药学英语第三版上册胡延熹课后翻译.doc

Vitamins - Translation 1.Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy. 2.Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables. 3.Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health. 4.Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism. 5.Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex. 6.Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients. 7.The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets. 8.Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively. 9.In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body. 10.Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌 1.Overwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers. 2.Fruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer. 3.A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly. 4.The risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day-the higher the number, the higher the risk. 5.Even smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits. 6.Some studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer. 7.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established. 8.Animal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer. 9.A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease. 10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质-Translation 1.Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one. 2.Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature. 3.The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties. 4.The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction. 5.It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain. 6.The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics. 7.Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physical changes are constantly taking place. 8.The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine. 9.Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body. 10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药 Translation1.It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain. 2.It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain. 3.Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body. 4.The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed. 5.The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery. 6.Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain. 7.Contrary to what one might think, its only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being. 8.Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves. 9.An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile. 10.In spite of the danger of a patients contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation 1.The plant kingdom was once mans only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemists shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine. 2.Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom. 3.Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines. 4.During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him. 5.There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship. 6.When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs. 7.However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine. 8.The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches. 9.Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years. 10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.NaturalProducts1. Oneoftheoldestofhumanactivitiesisthestudyofplantsandanimals,particularlyassourcesoffood.2.Fromtheearliesttimesmanhadtodistinguishbetweenthoseplantswhichwerepoisonousandthosewhichwerenotandtheregraduallydevelopedaknowledgeofnaturaldrugs.3.Aslateasthebeginningofthepresentcenturypharmacognosyhaddevelopedmainlyonthebotanicalside,beingparticularlyconcernedwiththedescriptionandidentificationofdrugs.4.Undoubtedlytheplantkingdomstillholdsmanyspeciesofplantscontainingsubstancesofmedicalvaluewhichhaveyettobediscovered.5.Asaresultofmodernisolationandpharmacologicaltestingprocedures,newplantdrugsusuallyfindtheirwayintomedicineaspurifiedsubstances.6.Manyofthebotanical,chemicalandphysicaltechniquesemployedinpharmacognosyarealsoapplicabletotheanalysisofothercommodities,suchasfoods,spicesandcosmetics.7.Whilepharmacognosyhasbeengenerallystudiedforpracticalpurposesandmaythusbecalledanappliedscienceithasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofthepuresciences.8.Recentphytochemicalexaminationofplantswhichhaveasuitablehistoryofuseinfolkloreforthetreatmentofcancerhas,indeed,oftenresultedintheisolationofprincipleswithantitumouractivity.9.Thegrowthofknowledgeofbiochemistryandphysiology,whichledtotheconceptofthechemicalcontrolofbiologicalprocesses,hasbeenofparticularimportanceforpharmacology.10.Primitivemandependedonpreventiveuseofnaturesstockofplantsandherbstoavoiddiseaseandtomaintainhealthandvigor.有机化学 Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制 1Translation 1.Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience. 2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc. 3.Though its the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of success. 4.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small. 5.Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur. 6.Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming. 7.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system. 8.The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs. 9.Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients. 10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.新药研制 2 Translation 1.The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper. 2.The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product. 3.Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken. 4.New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision. 5.A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely. 6.Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test. 7.Large scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drugs profile of action and frequency of adverse effects. 8.The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed. 9.Information about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product. 10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation 1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. 2.Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. 3.Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease. 4.Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race. 5.During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology. 6.Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well. 7.With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events. 8.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. 9.Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased. 10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc.良药滥用-Translation 1.Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications. 2.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications. 3.A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy. 4.Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics. 5.Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use. 6.Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society. 7.Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza. 8.Addiction is the bodys continued need for drugs because of their physiological effects after they are first taken. 9.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known. 10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。国际癌症协会估计所有的癌症中有三分之一是与饮食有关，并且最近的研究指出吃何种物质可能会意味着减少患癌的风险。癌症的发展是需要超过一定的时间的，那就意味着你已经有数十年阻碍或者促进它的发展。研究人员发现随着癌症的发展你所吃的食物会从不同的阶段起到阻碍作用。例如，某些食物可能阻碍化学药物而导致癌症。抗氧化剂，在维他命和矿物中被发现，能消灭氧原子的自由基团，某些能够修复细胞损伤的物质通过这个途径使细胞易感从而导致癌症从而消亡。并且在一些环境中含麦麸的食物可以收缩癌症前期的细胞。一个由具有国际水准的并且来自17个不同国家的研究组织的评论指出那些经常使用水果和蔬菜的人与同期食用较少的人相比患癌症的风险指数仅有一半。那些癌症发生的部位包括：肺，结肠，胸部，宫颈，食道，口腔，胃，膀胱，胰腺和卵巢。事实上，一些研究建议应该多食水果和蔬菜这样能降低患肺癌的风险甚至是吸烟者。一位美国疾病预防控制中心的流行病学家TimByers说道：“这是难以理解的一种普通的水果或者蔬菜能够如此有效的抵抗癌症，例如香烟的烟气”。在一个众多研究存在于水果蔬菜中抗氧化剂的研究中，发现B-胡萝卜素能够保护机体并且抵抗癌症，并且存在于深绿色，黄色，橙色的蔬菜中像：胡萝卜，地瓜和菠菜。水果中含量较高的有杏，哈密瓜。哈弗大学试管研究表明，B-胡萝卜素对摄取有害的肿瘤细胞产生直接的毒性作用。它能减少肺癌细胞的增值以及改变肿瘤细胞增值所需的蛋白质。研究显示B-胡萝卜素能够改变人体中的视黄酸，一种在临床实验中对抗确切癌症的物质。这里有一些含有对抗癌症的化学物质的食物：西红柿西红柿中含有的一种能够减少患癌症风险的成分就是番茄红素，是一种使西红柿变红的色素。番茄红素，一种抗氧化剂，也发现存在于西瓜和杏中，能够阻止诱发癌症的氧原子自由基团。Hopkins大学的研究者约翰指出血液中番茄红素含量低于患胰腺癌的风险是有关联的。于正常的个体相比患胰腺癌的患者番茄红素的含量较低。那些血液中番茄红素含量低的人患胰腺癌的风险是那些血液中番茄红素含量正常的人的五倍。番茄红素存在于西红柿产品中，包括酱油和番茄酱。绿色蔬菜：近期一个意大利的研究表明黑绿色叶类的蔬菜可以降低患某些癌症的风险。菠菜，西兰花，甘兰，黑绿色的油麦菜都富含抗氧化剂，叶酸和叶黄素。一则非常好的经验就是：深色蔬菜含有丰富的抗氧化剂。柑橘类水果：一位来自国际癌症协会的毒理学家HerbertPierson说道要尽可能的多食用柑橘，葡萄柚，黄柠和青柠，他称柑橘类的水果为癌症包因为它拥有各种天然物质并且能够在动物身上独立存在的中立化学类的类胡萝卜素（像类胡萝卜素黄铜等其他）。柑橘类水果尤其能够降低患胰腺癌的风险。一个在瑞典的研究发现，与那些一周吃一次柑橘类水果的人相比几乎每天食用的人可将风险从三分之二降低至一半。十字花科类的蔬菜：十字花科的蔬菜像卷心菜，菜花，布鲁塞尔豆芽，西兰花，甘兰，荠菜和红萝卜，可能会降低乳腺癌的风险。事实上，艾普利协会在奥哈马市内布拉斯加州大学进行的研究表明给动物喂食卷心菜和绿色植物（十字花科植物），结合低脂饮食，可以减少乳腺癌的发病率。生食或者轻微烹饪十字花科蔬菜，久煮可能会破坏其中用来对抗癌症吲哚成分。十字花科蔬菜也可以阻止胃癌和直肠癌的发生。在美国犹他州的调查显示那些经常使用十字花科蔬菜的人比少食的人患癌症的几率百分之七十。大豆：大豆被认为至少含有五种抑制癌症的成分。事实上，其中一种化学成分与能够治疗雌性激素乳腺癌且现在被大量用于临床试验验证是否能够治愈疾病的三苯氧胺相似。在动物实验的研究中，从解剖培养和分离癌细胞的直肠，皮肤中也发现了大豆的成分。麦麸：麦麸可降低患直肠癌的风险。在纽约康乃尔医学中心进行的研究发现每日使用一央司的谷物麦麸可以在六个月内缩小直肠息肉。一些研究者称，更值得注意的是，这么少量的食物在这么短的时间内起作用，并附图解说明饮食干预也可在癌症发病前出现的警告信号之后起作用。低脂牛奶：牛奶中的饱和脂肪可能会诱发某些癌症有些成分可能会阻止其发生。在纽约的罗斯维尔癌症协会研究发现，不惊奇的是，那些喝牛奶的人比不喝牛奶的人在患口腔癌，胃癌，结肠癌，直肠癌，肺癌，膀胱癌，乳腺癌和宫颈癌的几率。但研究发现，那些使用低脂牛奶的人比不喝牛奶的人在患口腔癌，胃癌和直肠癌的几率低。为什么？科学家的猜想是在某些方面的基础物质像钙，维