四级常考语法结构.doc

四级常考语法结构一、 动词的时态1动词的时态可以下表表示：一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在dodoesamare doingishasdonehavehasbeen doinghave过去didwasdoingwerehad donehad been doing将去shall dowillshallbe doingwillshallhave donewillshallhave been doingwill过去将来shoulddowouldshouldbe doingwouldshouldhave donewouldshouldhave been doingwould2.应注意事项（1）、在由if,unless,before,after,as soon as,when,once,until,however等引起的表时间和条件等状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用现在时态表示将来时态。 例：Hell come to see you if he has time tomorrow.（2）、一些表示起始的动词，如begin,come,go,start,arrive,return,sail,end,stop,depart,open,close,be等，可用一般现在时表示按规定，计划或时刻表要发生的情况。 例：The store opens at 8:00 a.m. and closes at 9:00 p.m.（3）、一些表示起始的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive,stay,play,return,have,die等，可用进行时表示将来。 例：I had just finished my work and was starting to take a bath.（4）、be going to, be to, be about to 也可表示将来。 例：Great efforts to increase wheat production must be made if bread shortages are to be avoided.（5）、since 引起短语或从句时，句子或主名的谓语应用完成时（现在完成时、过去完成时），从句的谓语可用过去时和现在完成时。只有在It has been(is)since句型中，主句既可用完成时（has been）也可用现在时（is）。 例：Ever since the Civil War, the status of women has been a live social issue in this country.（6）、由by引导的许多时间状语往往要求谓语部分为完成时态，如 by then, by now ,by the end of ,by the time that 等。例：By the end of this month, we surely a satisfactory solution to the problem.A. have found B. will be finding C. will have found D. are finding 二、动词的语态1英语动词的语态有两种，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态是指句子中的主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。2注意事项（1）、不及物动词没有被动语态。（2）、有些动词形式主动，意思被动。 例：The play reads better than it acts.（3）、主语+need/require/want+doing有被动意义： 例：The watch requires mending.（4）、在hear,make,see,let,have,watch动词后的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动结构，to不能省略。 例：They made him tell them everything.（主动）He was made to tell everything.（被动）（5）、有些系动词如get,become+分词的结构，意思也接近被动语态： 例：Many areas became liberated in the following months.（6）、带宾补的及物动词用于被动句时，补足语位于动词之后。 例：The children made the room beautiful.The room was made beautiful.三、虚拟语气1在非真实条件中的虚拟语气条件从句谓语主句谓语与现在事实相反were/didwould(should,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would(should,could,might)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反were to/shouldshould(would,could,might)+动词原形例：What would you do if you were in my place?2.条件从句中的if若省略，要把were,should,had等词提到主语前。例：The business is risky.But should we succeed,we sould be rich.3.错综时间条件句。条件从句中动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。例：If he were not so careless, he would not have confused salt with sugar.4.有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。这时，也应注意非虚拟语气部份的动词时态。例：He would have given you some help, but he has been so busy.5.其他形式的虚拟语气（1）、由wish引起的宾语从句。当表示对现在和将来的愿望时，从句用过去式或用would/could/might+动词原形；当表示对过去的愿望时，从句用had+过去分词或could/would+完成式。 例：I wish I could go with you, but I have to finish my report.（2）、would (had) rather表示与现在或未来事实相反的假设，从句动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反的假设，从句动词用过去完成式。 例：Betty would rather her boyfriend had come to New York yesterday.（3）、would (just) as soon, would sooner相当于would rather。（4）、had hoped后的从句表示过去未实现的愿望。从句谓语动词用would+动词原形。 例：Christinas parents had hoped that she would become a doctor, but she wasnt good at science.（5）、It is (high/about) time that ，从句中谓语动词常用过去式。 例：Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time ? A. we are going home B. we go home C. we went home D. we can go home（6）、在advise, ask, suggest, demand, require, propose, request, command, order, recommend, insist, desire, urge, direct, maintain, move等表示愿望、建议和命令的动词后的宾语从句，谓语用should+动词原形，should也可省略。 例：We desire that the tour leader us immediately of any change in plans. A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed（7）、在It is+ desired(demanded/ suggested/ required/ proposed/requested/ recommended/ ordered) that等结构后的主语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should也可以省略。 例：It is recommended that the project until all the preparations have been made. A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started（8）、在suggestion, proposal, advice, order, desire, demand, requirement, recommendation(推荐)，plan, decision, motion(提议), idea, resolution(决心)等表示建议、命令、愿望、决心等意思的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should也可省略。 例：My suggestion is that we (should) send a few students to help the other groups.（9）、在某些形容词后的从句中，谓语动词也用should+动词原形，should也可省略。这些形容词主要有necessary, important, essential, advisable, vital, urgent, incredible, desirable, imperative, strange, natural, better, appropriate, insistent, keen等。 例：I dont think it advisable that Tim to the job since he has no experience. A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned（10）、以as if, as though引起的从句中，谓语动词形式与（1）中wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词形式相同。但在look, seem, sound, smell, taste, feel等动词后，as if(though)引起的从句可以表示真实条件句，不需要用虚拟语气。 例：I remember the story as if I had just read it .（11）、以lest, for fear that, in case引起的虚拟从句中，谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should也可省略。 例：She put a coat over her husband for fear that he should catch cold.（12）、but for, without, if not for引起的虚拟句，谓语动词用would/should+现在完成式。 例：Without electronic computers, much of todays technology would not have been achieved.（13）、but that引起的虚拟句，当从句谓语为一般过去时，主句就用should(would/could)+现在完成式。 例：But that she gets rather nervous, she would play the violin better.（14）、以if only表示愿望时，如对现在和将来的假设，谓语动词用过去时或would(could)+动词原形；如对过去的假设，谓语用过去完成式。 例：If he only knew how we miss him!（15）、whether引导的虚拟让步从句中的谓语形式往往用动词原形，而当whether省略时，主谓语需倒装。例：After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.四、情态动词1.在回答may引导的表示允许的这种问题时，肯定多用Yes please或Certainly;否定用Please, dont或No, you mustnt。例：May I smoke here? 肯定：Yes, please./ Certainly. 否定：No, you mustnt.2.may可用来表示祝愿。 例：May you both be happy.3.在回答must引起的问题时，否定答复用neednt或dont have to, 而不用mustnt（表示“一定不要”）。 例：Must I clean all the rooms? Yes, you must. (No, you neednt)4.must只有在肯定句中才表示猜测，在疑问句中和否定句中，要用can或cant。 例：She must be joking.5.need（1）、need 作为情态动词，主要用于否定句和疑问句。对need引起的问题，肯定回答为must。 例：Need I come in? Yes, you must.（2）、need作为实意动词时，可用于各种结构中。主语为人，need后跟to do；主语为事物时，need后跟V-ing或to be done。 例：He needs to have his hair cut.6dare（1）、dare作情态动词，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中；而作实意动词时，可跟不定式，用于各种结构。 例：I wont allow you to swim across the river, even if you dare do it.（2）、I dare say的意思并不是I dare to say(我敢说)，而是和“也许”几乎同意，或等于“我想”。 例：I dare say you are thirsty after the long walk.7.一些情态动词+完成时态could have+ p.p.：表示对过去能做而未做的事感到惋惜和遗憾。would have+ p.p.：表示过去可能发生而并未发生的事。may have+ p.p.：表示对过去的一种推测。must have+ p.p.( cant have+ p.p.：)：表示对过去一种肯定性的推测（括号内为否定性推测）。shoud have+ p.p.：/ought to have+ p.p.：表示过去应做而未做的事。need not have+ p.p.=didnt have to do：表示过去不必做而已做了的事。例：I could have spend the whole vacation with my grandma. I would have said yes, but Julie talked us into staying at home. You may have read about it in the paper. Mary cant have finished the work so soon. I told him that he should have worked much harder. She ought to have been home by now.8.had better+动词原形，这一结构不论用于任何时间，都以had形式出现，否定式为had better not +动词原形。 例：You had better get your visa extended before it expires.9.cant (help/choose) but意为“不得不”，后跟动词原形。 例：We could not (help) but admit it.10.may as well 和might as well意为“不妨”，“还是为好”，后跟动词原形。例：If you dont like to swim, you stay at home. A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well五、非谓语动词1不定式（1）不定式的形式主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have been doing例：The ancient Egyptians are supposed rockets to the moon. A. to send B. to be sending C. to have sent D. to have been sent（2）、不定式的否定式是在to前面加not。（3）、不及物动词不定式作定语时，后面应有必要的介词。 例：Would you please give me some ink to write in?（4）、tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget等动词，以及个别介词后常用一个带连接代词或副词的不定式作宾语。 例：They told us how to bargain at a street market.（5）、It is+ adj. for sb. / sth. to do名型中：形容词只描述该行为的性质。 It is+ adj. for sb. / sth. to do名型中：形容词既描述该行为的性质又可形容行为的发生者。这类形容词有kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, impolite等。 例：It is necessary for me to go now.(necessary 描述行为go 是“必须的”。) It is very wise of you to think so.(wise 指行为think和行为的发生者you两者都“智”。)（6）、某些动词要求跟不定式作宾语，这些动词有afford, aim, agree, attempt, claim, consent, care, decide, demand, decline, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hasten, hope, hurry, intend, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, strive, struggle, tend, undertake, volunteer, want, wish等。 例：Larry pretended not to know how to solve the problem.（7）、当不定式作动词的宾语，而后又跟着宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语。 例：Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.（8）、有些动词后面跟“宾语+不定式”，这时不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, compel, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, instruct, invite, persuade, require, teach, tell, urge, warn等。 例：Mr.Levin did not know how to persuade his son to take over his business.（9）、在make, let, have以及感官动词如see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等后面的“宾语+不定式”结构中，to应该省略。 例：I have heard both teachers and students well of him. A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak（10）、但像think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, prove, understand, declare, take等动词后的“宾语+不定式”中的不定式短语由to be+adj.构成。 例：They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.（11）、be about+不定式和be+不定式，具有将来的含义。（12）、在save, except, than后的宾语，可带to也可不带to。 例：There is nothing to be done except to return.（13）、but后面常跟带to的不定式，只有在do nothing but(别无它法，只有)，can no but(不得不，不禁)，can not help(choose) but(不得不，不能不)，can but（只得，只能）等短语后to 才能省略。 例：Betty was so resolute that we couldnt but let her try.（14）、在there is (are)引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的不定式可用被动式，也可用主动式。 例：There is no money to waste(to be wasted)（15）、独立不定式表明说话者的态度或对整句话进行解释。如to be honest, to be frank, to be precise, to tell you the truth, to be sure, to begin(start) with, to put it another way, to sum up, not to say, to say nothing of , not to speak of等。 例：There were ninety-nine people present, to be precise.2.动名词（1）、要求跟动名词的动词有：appreciate, enjoy, avoid, practice, consider, resent, finish, admit, imaging, deny, escape, miss, postpone, cant, help, mind, quit, risk, recall, delay, suggest等。 例：I would appreciate it a secret. A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep（2）、能跟动名词的常用动词短语有：object to , confess to ,look forward to, be(get) used to , admit to, feel like, approve of, depend on, give up, insist on, keep on, succeed in, think about, think of, refrain from, worry about, put off, persist in, rely on, turn to, adapt to, turn to, dream of, be engaged in, set about, be capable of, be fond of, be keen on等等。 例：Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used late for his lecture. A. to have students B. for students being C. for students to be D. to students being（3）、介词和动名词构成短语作定语修饰名词，这些名词有：way (of), method (of), chance (of), habit (of), opportunity (of), importance (of), process (of), necessity (of), intention (of), honour (of), means (of), surprise (at), astonishment (at), excuse (for), apology (for), plan (for), objection (to), idea (of), experience (in), skill (in), impression (of) 等等。 例：I have no objection the evening with them. A. to spend B. to spending C. of spending D. spending（4）、某些动词后跟动名词和不定式的区别remember doing：记得做了某事（做过了）remember to do：记住要去做某事（还没做）forget doing：忘记过去已做过某事forget to do：忘记要去做某事regret doing：后悔做过某事regret to do：遗憾地或抱歉地要去做某件事stop doing：停止做某件事stop to do：停下正在做的事而去做另一件事try doing：试一试，尝试try to do：努力或设法做某事mean doing：意味着，意指mean to do：打算做某事 例：I remember to help us if we ever got into trouble. A. once offering B. him once offering C. him to offer D. to offer him（5）、动名词的几个常用惯用语，如：It is no use+动名词，It is no good+动名词，cannot help+动名词，on+动名词（一就），There is no+动名词（是不可能的），make a point of+动名词（决心做），be on the point of+动名词（正要时候），There is no point in+动名词（毫无意义）等。 例：I was the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A. to B. on C. at D. in（6）、动词need, require, want等词后的主动态动名词具有被动意义。（7）、注意以下两结构不能混用： prefer+动名词（或名词）+ to + 动名词（或名词） prefer+不定式+rather than + 省去to的不定式 例：I prefer walking to cycling. The heroine preferred to die rather than surrender.3.分词（1）、分词可作定语、表语、状语，有时也作宾补。现在分词有主动意思，过去分词有被动意思，有时表示的时间也不同。 例：The house was very quiet, as it was on the side of a mountain. A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated（2）、分词的否定式是在分词前加not。 例：Realizing that he hadnt enough money and to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A. not wanted B. not to want C. not wanting D. wanting not（3）、see, hear, notice, watch, keep, leave, find, make, get, have, feel, catch, set等+宾语+分词（宾补）。这种结构中，若宾语与分词逻辑上具有主谓关系，该分词用现在分词；若是动宾关系， 则用过去分词。 例：In Australia the Asians make their influence in businesses large and small. A. feeling B. feel C. felt D. to be felt（4）、在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后，既可用现在分词作宾补，又可用不带to的不定式作宾补。两者区别在于，现在分词表示动作正在进行，不定式表示动作发生了，即动作过程已结束。 例：I saw him getting on the car. I saw him get on the car and drive away.（5）、分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致（或主动或被动）。但有时分词可有自己独立的逻辑主语，这时名词（代词）+分词构成独立结构。 例：The speech , a lively discussion started. A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered（6）、介词with+分词，作用与独立结构差不多。 例：After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys to go to school. A. to be encouraged B. been encouraged C. being encouraged D. be encouraged（7）、作状语用的分词短语，可以和若干连词连用，如when, while, after, before, if, wherever, once, until, unless, although, whether, than, thus, as if, as though, no matter how等。 例：Michael used to look hurt and surprised when . A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded（8）、thus+分词作结果状语 例：The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.（9）、有时可用一个分词短语来解释整个句子。这个分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。如generally/frankly speaking, judging by/from, considering等。 例：Judging from his appearance, he must come from Japan.六、形容词和副词1名词前有两个以上的形容词时，形容词的顺序一般按以下排列。但有时可因说话者的态度而变化。（1）（2）（3）（4）（5）限定词序数基数品质形状，大小thefirstthreenicebig（6）（7）（8）（9）（10）新旧，老少颜色国籍材料被修饰的名词oldbrownChinesewoodenchairs 例：Radio, television and press of conveying news and information. A. are the most three common means B. are the most common three means C. are the three most common means D. are three the most common means2.在“数词+名词”，“数词+名词+-ed”和“数词+名词+形容词”这三种由连接符号连接的复合形容词中，名词均用单数。 例：Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the movie could not hold our attention. A. three-hours B. three-hour C. three-hours D. three-hours3.有些形容词只能用to引出比较对象。这些形容词有superior（优于），inferior(次于)，prior(在先的)，junior(年少的)，senior（年长的）等。 例：Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as other musicians. A. superior to B. more superior than C. more superior to D. superior than4.比较级前的修饰词。比较级前可以有表示程序或数量的状语修饰它。a few/ many/ 数字+比较级（+可数名词复数）much/ rather/ a little/a bit/ a great deal+比较级（+不可数名词/形容词/副词）far, some, any, no, lots, a lot 可用于以上两种比较级前作修饰。 例：If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, would be getting sick. A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us5. the+形容词/分词这一结构既可以看作单数又可看作复数。作复数时，表示一类人东东西。 the rich, the living, the wounded6. 系动词look, become, seem, prove, feel, remain, fall, sound, taste, smell, appear, turn, grow, get, stay, act等词后跟形容词作表语。 例：remain silent, prove true, taste bitter7. than 前后为平行成分，表达语法成分也应一致。例：They usually have less money at the end of the month than at the beginning. A. which is B. which have C. they have D. it is 8. 形容词和副词的同级比较的肯定形式为asas，否定形式为not as(so)as，但在同级比较的形容词为same时，前面不用as, 而用the。 例：Waiting for a plane to take off from an airport can often take as long as the trip itself.9. 当同级比较的形容词跟单数可数名词连用时，要注意不定冠词的位置。 例：Exercising is as good a way as any to lose unwanted weight.10可用times + asas或times + 形容词/副词比较级形式+than这两种结构表示倍数。此外，倍数关系还可用times + the/this/that+名词短语和times + what引导的分句等结构表示。 例：Americans eat as they actually need every day.A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much11.more and more 结构表示持续不断的变化，含义为“越来越”。 例：Linda felt herself becoming more and more nervous.12. the more the more结构，即the + 形容词或副词比较级the+形容词或副词比较级（也可以是限定词的比较级形式），含义为“越就越”。 例：The more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.13. 比较结构中可用不定代词one代替可数名词单数，复数为ones；指示代词that和those常用来代替已提到过的名词，以避免重复；助动词do用来避免重复前面的动词。 例：That old lady cared for the wounded soldier as tenderly as she did her own son.七、限定词1all与both的区别。both用于两个人或事物；all用于两个以上的人或事物，还可以用于单数的事物（可数与不可数）之前，表示“整个”、“全体”、“所有的”。all和both都可用of结构，后面是名词时，of省去，若是人称代词时，of不能省。 例：both these two records, both of them, both children all these four records, all of them, all children2.all与whole的区别。whole后面一般不接复数可数名词和专有名词，只可以说the whole morning, the whole of my life, the whole of China(全中国的人)。all如1.中所说，可用于搭配两个以上的人或事物， 也可以用于单数事物（可数与不可数）之前， 表示“整个”、“全体”、“所有的”，如all countries, all night, all the time。 3little, a little只跟不可数名词，few, a few只跟可数名词。但a little, a few表示肯定的意味， little, few表示否定的意味。4many a(n) +单数可数名词=many+复数可数名词。 例：many a time=many times, many a man=many men 。5下列词既可跟复数可数名词，又可跟不可数名词：a lot of, plenty of, a quantity of, quantities of；下列词只跟复数可数名词：many, a coup