linguistic)Prescriptive -lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar)2) Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronic study- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 3) Speech vs writingSpeech - primary medium of languageWriting - later developed4) Langue vs parole (F. de Saussure)Langue - the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.Parole - the realization of langue in actual use.Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.5) Competence and performance (Chomsky)Competence - the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance - the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.6) Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditional grammar - prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework Modern linguistics - descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework Chapter 2 Phonology1. Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication. 2. Phonetics -A branch of linguistics which studies the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. 2.1 Three branches of phonetics 2.1.1 Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”2.1.2 Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how sounds are perceived”2.1.3 Acoustic phonetics-from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Articulatory phonetics Speech organs: three important areas: pharyngeal cavitythe throat(咽腔); oral cavitythe mouth(口腔); nasal cavity the nose(鼻腔)The speech organs:Lips,Teeth, Teeth ridge (alveolar), Hard palate, Soft palate (velum), Uvula, Tip of tongue, Blade of tongue, Back of tongue, Vocal cords, Pharyngeal cavity, Nasal cavity Orthographic representation of speech sounds - A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.n Broad transcription - used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear l , pit n Narrow transcription - used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark l , aspirated p Some major articulatory variables - dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:n Voicing- voiced & voicelessn Nasality - nasal & non-nasal n Aspiration - aspirated & unaspirated Classification of English speech sounds - English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: Vowels and Consonants (Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.)Classification of consonants - English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:The manner of articulation and The place of articulationClassification of vowels - English vowels can be divided into two large categories: Monophthongs or pure/single vowels 单元音and Diphthongs or gliding vowels双元音 Exercises: underline the words that begin with a sound as required.1.A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad2.A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod3.Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat4.An alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quick5.A palato-alveolar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip6.A dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie rye7.A glide: one war yolk rushUnderline the words that end with a sound as required:n A fricative pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave messagen A nasal train bang leaf limbn A stop drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tipn An affricate: rack such ridge boozeUnderline the words that contain the sound as required:n A central vowel: mad lot but boot wordn A front vowel: reed pad load fate bit bed cook n A rounded vowel: who he bus her hit true boss bar walkn A back vowel: paid reap fool top good fatherPhonologyn Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics & phonologyn Both are concerned with the same aspect of language-the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.n Phonetics is of