THEARTOFPLEASING---ALETTERTO_PPT英语课件下载.ppt

the art of pleasing- a letter to son by lord chesterfield warm-up activity discussion introduction to the author/text words whereas well-bred people often smile, but seldom laugh. famous quotes additional information: johnsons dictionary published on 15 april 1755 and written by samuel johnson, a dictionary of the english language, sometimes published as johnsons dictionary, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the english language. until the completion of the oxford english dictionary, 150 years later, johnsons was viewed as the pre-eminent english dictionary, which ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual. additional information: letter to lord chesterfield february 7th,1755 my lord, i have been lately informed, by the proprietor of the world, that two papers, in which my dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. to be so distinguished, is an honour, which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, i know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge. when, upon some slight encouragement, i first visited your lordship, i was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that i might boast myself le vainqueur du vainqueur di la terre. that i might obtain that regard for which i saw the world contending; but i found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. when i had once addressed your lordship in public i had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. i had done all that i could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so litter. additional information: letter to lord chesterfield seven years, my lord, have now past, since i waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door, during which time i have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. such treatment i did not expect, for i never had a patron before. the shepherd in virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks. additional information: letter to lord chesterfield is not a patron, my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? the notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till i am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till i am solitary, and cannot impart it ; till i am known, and do not want it. i hope it is no very cynical asperity, not confess obligations where no benefit has been received or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself. having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, i shall not be disappointed though i should conclude it, if less be possible, with less, for i have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which i once boasted myself with so much exultation, my lord. your lordships most humble, most obedient servant, sam. johnson. comment on letter to lord chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德大人函是约翰逊于1755年2月7日写给切斯特菲尔 德伯爵菲力浦多墨斯坦厚甫(philip dormer stanhope) 的一封信。 切斯特菲尔德伯爵开始对约翰逊编辞典一事冷眼相看。约翰逊艰辛奋斗7 年，终于独立完成辞典编写，出版在即。这时，切斯特菲尔德伯爵在当时 的世界报上连写两篇文章，对约翰逊的辞典大加吹捧，希望约翰逊将 来能把英国的第一部英语辞典献给他。约翰逊得知此事后，义愤填膺，挥 笔写下了这篇名传千秋的著名信函。信中数落了伯爵对他的冷淡，嘲讽了 伯爵的傲慢与专横，对比了约翰逊自己对伯爵的热情与诚恳，从而宣布了 约翰逊的辞典与伯爵无关，是他独立完成的，对伯爵无恩可感，无情可载 。 约翰逊的信是一个穷作家对大人物的控诉状，表现了作家对权贵的蔑 视，有着我国著名诗人李白一样的“安能摧眉折腰事权贵”的反叛精神。 在实质上，约翰逊的这种精神代表了英国新兴的资产阶级对封建权势的反 抗。人们将约翰逊的这封信比做是“作家的独立宣言”。事实上，此后， 英国文坛上的保护人制度（patronage）在英国，在欧洲大陆逐渐消失了 。 comment on letter to lord chesterfield 约翰逊的信不仅思想性深刻，而且文笔优美、语句典雅， 不长的信中，三联排比的结构被两次运用。文中的反语、讽刺 、幽默含义加强了语句的感染力，而且约翰逊所用的比喻含有 高深的典故性和哲理性。为了表达自己对伯爵“一往情深”的 仰慕，约翰逊引用了古罗马诗人维吉尔诗中的牧童“发现爱神 只不过是荒山野岭中的野蛮人”的故事，用以喻指伯爵的铁石 心肠，是不通情理的人。 这封信中的句子结构上，约翰逊还显示了他高超的安排技 巧，信正文的最后一段是一个句子，在末尾的一个定语从句中 ，作者把书信中的客套结尾语和签名巧妙地变成了这个句子的 组成部分。 words without fail; in a manner that cannot fail examples： the law infallibly applies to all situations in the physical world. medical ethics on issues like euthanasia can hardly be infallibly convinced. 6. err vi. make a mistake; do sth. wrong examples： as the saying goes, to err is human. 7. insipid adj. lacking in interest or vigor examples： im bored with his insipid conversation. this is the most insipid music concert ive ever been to. lets leave! 8. preamble n. a statement at the beginning of a speech or piece of writing, giving its reason and purpose; an introductory occurrence examples： words sth. sweet like incense; homage or praise examples： we saw a low table with a buddha and lighted incense on it. you can breathe the incense of salt, cedar and seaweed on the beach. 11. gallantry n. gracious, courtly attention paid by a man to a woman examples： words humble examples： his abject cowardice during the war was scorned by everyone. the mother warned her daughter not to give in to abject fear over the college examinations. words detest examples： many people abhor snakes. hitlers genocide of the jews is abhorred by all the people of the world. 17. antipathy n. a fixed and strong dislike or opposition examples： he showed a thorough antipathy for the politics of both parties. after her boyfriend, who was french, dumped her, she found she had an apparently incurable antipathy for all french foods! 18. genteel adj. showing unnaturally polite manners, esp. so as to appear socially important examples： her mannerisms were painfully genteel, which showed she was only too uncertain she actually belonged to the upper class. they lived in genteel poverty, surrounded by relics of previous generations wealth and status words nonetheless, he behaved himself all evening. 20. depend upon it without any doubt examples： weve been working on these books for years and have a terrific team of editors; depend upon it, the efforts will certainly pay off someday. if he has his holiday at the same time as you, depend upon it, hell go with you. 21. do justice to sb. treat sb. in a fair way; show the true value of examples： what do you think of lord chesterfields advice of doing justice to ones weakness? as a boss, he never does justice to the people who work so hard for him; never once have i even seen him say “thank you” or “well done.” 22. make amends （to sb.） for sth. compensate （sb.） for （an insult or injury given in the past） examples： a womans manner can make ample amends for her lack of beauty. the insurance company made amends to his family for the loss in the fire. passage analysis: paragraph 1language points: (line 4) be reduced to: be concluded (line 5) good sense: judgment (line 4) do as you would be done by.己之所欲，应施于人 . (line 6) do as you would be done by: treat people in the same way you would like them to treat you. (line 12) theirs: their humors, tastes or weaknesses (line 912):if you are pleased with the complaisance and attentionof others to your hunours,-will equally please them.如果别人对你的幽默、情趣或嗜好所给予的恭维和关注 令你高兴，那么毫无疑问，你对他们的幽默、情趣或嗜好给予 同样的恭维和关注也同样会令他们高兴。 (line 13) be serious, gay, or even trifiling, as you find the present humor of the company: adjust your mood to suit the mood of the company you are in; this is an attention due from every individual to the majority. 无论是严肃、快乐还是懒散，你的情绪要和朋友们同 步，这是每个个人应对多数人表示的一种礼貌。 passage analysis: paragraph 1 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: do as you would be done by take the tone of the company do not tell stories; or tell it in as few words as possible. passage analysis: paragraph 2 language points: (line 26) one cannot keep ones own private affairs too secret: 无论也不过分，越越好。e.g. i cannot thank you too much. you can never be too careful in the street. (line 28) turn: opportunity,occasion. which clause is used to modify turn. (line 2830) nor labor, as many people do, to give that turn-exhibiting them. ；即使谈话为你提供了 展示这些优点的机会，你也不要像许多人那样，拼命 地把它们转移到话题中去。 passage analysis: paragraph 2 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: banish the egotism out your conversation. do not entertain people with personal concerns or private affairs. do not display your excellencies, or give that turn to the conversation, which may supply you with an opportunity of exhibiting them. never maintain an argument with heat and clamor.give your opinion modestly and coolly.change the topic if you cannot convince others. passage analysis: paragraph 3 language points: (line 39) a local propriety: a local convention, custom. each social group has its own rules about what is correct behaviour. e.g. a breach of propriety. observe the proprieties. (line 42) the bon-mots: （french） witty or clever sayings. (line 46) none: no merits. be divested of: 卸下；脱去 ；剥掉 e.g. the police divested the pretended officer of his stolen uniform. the army divested the king of all his power. (line 44-47) the particular characters-those accidental circumstances.某个圈子中的人物、习惯和 惯用语可能会看重某个词、某个手势，但离开了那些特 定的场合，它们就可能变得毫无价值。 line 4751 : here people very commonly err;-by being ill-timed or misplaced.在这方面人们经常会犯错 误，他们喜欢在某个圈子里令他们愉快的某样事情，而 在某些情况下又在另一个圈子里特别强调地重复它，而 在这另一个圈子里，由于时间或地点不宜，它要么是枯 燥乏味的，要么可能是无礼唐突的。 passage analysis: paragraph 4 language points: (line 51) nay: moreover pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: what is extremely proper in one company may be , and often is, highly improper in another. passage analysis: paragraph 4 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: witty sayings/gesture in one company will be flat and tedious in another. repeat it will be insipid, offensive, make the relator look like a fool. passage analysis: paragraph 5 language points: (line 61) do justice to the one, and something more than justice to the other：compliment them on their excellent points; flatter them on their less excellent points. (line 68) richelieu: french cardinal, statesman and chief minister to louis xiii for 18 years. (line 69) idle vanity 无聊的虚荣心 e.g. his words were just idle threats; you dont have to take them too seriously. (line 68) corneille: french dramatist, creator of french classical verse tragedy. his masterpiece the cid was a great popular success. (line 71) en passant french: in passing顺便一 提 (line 72-73) metaphor: incense: the flattery, like an intoxicating incense or a drug; the smoke of: the result, output, impact of (line 74) bel esprit： （french）a brilliant wit (line 75) as to: about, concerning (line7276) those,therefore, who flattered skillfully, said little-was as a bel esprit and a poet.于是，那些善于献媚的人几乎不提他的治国 才能，即使说也只是一笔带过，仿佛自然顺带提 到而已。只有恭维他为才子和诗人才会令黎塞留 飘飘然并垂青于这些献媚的人。 passage analysis: paragraph 5 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: compliment them on their excellent points; flatter them on their less excellent points. men are best and most flattered upon the points where they wish to excel, and yet are doubtful whether they do or not. passage analysis: paragraph 6 language points: (line 81) touch them but there, and you touch them to the quick: if you engage in conversation about a mans favorite subject, you will quickly find his vulnerable spot (and be able to boost his sense of self, which will be to your favor).跟他谈这个，你就 能触及他的要害。 (line 82) sir robert walpole: english statesman (line 83) little open to flattery upon that head: not too vulnerable to that kind of flattery夸奖其才干通常令他 无动于衷 (line 85) his prevailing weakness was, to be thought to have a polite and happy turn to gallantry of which he had undoubtedly less than any man living: liked to think of himself as gracious, courtly and somewhat dashing, but in fact had none of these qualities可是他的主要弱点是希望被人认为他 具有骑士般彬彬有礼的快乐天性，而他无疑比任何 人都欠缺这种品质。 (line 88) penetration: shrewd observation (line 89) applied to it: took advantage of it passage analysis: paragraph 6 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: you will easily discover ones prevailing vanity by observing his favorite topic. touch him but there, and you touch him to the quick. passage analysis: paragraph 7 language points: (line 92) upon which scarce any flattery is too gross for them to follow: women will believe any flattering remarks about their looks, no matter how exaggerated or unlikely. scarce=scarcely, 古英语用 法。 对她们的美貌无论怎样过分恭维她们都愿意倾听。 (line 98) je ne sais quoi: (french) a certain inexpressible quality. (line 98100) if they are both bad, -more engaging than beauty.万一这两者都很糟糕， 她就会安慰自己： 她具有比美貌更迷人的风度 、举止和某种难以形容的品质。 (line 101) her due: her deserved flattery. be obliged to passage analysis: paragraph 7 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: women have only one object: beauty, upon which scarce any flattery is too gross for them to follow. flatter a lady upon her beauty; if her face is too shocking, flatter upon her figure and air; if her figure is deformed, flatter upon her graces. to a real beauty, flatter upon her understanding. passage analysis: paragraph 8 language points: (line 110) but there is no living in the world without a complaisant indulgence for peoples weaknesses: it is impossible to interact with people without gratifying their need to be made to feel cleverer or more attractive than they really are.但生活在这个世 界上就不可能不讨好性地宽容人们的弱点和虽然荒 谬但却无害的虚荣心。 (line 113) if a man, their error is,and an innocent one, and i would rather, than (line 117) indulge sb. in: 使满足; 纵容; 迁就。 (line 118) undeceive:使不再受骗, 使不受迷惑, 使醒悟; 使明实情; 打破.的迷梦。 (line 113118) if a man has a mind-to undeceive them.如果一个男人希望被认为比其 实际更聪明，一个女人希望被认为比其实际更 漂亮，他们这种错误可以使他们觉得舒服而又 对别人无害，那我宁愿在这方面纵容他们、和 他们交朋友，也不愿竭力去（无缘无故地）揭 人之短而为自己树敌。 passage analysis: paragraph 8 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: flattery is not unconditional. one should avoid overdoing flattery, e.g. flattering ones vices and crimes. it is not necessary to undeceive a mans innocent vanities. passage analysis: paragraph 9 language points: (line 119)there are little attentions, likewise, which are infinitely engaging, and which sensibly affect that degree of pride and self-love, which is inseparable from human nature, as they are unquestionable proofs of the regard and consideration which we have for the persons to whom we pay them:于细微处见关怀，同样也是极 其动人的，因为它毫无疑问证明了我们对被关怀者 是关心和体谅的，这种关怀明显会影响一个人自尊 、自恋的程度，这也是人之常情。 (line 120) as, for example, to observe the little habits, the likings, the antipathies, and the tastes of those whom we would gain; and then take care to provide them with the one, and to secure them from the other . we should carefully observe the likes and dislikes of those people we want to make friends with, and then make efforts to provide them with what they love and avoid what they dislike (line 131-134) such attention to such trifles- -thoughts and care.对此类细节的如此关注较 之大处更能取悦自恋者，因为这令他们觉得自 己几乎是你考虑和关心的唯一对象。 passage analysis: paragraph 9 pleasing ways proposed in this paragraph: little attentions to trifles flatter self-love much more than greater things. passage analysis: paragraph 10 language points: (line 135) arcane: mysterious and secret (line 135136) these are some of the arcane-the world 以上这些是你初涉世事所必备的一些秘诀 (line 138) grudge: be unwilling to give (line 139) reap the advantage: benefit from it (line 139) adieu: good-bye (line 138139) and shall not grudgeit -advantage 而你若能从中有所收益，我将不胜宽慰。 summary in the text, lord chesterfield preaches to his illegitimate son philip on the art of pleasing, telling him how to ingratiate oneself into the affections of others. in the letter, lord chesterfield instructs his son upon a series of “dos” and “donts,” which, he claims, have been acquired by personal experience over the 53 years of his own life. summary dos: do as you would be done by. take the tone of the company. banish the egotism out your conversation. give your opinion modestly and coolly. change the topic if you cannot convince others. compliment men on their excellent points; flatter them on their less excellent points. men are best and most flattered upon the points where they wish to excel. ones prevailing vanity can be discovered by observing his favorite topic. flatter a lady upon her beauty; if her face is too shocking, flatter upon her figure and air; if her figure is deformed, flatter upon her graces. to a real beauty, flatter upon her understanding. little attentions to trifles flatter self-love much more than greater things. summary donts do not tell stories; or tell it in as few words as possible. do not entertain people with personal concerns or private affairs. do not display your excellencies, or give that turn to the conversation, which may supply you with an opportunity of exhibiting them. never maintain an argument with heat and clamor. dont repeat a witty saying, which will be insipid, offensive, and make the relator look like a fool. dont overdo flattery. exercises vocabulary: a. replace the boldfaced parts with words or phrases from the text according to the requirements in the brackets. in some cases, regional governments can help to offset the centralized power of the national government. (synonym) counterbalance when the president visited our neighboring country, he was welcomed enthusiastically by a cheerful crowd. (antonym) coolly exercises 3. in a business where agents were known for their sharklike qualities, bernie had an endless struggle to conceal a naturally generous heart. (antonym) display/exhibit 4. in fairy tales, virtue is always rewarded whereas in real life it very often isnt. (antonym) vice 5. although the street activity is seen as dull and boring, there is always the chance that something will happen the following night or week. (synonym) insipid/flat/tedious