安泰经管学院课件.ppt

社会人时代 霍桑实验 梁建 上海交通大学 大纲 时代背景 霍桑实验的主要内容 霍桑实验的管理学意义 对霍桑实验的批评 时代背景 科学管理的时代基础 经济高速增长，大型公司开始出现 个人成就的社会认可 对效率的提倡 对国家生产能力和资源节约的政治关注 walker phase ii: a further interval of about 7 months during which supervision became increasingly stern and close. this phase two of the five operators were dismissed and they were replaced by workers of rather special character and motivation. phase iii: a final long period during which output rose. phase 1 “at the outset of the study the girls “were asked to work along at a comfortable pace“ and were assured “that no attempt would be made to force up production.” phase i ends after 15 weeks of friendly supervision with a somewhat doubtful increase of 5% which occurred with the introduction of a preferred incentive system. phase 2 now this “lack of attention to work and preference for conversing together for considerable periods” was judged to be reaching such proportions that the “experiment was being jeopardized and something had to be done”. “total weekly output does not decline when rest pauses are introduced, but remains practically the same during all the rest period experiments.” phase 3 the two dismissed girls were replaced by two girls chosen by the foreman. one of them had a special need for more money took over the general leadership and discipline of the rest of the group. output for the whole group rose markedly during the several months after the dismissal of 1a and 2a, owing chiefly to the contributions from the new operators. supervision became more friendly and relaxed because output increased rather than vice versa. 你如何看待这些批评？ 请参考 shepard, j. m.1971. on alex careys radical criticism of the hawthorne studies. academy of management journal, 14, 23-32. 对霍桑实验的批评 对于工业文明假设批评 无法从小团队结构中建立起一种大社会系统。试图 对工人进行“调节”，而不是改变社会。 对人际关系的重视将代替如何改进工作本身。 人际关系是一种手段，而不应该视为一种目标 实验出现的各种偏差 实验的结论超出了所得到的数据； 人际关系的观点依赖于无形的东西，而不是确 切的、科学的调查，而且不存在最终答案。 （梅奥）相信一个工业社会，从其定 义来说，就不可能是有道德的，因为人们 看不见土壤，他们也就看不见自然，而这 样，他们也就看不到生活的意义，从而成 为现代工业主义的那些让人眼花缭乱的小 玩意的牺牲品。于是在梅奥看来，现代工 厂的问题是非常清楚的：如何能够在20世 纪由摩天大楼和地铁、烟尘和蒸汽构成的 世界里重新创造农业社会的美德、农业社 会的忠