英语语音之发音篇.doc

英语语音之发音篇The English pure vowels can be classified according to 1. the height of the raised part of the tongue2. the position of the lips the front vowels (前元音)/i: /: 前元音，是字母ea，ee，ie或ei在单词中的发音。此音是长元音，一定注意把音发足。其发音要领是发音时舌尖抵下齿，前舌尽量抬高、舌位高于/i/口形扁平。4Please read it.Please keep it a secret.Eve is Peters niece. Do you see the green leaves of each tree in the field?A friend in need is a friend indeed.Where are you going to be at three?Where are you going to be?Meet me in the evening.Meet me in the street.Meet me in Fleet Street.Meet me at three. / i / 舌位: 前舌的后方, 舌端抵下齿. 和汉语不同, 普通话中没有一个和 i 相同的音. 这个音的特点将前舌的后部抬得很高,不然容易发成e; i 是个很松弛的音,口腔肌肉过分紧张就会发成i:发音要领的是：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，舌两侧抵上齿两侧，口形偏平。 1) it, sit, bit, fit, big, pig, kick, pick, give, live, kiss, miss, ill, fill, sink, think, rich, which, fish, wish 2) city, pretty, busy, visit, limit, minute, willing, filling, begin, belong, delay, desire, remain, return secure, prefer, present, elect, event, explain, extreme 3) a big clinic, a big dictionary, a bit chilly, a bit dizzy, fix it, finish it, finish it quickly, give him six, bit by bit, little by little, pretty busy, sixty woman/e/ 该音是个前元音，是字母e或ea在单词中的发音。发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，舌位比/i:/低；唇形中长，开口度比/i:/大。 1) get, debt, yet, wet, neck, check, bed, dead, egg, beg, pen, ten, tell, fell, best, text, next, spend, friend 2) any, many, very, ever, never, seven, heaven, metal, gentle, yellow, fellow, section, question, attend, accept, forget, correct, collect, connect 3) /ei/ petpit; fellfill; setsit; whenwin; hellhill; deaddid; tenttint; pegpig; lestlist 1) seat; sit; set2) leap; lip3) beat; bit; bet4) miss; mess5) feel; fill; felt6) eat; it; ate/ /是短元音。是字母a在重读闭音节中的发音。发音时舌尖抵下齿；舌前部稍抬高，舌位比/e/更低；双唇平伸。 1) cap; map; fat; hat; bad; mad; back; lack; carry; marry; fancy; carriage; manage; matter; pattern; handle; anxious; annual; avenue; salary; practical; practical 2) / e / bag, beg; gas, guess; mat, met; sad, said; bad, bed; land, lend; sand, send; pack, peck; ham, hem; pan, pen; lad, ledA fact is a fact. Hang your cap on the stand. Fancy that! Catch that mad black cat. Thank you for the stamp. Dont let the cat out of the bag. Handsome is as handsome does.- eThis bed is bad.This is a bad pen.I guess they want gas.Can you bed that iron band?What daddy said made me sad.I met a little boy JackWho came from another land.I couldnt speak his language,But I took him by the hand.The central vowel / : / and / / are central vowel./ : / occurs only in stressed syllables; but/ / is a schwa which is most frequently used vowel in English.No other vowel, with the exception of the other reduced vowel, /I/ and / /, is as important to an understanding of the English sound system and the way it functions in unstressed syllables.Pronunciation tip Native speakers of English often use schwa ( w: 英语中非重读音节的元音) vowel in : Unstressed syllables Fortcomfort; progressproduction; lacenecklace; necessitynecessary; latechocolate; validvalidity Reductions, especially in informal conversations The old man has got much money. I went to cinema just for fun.Back vowels: (后元音) / a: / / / / : / / u/ /u:/ / a: / 该音是个后元音, 是字母组合ar的读音,也是字母a在ss, st, th等字母前面的读音。/a: /是长元音。发音时口张大,舌身压低并后缩, 后舌稍隆起, 舌尖不抵下齿。双唇稍收圆。 1) arm, art, cart, hard, fast, last, glace, chance, class, glass, harsh, march2) army, party, after, rather, castle, parcel, market, basket, garden, pardon, carpet, drama, regard, demand, command, depart, advance, remark, papa/ / 该音是个短元音，是字母o在重读闭音节单词中的读音。发音时口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩，双唇稍稍收圆。 1) top, shop, what, hot, God, rod, lock, rock, wash, watch, song, long, cost, lost, spot, stop, block, clock2) copy, coffee, body, sorry, offer, honor, model, bottle, college, orange, knowledge, hollow, swallow, doctor, concert, occupy, hospital, possible, quality, quantity, property, policy, October, whatever, tomorrow The clock has stopped.Copy the song, its not long.Lost time is never found again.Lots and lots of clocks and watches have gone wrong. / : / 该音是个后元音,是字母o, or, al, oar, our或oor在单词中的发音。它是长元音。发音时舌后部抬得比/ /,双唇收得更圆更小, 并向前突出。 1) saw, law, ought, bought, talk, board, lord2) story, forty, water, daughter, always, almost, portrait, forward, quarter, porterPride goes before a fall. George saw a saw hanging on the wall.He was born on August the fourteenth, nineteen forty-four./ u / 该音是个后元素，是英语字母u, oo或ou等在单词中的发音。/u/是短元音。发音时舌后部抬起, 舌身后缩, 舌尖离开下齿。双唇收圆, 稍突出。 1) put, foot, cook, look, book, took2) should, cold, would, push, woman, sugar, bushel, football, good-bye, cuckoo, manhood3) looks good, a good cook, look at the cook, took some sugar, a good-looking woman/ u: / 该音是个后元音，是字母oo或ou在单词中的发音。它是长元音。发音时舌后部尽量抬起，舌位比/u/高。双唇收圆并突出。口形比/u/稍小。 1) too, do, shoe, who, you, food, fool, tooth, youth, choose, moon, soon, cool2) duty, beauty, music, future, pupil, student, excuse, produce, opportunity, university 3) a new school, a new suit, huge spoons, beautiful music, a blue moon, a group of students, whose shoes, a music schoolDont lose the opportunity.Choose either boots or shoes.Who said the soup was too cool?Your spoon wont be useful for noodles.As a rule, the skies are blue in June.What do you choose to do this afternoon?Diphthongs (双元音)ei、ai、i、u、i、au、uIntroductionThere are eight diphthongs in English. They are sounds which consist of _The most important things to remember is _ei 1. 口形由/e/ 向/ i / 滑动, 注意双元音的一般发音规则.2. 发音过程中下鄂稍稍向上合拢, 舌位也随之稍稍抬高.name, cake, late, state, able, place, mainly, arrange, radio, decadeai： Kite, fight, guide, write, mind, unite, High, apply, define, divides, neither, Provide, finallyi: Soil, noise, voice, join, coin, choice, toilu : Soap, note, throw, show, know, low, over, old, most, only, thoseau : Out, south, round, found, about, amount, bound, sound, houses, mountain, thousand, louderi: Ear, year, deer, cheer, tear, queer, Merely, nearly, reallye : There, where, their, fare, square, various, repair, affairu: Curious, furious, rural, mature, securePhonetics exercisesA clear ideaFair and squareA real heroA curious touristTheir parentsRepair chairsWear and tearFair shareFrom ear to earFewer and fewerI think it is really a good idea.Its near the end of the year.Dear me, the black beer is really dear.“Hear, hear,” the chairman declared.Mary shares the room with a girl who wears long hair.Surely, the disease can be cured. The mayor appeared in the square.ConsonantsStop consonantsEnglish consonants can be classified according to 1. the points of articulation; 2. the manners of articulation; 3. the state of the vocal cords The pronunciation of /p/ and /b/p/ pork, peace, lip, top /b/ bat, bare, cab, herb/p-b/: pea-be; pat-bat; cup-cub; mop-mobA big park; bought a bike; pay the bill; hope to stop; on top of the piePeter is picking plums and apples.The black-bird brought back a beautiful big worm for his babies.The pronunciation of /t/ and /d/t/ tea; towel; foot; cut /d/ dirt; date; sad; ride/t-d/ bet-bed; sight-side; bit-bidA dark night; read the card; cut the breadDont do that, Tom!Teddy hurt his foot and was taken to the doctor.The pronunciation of /k/ and /g/k/ key; cat; sick; lock /g/ go; girl; big; vague /g-k/ bag-back; beg-beckA kind guide; take a look; good luckTake care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.Exercises: Fast-food restaurants are very popular.The service is fast.The food is inexpensive. This is more important than the quality of the food.These restaurants are also popular.The food is always the same. They eat at a companys restaurant.The restaurant are in the north or south of the city.The food will be the same. If they eat in New York or London, it will still be the same.Fast service is important in the United States. Low cost is also important in the United States.About 50 percent of married women work outside the home.Many married women with children are working outside the home.They are too busy and too tired to cook dinner every night.Fricatives and affricates /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /h/ / / /f/ and /v/ are labio-dental sounds. /f/ is voiceless and /v/ is voiced. They are fricative sounds that you produce by forcing the breathstream between you upper teeth and lower lip.Leaf-leave; safe-save; Very fast; an awful viewThey are fricatives that you produce by squeezing the breathstream between your tongue and teeth. Breath-breathe; south-southern; bath-batheThree-free; thrill-frill; Thin-sin; thought-soughtSomething is better than nothing.He left his father and mother and went abroad with his brother Arthur.They are fricatives that you produce by forcing air between your tongue and the upper or lower front teeth.Soft, soil, house, pace; Zeal; zip; buzz; gaze; boys; Cease-seize; race-raiseThe sun rises in the east and sets in the west.You produce them very much like the /s/ and /z/, except the tongue is farther back and the lips are rounded. Shame; harsh; Treasure; pleasure; confusion; prestige; Rushed to the garage; a harsh decision; crushed the invasionMr. Mash sells fish and shellfish fresh from the ocean./h/ is not generally a problem sound /h/ is a voiceless glottal (声门的) fricative. It is simply a stream of air from the larynx (喉) directed through the open mouth. It is not found in word-final position in English words.He; hard; hall; highHour; honour; honest; heir; vehicle; exhibitHow horrible! Hugh has hurt his hand with a heavy hammer./t/ /d/Cheap; cheer; choice; Each; watch; torch; Jane; join; largeJane had chicken and French fries for lunch.Just for a joke, we mixed gin and ginger with some jam.Nasals, approximants, and lateralsLike the stops, the nasals (鼻音) are all made by closing the vocal tract (声道) at some point in the mouth. Unlike the stops or any other sounds in the language, there is an opening into the nasal cavity in the pronunciation so that the sound can be resonated (产生共鸣) through the nose. The nasal consonants are /m/, /n/, and /. Allophonic variations of /m/Syllabic: something Lengthened, when an arresting /m/ is followed by a releasing /m/:some moreThe labiodentals (唇齿音 ) nasal, when followed by /f/: comfortSome men; a warm morning; Sams combAllophonic variations of /n/Dentalized before a labiodental /f/ or /v/: inviteVelarized (发软腭音) before /k/: thinkSyllabic: buttonLengthening, when /n/ arrests and releases adjoining syllables: ten namesKnock-lock; known-loan; snow-slow; Allophonic variations of /The alveolar n, when followed by an alveolar:taking tenTon-tongue; sin-sing; Kin-king; ban-bangSing a song; a strange king; An angry monkey; An English songIntroduction/w/, /r/, and /j/ are called approximants (近音) because it is an articulation (清晰发音) in which the articulators (a movable speech organ) approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as a stop, nasal or fricative. /w/: Week, wait, wit, went, wax, woundWh= /w/: wheat; wheel; whip; while; Qu=/kw/: queen; quick; quack; quarter/v-w/: vet-wet; vest-west; veil-whale; vain-wane, verse-worse; vine-wineWhere theres a will, there is a way.What, why, when and where are the words we require quite often when we want to ask a question./j/: Yes, yard, yearn, use, unit, universeEar-year; ate-yet; earn-yearn; Yet-jet; use-juice; your-jaw; yoke-joke; year-jeerYesterday I heard a curious and beautiful tune.Yale University is not in the State of New York.Dont argue, or youll make me furious.Introduction/l/ is called a lateral“ (ltrl侧面的,旁边的) because during its pronunciation, the passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along the centre of the tongue. Another important fact about /l/ is the difference between the two distinctive allophones: clear-l and dark-l.Clear-l, made with the tongue in the classical fronted position: leaseDark-l, (the tongue tip and blade in the post alveolar position):callDevoiced in consonant clusters with voiceless stops: playThe post-palatal, or velar /l/: milkLeave, lame, learn, lock; Meal, hole, oil, pull, call; Field, shield, built, milk, helpCalm, calf, talk, walk, could, wouldAllophonic variations of /r/Devoiced as in voiceless clusters: treatThe one-tap flap /r/: veryThe retroflexed /r/: rightThe back /r/, before or after /k/ or /g/:crate grey句子重音英语句子，跟英语单词一样，也有重音，叫句子重音。有句子重音的音节听起来清晰有力,无句子重音的音节听起来较为含糊。句子重音总是落在单词的重读音节上。句子重音对于表达思想和感情起着重要的作用，所以也是英语语音学习的重要方面。在一个句子中，音节之间的衔接应该自然而流畅。句中的重读音节通常显得长一些，元音清晰完整，语句的语调变化也通常落在重读音节上。非重读音节则通常显得较为轻、快，音节中的元音亦较为含糊。正因为如此，非重读音节中的元音多为/ /。这是英语音素中出现频率最高的音素, 所有的英语元音字母在非重读音节中均可读作/ /:allowafiremenepossiblei/ /commandosupportu在这些单词中，元音字母都处于非重读音节中，因此都读成/ /.句子中哪些单词需要重读？我们知道，重音的其中一个语义功能是可以通过重音进行强调, 就是说，具有语句重音的词通常是说话人想强调的词。换句话说，单词之所以重读,是因为说话的人表达特定信息的需要。因此，正确地选择重读音节，将重读音节与非重读音节自然流畅地连接起来，是实现语言交际的需要。英语重音的一般规律是：实义词通常重读,虚词通常不重读. 也就是说，我们可以将英语的单词分为两大类：实义词和虚词。所谓实义词，是指名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词等表示“谁”“什么”、 “何时”、“何地”、“为什么”、“怎么样”等信息的词,也叫做信息词。这些词担负着表达信息的重要任务，因此通常是句中的重读单词。虚词亦称功能词,含冠词、代词、介词、助动词、连词等。这些词将信息词连接起来，形成符合语法的句子。但是，英语重音的一般规律并不是一成不变的。为了表达的需要，一些通常接受句子重音的词,可能失去句子重音；而另一些通常不接受句子重音的词又可能获得句子重音。以实义词为例, 实义词通常是句中重读的单词，但如果在本句或前面一句已出现过,不再含有重要的信息，此时一般不再重读: The truck was hit by another truck. How many times have you seen the film? Three times. 再来看看功能词。功能词通常是句中的非重读单词,但由于信息表达的需要亦完全可以以重读的形式出现。n Did you say “bread”? Here you are. n I said “bread and butter”. and” 在句中通常不重读，此处重读明显地是为了强调。可见，为了信息表达的需要，句中几乎每个单词都可以有句子重音。总而言之，在话语中，重音的位置主要取决于说话人的意愿和他希望表达的意思。通常，句中重要的词才具重音-实义词之所以重读是因为这类词本身含有重要的词汇意义，而虚词通常只是起功能作用。当实义词在句中不具重要信息，而虚词反而含重要意义的时候，重读的就该是虚词而非实义词。 强读式与弱读式在英语单词和句子的弱读音节中，我们最经常听到的元音是：/ /。这是在所有英语音素中出现频率最高的音素,也是英语功能词在非重读时最常用的元音。英语语音的一个显著特点是,许多功能词具有两种不同的发音：一种是在重读时的发音，称强读式;另一种是在非重读时的发音，称弱读式。强读式是指一个单词单独念的时候所采取的读音形式。在连贯发言中，当这些词接受句子重音时多用强读式，不具句子重音的词则多用弱读式。由于这些词多为虚词，在句中一般不重读，因此，它们通常以弱读式的形式出现。 对于我国学生来说，要学会单词弱读式的发音是轻而易举的事，但要做到能够运用就不容易了。最常见的读法是将应该读成弱读式的单词读作强读式，并以为那才是标准的发音。用这种方法说英语，不仅影响语流，还使听者感到别扭，甚至可能产生误会。以单词and为例。and的发音有以下几种可能性：1） / nd/, 2）/ nd/, 3）/ n/, 4）/n/, 其中以3）最为常见。 短语in and out通常读作/in n aut/, 短语horse and cart通常读作/hC:s nkB:t/。1）与2）常用于句首。如果将句中的and都读作/ nd/的话，话语就使人听起来很别扭。 有时，在一些固定搭配中错用强读式还会产生误会。比如，作为早餐的食物是bread and butter/bred n b t /，但在超级市场上买的是bread and butter/bred nd b t /，意即成条的面包以及成包的奶油。假如在饭桌上点早餐时将bread and butter中的and读作重读，则可能使人以为说话人在强调多要点奶油，或者是在批评别人奶油放得太少了。误会就可能由此产生。此外能否掌握好英语的弱读式也影响着我们的英语听力理解，因为具有强弱两种读音方式的单词是英语中最常见的单词，出现频率相当高，掌握好英语的弱读式无疑将提高对所听到的语言材料的解码能力，从而正确而全面地获得语言材料所传达的信息。Words Strong form Sample sentence Words Strong form Sample sentence121.a Weve got a dog.2.an Take an apple.3.her Whats her name?4.his John had his haircut.5.our We can do it on our own.6.some Get me some water.7.theThey saw the young and the old.8.your Take your time.9.he What did he do?10.me Let me have a look.11.she Did she come?12.them Let them go.13.us He told us a story.14.we Here we are.15.you Did you see my pen?16.him Give him a pen.17.am Im proud of it.18.are What are you doing?19.be Dont be late.20.can What can I do?21.doWhat do you do on Sundays?22.does When does the train leave?23.had How many had he had?24.has What has happened?25.have The kids have gone.26.is He is coming.27.must We must go now.28.shall What shall we do?29.was He was out.30.were We were all late.31.will That will do.32atLook at him.33.for Is it for me?34.from They come from the states.35.of Its very kind of you.36.toYou dont have to worry.37.and We had fish and chips.38.as Just as you like.39.but Its good but expensive.40.so Its not so cold here.41.than Its bigger than this.42.that He said that he was coming.Draw a line through the unstressed function words. Example:I was thinking of you all the time.1. It is not an easy decision to make.2. No one can pass the test.3. What is her name?4. They have been here the whole afternoon.5. Can I have some more?6. He was good, wasnt he?7. We will wait till the end of the party.8. She opened her eyes and saw the girl at the door.9. She told me that she had lost her voice.10. Thats a pity but we can go another time.11. They told us to leave.12. First of all, lets look at the map.13. It is from overseas.14. Jack and Jill are at the concert.15. These are for a different purpose.16. The others were at the front.17. Everything was for the best.18. Lets have fish for a change.19. I am going away for the day.20. I would rather have a drink than a smoke.Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the unstressed forms of the function words.A. Determiners:a, an, the, her, his, our, some,your1.a breakTake a break.2.a ringBuy a ring.3.an answerGive an answer.4.an ideaHave an idea.5.the carTake the car.6.the girlHelp the girl.7.the othersMeet the others.8.the appleGet the apple.9.her coatTake her coat.10.her bagWatch her bag.11.his wa