Writing备课笔记.doc

Practical English Writing 实用英语写作 Unit 2 Sentence Writing 1Teaching Objectives1. Introduce basic elements of sentence, types of sentence and basic sentence patterns;2. Introduce simple sentence, compound sentence and complex ;3.Learn how to distinguish a dependent clause from an independent clause;4.Learn how to analyze a sentence .I . Basic Elements of a sentence一个英语句子必须具备以下五个要素：表达一个完整的、独立地思想。必须有两个主要成分：主语和谓语结构必须完整以句号或者疑问号或者是感叹号结尾以大写字母开头Read the following. Do you think they are sentences? Why?1. How to send an E-mail. 2. Tom, who studies English. 3. With many houses built in this city. 4. He to get this job finished. 5. Tom finishing his job quickly. II. Five Basic Sentence Patterns1. SV (Subject + Intransitive Verb)The Subject is usually n. or pronoun. The verb is usually vi. or phrasal verbs. This pattern usually has adverbial. The adverbial can be adv., prepositional phrase, infinitive (phrase), participle (phrase), adj. phrase or clauses. In class practice 1-1: 1)她昨天傍晚回家很晚。 2)会议将持续两个小时。 3)在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了 巨大的变化。4)1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 5)每天八时开始上课。 Keys:She went home very late yesterday evening. The meeting will last two hours.Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. Classes begin at eight every day. 2. SVCs (Subject + Verb + Subject Complement)Verb here is link verb. Besides be, a lot of words can also be used as link verb. 表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand, hold, lie, stand.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;The subject complement can be a noun, an adj., a participle, or a prepositional phrase, clauses etc. More examples: Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious.The potatoes went bad in the fields.Their boss seems satisfied with the work.Deep water stays still.The leaves have turned yellow. In class practice 2-1:1冬季白天短，夜晚长2. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。3.他失业了。 4.树叶已经变黄了5.这个报告听起来很有意思KeysIn winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.He is out of work. The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting. 3. SVO (Subject + Verb + Direct Object)Verb here is vt.Object can be n., pronoun, number, gerund (phrase), infinitive (phrase) or clauses etc. More Examples:Tom made a hole in the wall.I dont know if he can come tomorrow.They havent decided where to go next.She stopped teaching English two years ago.在许多及物动词之后，可接动名词作宾语。能跟这种宾语的常见动词有avoid, admit, appreciate, approve, consider, deny, decline, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, postpone, propose, reject, require, resume, risk, quit, recommend等 有些及物动词后接不定式作宾语，如：afford, agree, ask, decide, determine, hope, order, pretend, try, promise, want, wish, learn, desire, choose, expect等。 有些及物动词既可以接动名词也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本相同，如begin, continue, intend, like, prefer, start等。 有些动词如forget, need, remember, stop, try, mean等后接动名词或不定式作宾语时含义不同。 试比较I remember posting your letters. Please remember to post the letters. In class practice 3-1:1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。Keys:1. I wrote a letter last night. 2. I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3. He has read this book many times. 4. They have carried out the plan successfully. 5. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 4. SVOCo ( Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement)Object + object complement = compound object. Object complement can be n., adj., adv., participle phrase, infinitive phrase, prepositional phrase etc. 适于此句型的常见动词有：believe, call, consider, cut, elect, find, have, keep, leave, let, like, make, name, polish, think, want, wish等 ;使役动词(Causative Verbs)have, let, make和感官动词(Perceptional Verbs)feel, hear, notice, see, watch等后接不定式作其宾语补足语时，省略不定式符号to；但当这类动词用在被动语态中时，to则不能省略。动词help后的不定式可带to，亦可不带 to The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。I found it very pleasant to be with your family.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.In class practice 4-1:1.他正在听人讲故事。2. 他一个月理一次发。3.那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 4.他感到很难跟你交谈。 5.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 Keys1. She is listening to someone telling stories. 2. He has his hair cut once a month. 3. The terrible sound made the children frightened. 4. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 5. All of us considered him honest. 5. SVOiOd (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object)Indirect object + direct object = double subjectsOi is indirect object, referring to person (the receiver). Od is direct subject, referring to the thing. 常用于此句型的动词有：allow, bring, buy, fetch, get, give, lend, offer, save, sell, send, show, take, wish等。 间接宾语有时也可以置于直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词 to或for，此时的to或for无实际意义，只起连接作用。 用于这个句型中的一些动词，如advise, show, teach, tell等, 后面接的直接宾语可以在不定式的前面加上疑问代词、疑问形容词或疑问副词等，如what, which, whether, whatever, how, when, where 等。More Examples: 1.The new machine will save you a lot of labour.2.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary. In class practice 5-1:1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。KeysMr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. III Types of sentenceI.简单句(Simple Sentence)简单句有一个主语或多个主语和一个谓语；一个主语和多个谓语。II 并列句（Compound Sentence）指包含两个诸位结构的句子或两个以上互不依存的主谓结构的句子。分句通常由并列连词、逗号、连接副词或分号这三种方式连接在一起。常用的并列连词有and, but, for, nor, or, otherwise, so, therefore, yet等。并列句之间的关系有并列、转折、选择、因果等关系1. 并列关系He is a lovely boy and he is helpful.他很可爱，乐于助人。2转折关系I can come, but will be a little late.我能来，但是要稍晚一些。3. 选择关系Either give a hand, or leave right away.或者帮忙，或者立刻离开。4. 因果关系She is kind to the others, so all of us love her. 她对别人很好，所以我们都喜欢她。III. 复合句（complex sentence）复合句指由一个主句（dependent/main clause)和至少一个从句(dependent/ subordinate clause)构成的句子。复合句中，主句是整个句子的主要部分，从句只是句子的一个成分，从属于主句，不能独立存在。常见的主从复合句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。The car that Baker bought yesterday cost thirty thousand dollars. Although many people were unknown to each other before, they have got acquainted with each other through E-mail. When Jack obtained a credit card, he began spending money carelessly. Scientists wonder what effect global warning will have on the environment. Business is so competitive nowadays that we must improve our efficiency. He seems to make enemies wherever he goes. IV. 复杂句(complicated sentence / compound complex sentence)指一个并列句中的一个或多个分句包含一个或多个从句，或者一个或多个从句包含一个或多个并列句的句子。I did not know what I could do, but I wanted to see what was happening. When we next saw Miss Emily, she had grown fat and her hair was turning gray.IV ExerciseV Assigments Unit 3 Sentence writing 2 Teaching Objectives1. Learn the methods of developing a sentence;2.Learn the quirements on a correct and effective sentence ;3.Introduce parallel sentence,run-on sentence, and fragmentary sentenceI Methods of developing a sentence1. 增添法：1） 用修饰词扩展E.g. Lisa gave me a special gift: a bowl she has made in pottery class. I have something particular to ask you. 2) 用修饰短语扩展A. 用介词短语扩展Example 1:Martin Luther Kong, expressed his dream of freedom. He does it with great feelings. With great feeling, Martin Luther Kong, Jr. expressed his dream of freedom.Example 2:I read the original edition of the book. I want to improve my English reading and writing proficiency. I read the original edition of the book for the purpose of improving my English reading and writing proficiency.Example 3: Everyone must punch in at work.No one can avoid doing that. Everyone must punch in at work without exception.B. 用不定式扩展To be economically prosperous, China will carry out more flexible policies of opening to the outside world.C. 用动名词短语扩展Taking these effective measure will prevent some officials from abusing their power and enjoying special privileges.D. 用分词短语扩展Mr. Henry is annoyed by the poor reception.Mr. Henry decided to get a new antenna. Annoyed by the poor TV reception, Mr. Henry Lee decided to get a new antenna. She was walking along the street.she ran into a college classmate of hersWalking along the street, she ran into a college classmate of hers. 2. 并列法把独立分句连成并列句有以下三种方法：1） 使用并列连词，其句式为：independent clause + Coordinator + Independent clause在第一个分句后应使用逗号。并列连词只有七个：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. 简称FAN BOYS.E.g. The book will not magically turn you into a great writer, but it will help you to master the basics of writing.David has stopped smoking cigarettes. He is now addicted to chewing tobacco. David has stopped smoking cigarettes, but he is now addicted to chewing tobacco.2) 使用连接副词，其句式为：Independent clause; + conjunctive Adverb, + Independent clause并列副词有：furthermore, besides, moreover, also, however, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, otherwise, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, hence.Exams are over; I still feel tense and nervous. Exams are over; however, I still feel tense and nervous. The companys sales increased last year; accordingly, its net profit increased, too.3) 使用分号连接，其句式为： Independent clause; + Independent clauseE.g. Diana studies traditional Chinese medicine in China; she misses her family in England a lot. Around noon Fred found a shady spot under a tree; he stretched out next to the trunk and fell asleep. 4) 用平行结构扩展把两个或更多具有相同语法结构的句子或句子成分以同一语法形式和修饰方式平行地组合起来，表达同等重要的信息，这样的结构就是平行结构.We rushed to the bus station.I failed to catch the bus. We rushed to the bus station but failed to catch the bus. The three most common purposes of writing are to inform, to entertain, and to persuade. 3. 从属法把两个意思有联系但并不同等重要的简单句用某钟手段连接起来，使其中一个句子从属与另外一个句子，从而构成一个复合句。从属法可以更准确地表达作者的意图，使句子的表达形式多样话。1） 用名词从句扩展Whatever a teacher does in the classroom will have a certain effect on his students. What the reporter needs most is an alert mind. I think there must be some misunderstanding between us. It really depends on what kind of media you use. The question is whether the proposal is worth making. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. The Prime Minister made the important statement that there would be a 1.5% rise in income tax in the coming fiscal year. 2) 用形容词从句扩展Fortunately, we have a statistics software that will do all the calculations. Thanksgiving, which falls on the fourth Thursday on November, is one of the biggest American holidays. 3) 用副词从句扩展：时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，方式，比较状语，让步状语，条件状语。Exercises: Combine the following sentences in each set below into a single sentence by either coordination or subordination.II A parallel sentence A parallel sentence is a sentence which balances connected parts by using the same form for ideas joined equally. It can be employed by authors to express paired items, to list items in a series, to bring up emphasis, or to make a transition.Read the following examples of parallelism:1.Our locker room is small, chilly, and dirty. (Parallel adjectives)2.I enjoy playing basketball, football, and hockey. (Parallel nouns)3.Our dog ran across the lawn and under the hedge. (Parallel phrases)4.We requested that he sing our favorite songs and that he allow us to record them. (Parallel clauses)III Correct sentencesThe requirements of correct sentences:1. Completeness in structure2. The right subject3. Agreement between the subject and the predicate verb4. Agreement between pronoun and antecedent5. Clear pronoun reference6.Ending sentences with full stops7. Joining clauses with conjunctions8. A main clause in a complex sentence9. Proper use of comparison10. Correct use of the tensesIV Effective sentencesAn effective sentence should beOne main idea complete in a sentenceClear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentenceBrief and clearKey pointsChange for varietyV A run-on sentence A run-on sentence is one which incorrectly runs together two independent clauses without a conjunction or punctuation.E.g.,*The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well. *The exam was postponed, the class was canceled as well.The exam was postponed. The class was canceled as well.The exam was postponed, and the class was canceled as well.The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well.VI Fragmentary sentences*Buy Dazzle toothpaste. Today. Because it gives you a superstar smile. Dependent-word fragments*After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room.-ing and to fragmentsAt the age of ten I had to recite a poem in church. I was afraid of the adults in the audience. Knowing they would pity me if I forgot my lines. I was also worried that the kids would giggle at me. To make me laugh if possible.Added-detail fragmentsI am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money. For example, poker, bridge.Missing-subject fragmentsWhile sitting in class, she realized she had lost a ring. But happily found it in the womens room after classFaulty parallelism*Her office is small, chilly and with much dirt.Misplaced modifiers*He killed the wasp with a newspaper.Dangling modifiers*To appreciate the English language, some reading must be done.Some features of an effective sentence in English are listed in this chapter.VII Exercises VIII Assignments Unit4 Paragraph writing1Teaching objectives1 Learn the features and components of a standard paragraph;2 Introduce types of paragraphs.I . DefinitionA paragraph is a group of orderly sentences that develop one central idea completely. It may be a part of an essay or it may stand alone like a mini essay. It may be long or short.1. Feature of an effective paragraph: unified, coherent, specific, and adequately developed.2.The components of a standard paragraph: a topic sentence, and supporting sentencesII. Types of paragraphsA. Independent paragraphAn independent paragraph is an isolated one which has its own separated existence and it is like a complete essay by itself.Components: a topic sentence; supporting sentences and a concluding sentenceE.g. editorial pages of newspapers or comments on current events.I believe that the Chinese people possess all the mental and physical qualities required for national greatness. They love the land of their birth with reverence; they believe in their own superiority. They are fine men, endowed with great powers of endurance; they are industrious and thrifty. Absolutely indifferent to hardship and death, they are fearless and brave, and when well trained and well led, they make first-rate soldiers. I have seen them under fire, and found them cool and undismayed by danger. B. Special paragraphsIn an essay, there are often special paragraphs which begin it, link parts within it, or end it. Why are they special?In form and in function.1.Introductory paragraphs: Interest-getters, 2.Transitional paragraphs: pointers,3.Concluding paragraphs: clinchers.They are not fully developed units of a discussion.1.An introductory paragraphIts main purpose is to introduce the subject under treatment.A thesis statement is a single sentence which states clearly the main idea of a whole essay. It appears at the beginning of an essay, stating the theme, and also briefly expressing the way of development to be followed.It startles the readers and makes special effort to interest them. Some examples to illustrate the ways of writing an introductory paragraph:a. Stating the theme in the form of a challenging question and hinting at its importance:Into what is a modern girl to grow? Many a psychologist or educator today will find few questions more recurrent or more troubling than this one if he stops to consider it.b. Stating the topic and pointing out the two subtopics that are to be treated: This book is a collection of short stories by Southern writers. That involves two questions which more than once had to be considered in the making of this book. What is a Southern writer and what is a short story?c. Stating the theme and indicating the way of development to be followed:The main purpose of this book is to examine the lines and productions of such British poets as have gained reputation within the last forty years. Incidentally, I hope to derive from the body of their verse, -so various in form and thought, - and from the record of the aim and province of the art of poetry, and not a few striking illustrations of the poetic life.d. Stating the theme and describing a problem in the form of a brief representative incident: A group of youngsters the oldest was 14 formed a circle and solemnly inhaled on a Turkish water pipe until their eyes were glazed and distant. All of them were deep-tanned, sun-bleached, sports-playing California-affluent-junior-high-schoolers, good students and normal children whose parents thought, they were on a picnic.2. Transitional paragraphIt is a whole short paragraph that serves as a transition between the main divisions of the subject.It appears somewhere in the middle of a paper to mark the close of one division and suggest the readiness to take up another. It is like a bridge linking together the two banks of a river.a. Summing up before starting another division: Well, thats how it was before “she” came into my life. Now let me tell you what its like to be married to a Honda.b. P