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职称英语常考语法点职称英语考试中常考查的语法现象有名词、数词、代词、动词、非谓语动词、介词等,下面对考试中经常要用到的知识做一个总结,希望大家能有所提高。一、 名词(一) 名词的分类英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称,它的第一个字母必须大写。如:Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称,可分为:个体名词(可数,如:worker, father, book, tree, school等);集体名词(可数,如:people, family, class, team等);物质名词(不可数,如:iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等);抽象名词(不可数,如:life, thought, idea, strength等)。(二) 名词的数名词分为可数(有单、复数形式)和不可数名词(只有单数形式)。1、可数名词单数变复数: 一般加s :lesson lessons, pen pens 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es :buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero heroes但有些以o结尾的名词,是加s构成复数:kilo kilos, piano pianos, radio radios, photo photos, zoo zoos 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的改y为i,再加es :city cities, story stories 以f 或fe结尾的,一般将f或fe改为v,再加es :knife knives, leaf leaves但有些以f 结尾的名词,是在f后加s,构成复数形式:belief beliefs, roof roofs, safe(保险箱) safes, proof(证据) proofs, chief chiefs, handkerchief handkerchiefs2、有些名词,不按上述规则构成其复数形式,有以下几种情况: 单复数形式相同:Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep 不规则变化:man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child children, mouse mice, ox oxen 。但是,German Germans 复合名词的复数形式:editor-in-chief editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law daughters-in-law, grown-up grown-ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men drivers3、 注意以下几个名词单复数问题: 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如:fishes各种鱼,fruits各种水果,steels各种钢材。 物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如:a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如:work(工作) works(著作),arm(手臂) arms(军火),glass(玻璃) glasses(眼镜),cloth(布) clothes(衣服)。 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式,表示全家人或夫妇二人;姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词,则表示若干个姓的人。如:the Wangs王家,three Wangs三个姓王的。 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如:physics, mathematics, news, the United States 有些名词形似单数,但实为复数。如:police, people, cattle 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用,如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如:class, family, couple, audience, government, public 有些抽象名词在具体化时,可以复数形式出现。表示特指时,可和定冠词连用;表示“某种”或“一次”意义时,可和不定冠词连用。如:How did you smooth away the difficulties?(指各种具体困难);It is a great pleasure to talk with you.;What a surprise!(三) 名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系,作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“”或“s”。如:Toms bike, Engless (Engles) works, a works school, Womens Day, the editor-in-chiefs office2、如果一个事物为两个人所有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“s”。如:Tom and Mikes room.(共有),Toms and Mikes books.(不共有)。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格,如:todays papers, ten minutes walk4、表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如:the tailors5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如:the window of the room6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系,而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如:the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个,双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词,这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般只能用双重所有格。如:an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of Mrs Greens, the house of one of my friends以-f(e)结尾的名词,在中学课本里,出现了不少。其名词复数形式:有的直接在。f(e)后加s;有的要改f(e)为ve再加-s;个别单词上述两种形式均可(如handkerchiefhandkerchiefs或handkerchieves)。 似乎不易记住这些规则,可你只要 记住下面这首顺口溜,相信你就不会觉得难了。 妻子持刀去宰狼, 小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命, 半片树叶遮目光。 按:顺口溜中的黑体字是中学阶段学过的九个以f(e)结尾的名词:wife(妻子),knife(小刀),wolf(狼),thief(小偷),shelf(架子),self(自己),life(生命),half(一半),leaf(树叶)。这九个词变复数时,都是改-f(e)为ve再加-s。由self构成的复合词,其变化与self相同(如:myselfourselves;yourselfyourselves;himself,herselfitselfthemselves)。二、 数词(一) 数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词,而其他数字表示法如分数,小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。基数词:表示数目的词为基数词,它的构成如下表:范 围特 点实 例112无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319以teen为结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety2199十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine101999百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five(美语中常将and省略)千以上 6275six thousand two hundred and seventy-five;1200twelve hundred(二) 序数词:表示顺序的数词为序数词,它的构成如下表:范 围特 点实 例119各基数词尾加th其中七个例外:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, 其余,如:four forth, six sixth, nineteen nineteenth20,3090把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词,其余用基数词 21st twenty-first, 110th one hundred and tenth(三) 数词的用法:1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表示例英语表示法2001630June 30,2001 30June,2001 30thJune, 20017:25seven twenty-five twenty-five past even12:54twelve fifty four six to one9:15nine fifteen a quarter past nine2:30two thirty half past two21:50twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m.第21twenty-first第123one hundred and twenty-thirda half two and two-fifths 20%20 per cent 20 percent第七路公共汽车Bus Number Seven20%20 per cent 20 percent第七路公共汽车Bus Number Seven第201房间Room 201人民路153号153 Renmin Road 4+8 =12 Four plus eight is twelve11-7=4Eleven minus seven is four.65=30Six times five is thirty.205=4twenty divided by five is four.ABA is more than B.ABA is less than B.ABA is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to B.ABA is not equal to B.2.约数表示法列表含义英语表达例句大于某数more than He has lived here for more than twenty years.overshe is over fifty.or moreTherere thirty people or more in the meeting-room.小于某数less thanI have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.underChildren under seven are not allowed to enter.belowHe would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.or lessThe coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.大约(某数)nearlyShe is nearly fifty now.almostIts almost three oclock.up to Up to ten men can sleep in this tent.or He spent four or five days writing the article.or so The distance is twenty miles or so.aboutI visited that village about three years ago.someTheir team has some four or five players.more or lessThe container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.around/roundLets make it round/around eight oclock.3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表被修饰名词的数英语表达汉译修饰可数名词dozens of 几十、许多scores of 许多many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词)许多、大量hundreds of 数以百计thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万millions of 数百万billions of 亿万修饰不可数名词much , a great (good)deal of ,a large amount of ,large amounts of 许多、大量修饰可数名词或不可数名词a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of , large quantities of 许多、大量(四) 数词的用法数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目,序数词表示顺序。1. 基数词的用法(1) 基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语,例如: Thirty of them are Party members.(主语) - How many would you like? - Three ,please(作宾语) The nine boys are from Tianjing.(定语) Six plus four is ten.(表语) We four will go with you.(同位语)(2) 表示一个具体数字时,hundred, thousand, million一律不用复数;在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如:Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.There are three thousand students in our school.After the war, thousands of people became homeless.Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world. They arrived in twos and threes (3) 表示“十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代,例如: He is in his early thirties He died still in his forties This took place in 1930s(4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如:We get up at six.The workers begin work at eight. 表示“几点过几分”,用介词past,但须在半小时以内。例如:ten past ten,a quarter past nine,half past twelve 表示“几点差几分”用介词to, 但分数须在半小时以上。例如:twenty to nine,five to eight,a quarter to ten 表示“几点几分”还可直接用基数词。例如:seven fifteen,eleven thirty,nine twenty 2. 序数词的用法 (1)序数词主要用作定语,前面要加定冠词,例如: The first truck is carrying a foot baskets John lives on the fifteenth floor (2)序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”,“又一”这样的意思,例如: Well have to do it a second timeShall I ask him a third time? When I sat down,a fourth man rose to speak(3)由几个序数词和基数词在拼写时不对应,很容易写错,应特别注意。它们是:one-first, two-second, three-third, five-fifth, eight-eighth, nine-ninth, twelve-twelfth。(4)表示年,月,日时, 年用基数词表示,日用序数词表示。例如:1949年十月一日读作: October (the) first, nineteen sixty2004年九月十日读作:September (the) tenth, two thousand and four(5)表示分数时,分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时,分母加-s。例如:three fourths,one second,two fifths(6)序数词有时用缩写形式: first1st second2nd third3rd fourth4th twenty-second22nd三、 代词代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。1、人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom lives?Me.What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic”was the largest, wasnt she?2.物主代词(1)名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。(2)ones own=.of ones own句式的转换。(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。如: take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.3.反身代词(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。(2)反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质,beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。Just between ourselves, I dont think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同)Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来。Im very angry with myself.生自己的气。4.相互代词(each other, one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each others 、one anothers ,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。5.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。(1)指示代词this和that的区别。this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.In those days they could not go to school.this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。(2)such和same的用法。such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。Such was the story.We have never seen such a tall building.same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)6、疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose)疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。(1)who/what询问姓名或关系。Who is he? He is my brother./He is Henry.询问职业或地位。What is he? He is a lawyer/teacher.What/who 作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。What is /are on the table?Who is/are in the library?(2)which与who、whatwhich表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7.连接代词和关系代词连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。8、不定代词不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。(1)some与any一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)Some like sports,others like music.(主语) Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)I dont know any of the students.(宾语)特殊用法:any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any child can do that.(定语)You may take any of them.(宾语)some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。Smith went to some place in England.(定语)在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Would you like some bananas?(邀请)Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。I dont know some of the students.(宾语)some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如:There are some 300 workers on strike.Do you feel any better today?(2)one,both,allone作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是ones,反身代词是oneself.One should try ones best to serve the people.(主语、定语)This is not the one I want.(表语)one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如:These books are more interesting than those ones.Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)Both of the boys are here.(主语)We both are students.(同位语)注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film.Both the /these boys are tall.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。Thats all for today.今天就在这儿。They have all been to Xian.他们都去过西安。注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants dont go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。(3)many和muchmany和much都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。(4)few, little; a few, a littlefew和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。(5)no和noneno=not any,表示“没有”,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,no one只能指人。(6)each和everyeach(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)Each of them has been there.(主语)The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)We each got a ticket.(同位语)(7)either和neithereither是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如:Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)Neither boy knows French.(定语)注意:either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesnlike tea, and I dont either.(状语)either与or构成连词,意为“不是就是”或“要么要么”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“noteither”。He cant do it, neither can I. neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.(8)other和another, the others 和othersthe other表示“两者中的另一个”;“the other + 复数可数名词”表示“其余(他)的”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.Some are singing, others are dancing.another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)Please give me another book.(定语)注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes. one another(a second) a thirdthe other意为“一个一个一个一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。someothersothers,意为“一些一些一些”。四、 介 词介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。介词分为三种,一种是简单介词,如at, in, on, beside, to , for等;另一种是短语介词,即由两个以上的词组组成的短语,如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等;还有一种叫二重介词,如until after, from behind等。(一)介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语:The book on the table is mine.2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)3、作表语:My dictionary is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.(二)主要介词区别1、表示时间的at, in, on:at表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 oclock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。2、表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将来时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的through和across:through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在末梢”,“到尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在结束时”,“到末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./

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