2015电大《中外基础教育改革与发展》形成性考核册作业1-2及参考答案.doc

电大中外基础教育改革与发展形成性考核册作业1-2及参考答案作业一第一单元 综合练习一 (1-4章)一、填空题1、基础教育亦称国民基础教育是旨在提高公民基本素质而实施的普通文化教育。2、我国基础教育的主体是九年义务教育，还包括学前教育、普通高中教育和特殊教育。3、基础教育的突出特点是具有基础性、全面性、普及性。4、1990年3月联合国开发计划署在泰国宗迪恩召开了世界全民教育大全会议，会议讨论并通过了世界全民教育宣言的满足基本学习需要的行动纲领。5、全民教育的内涵主要包括教育民主化和教育普及化。6、教育目的是社会对于教育所要造就的社会个体的质量规格的总的设想或规定，培养目标是各级各类学校对受教育者身心发展所提出的具体标准和要求。7、教育功能基本上可分为两类即：个人本位和社会本位。8、面向21世纪教育的主旋律是四个学会，即学会关心、学会做事、学会共同生活、学会生存。9、由美国科学促进会着手制定的美国2061计划提出了美国20世纪80年代中后期至21世纪初科学、数学和技术教育的改革构想。10、我国新一轮基础教育课程改革在课程结构上力求体现其均衡性、综合性和选择性。11、我国新一轮基础教育课程改革的结构是以分科为主，同时包含综合课程和综合实践课程。12、各学科标准应体现对国家对不同阶段的学生只是与技能、德育和综合素质等方面的基本要求。13、基础教育改革纲要指出，改变课程管理过于集中的状况，实行自上而下三级课程管理。14、布鲁纳提出了发现或学习方法，这种学习方法是一种在教师的指导下，一培养学生原则。15、范例教学在课程内容的选择上遵循基本性原则、范例性原则和基础性原则。16、卡尔.罗杰斯1942年出版了咨询和心理治疗书，系统地提出了他的非指导性治疗理论及方法。二、简答题1. 简述国外基础教育改革发展趋势。答：国外基础教育的改革出以下共同趋势：教育全民化，教育国际化以及教育信息化和教育个性化。2、简要说明21世纪教育主旋律的内容。答：学会认知学会做事学会共同生活学会生存3、简要说明什么是美国2061计划。答：1.美国2061计划的基本计划“2061计划提出了美国自20世纪80年代中后期21世纪初的科学。数学和技术教育的改革构想 2.美国2061计划的阶段成果4、简要说明日本基础教育课程改革的主要特点。答：日本基础教育课程改革的主要特点：由注重培养学生“产生社会型学力”转向“多文化共生共存社会型学力课程改革体观人本主义教育思想倡导新教育观强调以能力培养为核心的课程观课程结构体系和内容的改革，体现了现代课程的整体观在课程体制组织和实施方面，强调课程的弹性化5、简要说明英国政府提出的提高学生终身学习需要的六项基本技能的内容。答：英国政府提出的提高学生终身学习需要的六项基本技能的内容：交流数的处理信息技术合作改进学习解决问题6、简述我国新一轮基础教育课程改革的六项具体目标。答：我国新一轮基础教育课程改革的六项具体目标：课程的能的转变课程结构的改革课程内容的改革课程实施的改革课程评价的改革课程管理政策的改革7、归纳并简述布鲁纳结构主义教学理论的主要内容。 答：布鲁纳结构主义教学理论的主要内容：论学科基本结构,为了组织最佳的知识结构,布鲁纳提出了三条组织原则,一门学科的课程应该决定于对能达到的给那门科以结构的原基本的理解,学习结构就是学习事物是怎样相互关联的.论学生的认知发展,布鲁纳构想出再现表象这一心理术语,并把它作为衡量认知发展的指标再现象象所依据的媒介在不断演变,一般由“动作”向“意向”再向“符号”转化,因而构成所谓“表演式再现表象”映像式再现表象”和“象征式再现表象”这三个主要阶段.论发现学习布鲁纳对“怎样教法”问题的回答就是凭发现学习,教师的教学比应该试用讲授法,使学生处于被动接受只是的消极状态,而应该是假设式地引导学生自己去发现,让学生利用所提供的材料和信息,亲自去发现赢得的结论和规律,成为一个“发现者”论教学原则,教学原则对学生最有效地获得只是与节能的作用:动机原则结构原则程序原则强化原则.8.简要说明赞可夫围绕他的发展性教学理论所提出的教学原则 答:赞可夫他的发展性教学理论所提出的教学原则: 以高难度进行教学的原则以高速度进行教学的原则力量你只是起主导作用的原则使学生理解教学过程的原则使全班学生(包括差生)都得到发展的原则9.简述范例教学理论的含义和主要观点. 答:范例教学理论的含义:“范例就是”隐含着本质因素,根本因素“范例教学”就是根据好的特别清楚的,典型的事例进行教学学习它使学生能够依靠特殊的例子来掌握一般,并借助这种一般独立进行学习主要观点:教学和训育的统一问题解决学习系统学习的统一掌握只是和培养能力的统一主体与客体的统一三.论述题1.结合实际谈谈你对21世纪培养目标的理解和认识答:21世纪培养目标的理解和认识 应该具备较高的应变能力和灵活性来面对挑战敢于成功,尤其是那些普通的人有丰富的认识,只是问题的能力变想为做的勇气应该具备合作的精神和与他人共同创造的愿望高尚的品德应该居于首位2.结识世纪,分析论述我国新一轮基础教育课程改革的主要创新点.(可侧重某一方面)答:我国新一轮基础课程改革的主要创新点:课程功能课程结构课程内容课程实施课程资源课程管理课程评价1.构建“三级课程”的管理框架2.开辟“自上而下”的课程管理渠道3.完善教科书编写资格的认定与教科书的审定制度3、请结合世纪论述对探究式课堂教学的理解.答:探究式课堂教学的理解:要重探究如向运用现代教育理论知道教学实践要认识教育理论对时间的主导作用要着重探究选用什么样的教学方法和手段能获得最佳教学效果要探究怎样处理和加工教材更有利于培养人才是太久如何从学生身心发展的需要出发给学生以科学的学习方法知道如向探究激发引题解疑导拔解理强化激励评价4.请依据马芯兰小学数学改革的主要特点谈谈你的认识和理解答:1.教材改革 第一步是根据知识的内在联系和儿童智力发展规律突出教材中最基本的概念.法则和原则 第二步是根据培养学生数学能力的需要.自编有利于能力训练的教材.充实创新的只是结构中去2.教法改革 紧抓基础,重视概念.的理解和掌握 突出能力培养 遵循学生的认知规律摆正教师在教学中的位置5.请依据魏书生中学语文政改革的主要特点谈谈你的认识和理解答:对魏书生中学语文改革的主要特点:1. 一个学科2. 两条原则:实事求是原则 循序渐进3. 三大部分:动力部分 明确目标激发兴趣锤炼意志智力部分 操作部分四、实例分析 装配线上的生活 为使学生从人文和社会的角度，理解美国由农业社会转向工业社会这一变化所产生的影响，课上教师通过对20世纪初期装配线上工人工作情景的模拟，让学生设想如果自己身为那时的工人会做出什么反映。 具体做法是先让每一位学生画一个完整的人体像，选出最好的一幅进行复制。全班分为两个对等的工作组，看哪一组速度快。教师以“工头”的身份敦促大家集中精力,加快速度,同时还调暗灯光、提高室内温度、人员密度，让大家体会工厂的恶劣条件。活动后教师让学生在笔记本上画一个“装配线两分表”，在表的一端列出积极作用，如标准化、高速度、高效率等。表的另一端列出消极作用，如单调、缺少个性、工人异化等。 通过这样“再现历史”的教学过程，不仅让学生体会了社会化大工业生产中工人的工作情景，而且在教师的引导下，学生很容易理解本课程要掌握的知识要点。 以上是以建构主义教学理论为指导的一个教学案例，请分析它的成功之处和特点，并结合教学时间谈谈你的思考。作业2第二单元 综合练习（57章）一、填空题1.道德实践能力包括 道德判断能力和道德选择能力和道德行动能力.2.公民教育是以培养 合格公民 为目标3.社会学习理论认为：人类行为是 个体和环境 交互作用的产物.4.以皮亚杰和科尔伯格为代表的 道德认知发展 模式，是当代德育理论中流行最广，占据主导地位的德育学说.5.价值澄清理论包括四个基本要素，即关注生活，接受现实，启发思考 和 培养能力 .6.泰勒经过八年研究，在其著作中首次提出了 教育评价 的概念.7.桑代克在心理和社会测量导论中指出，凡是存在的东西都有数量，凡是有数量的东西 都可以测量 的判断.8.中小学教师评价改革的目标是建立促进 教师职业道德 与教育打发子水平不断提高的 评价体系 .9.发展性评价在内容上应体现 综合性 ，在标准上应体现 分层性 .10. 教育评价 是以教育目标为依据，运用有效的评价技术和手段，对教育活动的过程和结果进行测顶 .11. 目标游离 模式关注教育评价过程中的各种需要，注意倾天来自不同方面的声音，因此也被称为“以需要为基础的评价”.12.校本管理的实施主要是通过将教育的权力与责任转移到 学校层面 .13.全面教育质量管理的基本特点是坚持质量管理的 全员性 ，全方位性 和全程性.二、简答题.1任何看待网络对道德教育的影响？答；培养了道德实践能力 ，学会选择是道德实践的能力络促进了人与人之间的相互理解网络塑造了人的自律，网络是一吧双刃剑，有他积极的一面，也有负面影响，加强思想道德建设是教育的选择.2.简述班杜拉的社会学习理论的主要观点及内容.答；强调人类行为是个体和环境交互作用的产物，人通过观察和模仿他人行为而获得知识，技能和行为习惯儿童通过替代强化而获得道德行为，所谓替代就是儿童通过他人的行为强化（包括正确化和负强化）而进行模仿，从而该表自己的行为.3.简述我国学校德育内容的主要特点.答 ；德育内容更加丰富.全面有层次性和多元性学生道德事件心理发展水平视学上道德事件能力的培养4.简述教育评价的概念及特点.答；教育评价的概念监狱评价是教育活动的重要俎成部分，它是以教育目标为依据，运用有效的评价技术和手段，对教育活动的过程和结果进行测定，分析，比较，并给予价值判断反对过程。 教育评价的特点；教育评价的客观性，教育评价对象的广泛性，教育评价的组织性以及评价的判断性。5简述现代教育评价的发展趋势。答；视扩大教育评价的范围视教育评价的 与改进功能视定量评价和定性评价相结合视教育评价中的自我评价6.简述校本管理的核心理念.答；校本管理的核心理念；理的核心是将学校的决策权由教育行政部门下防到学校，由学校根据自身的情况进行决策，学校在拥有自主管理权的同时承担响应责任，对自己的行为及其结果负责. 校本管理是参与式管理，由学校董事会或学校管理会来管理学校资源.学校董事会的成员一般包括；校长，教师，社区成员，学生家长以及学生.校本管理是一种自组织管理校本管理是一种“以人为本”的管理.三、论述题。谈谈你对个性教育的认识及如何实施高兴教育。答；个性教育是现代改革的一个热点问题，在现代教育发展史上，几乎每一次改革都与尊重人的个性，发展人的个性有关.个性发展是各国基础教育培养目标的中心议题，教育的双重目的和作用；保证个性的全面发展，以及充分培养每个人，使其对社会的经济，社会文化，科技进步做出贡献 个性发展是国家竞争的需要，个性需要教育是社会发展的需要，是建立社会主义市场经济的需要，是改革开放的需要，是教育自身改革，实现教育现代化的需要 .实施个性教育培养学生独立的人格培养学生的主动精神培养学生的创造能力培养学生和谐，丰满的个性培养学生的个性才能开展心理健康教育。四、实例分析。女儿读到一年级下半学期，老师布置他们每天写一句话，内容是身边的事，要求写的真实.一次她写了这样的一段话；“今天早上，我们排好对参加升旗仪式，红旗升起来，我的手伸在兜里，把山楂上的绒毛揉下来.”第二天，女儿放学回来，情绪低落，这段话得了“丙”.可孩子说；“我写的是真话的啊！”过了几天，孩子又高兴地说：“爸爸，我想好了一段话：星期天，我把红领巾洗得干干净净，又鲜艳又美丽.”我说：“可这星期天你没有洗，还是洗了再写吧.”可她说：“写了再洗.”而这次她得了“甲”。分析以上案例，如果是你，你会这样对待这件事？说明你对中小学德育工作的思考.（不少于300字）。答：我国的小学德育大纲规定了鲜血教育只要包括热爱祖国，热爱中国共产党，热爱人民，热爱集体的教育，热爱劳动，艰苦奋斗，努力学习，热爱科学，文明礼貌，遵守纪律的教育，老师和家长应该教育孩子要热爱祖国，要言行一致地爱祖国，努力学习，天天向上.请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place thats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area, she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apart