巧记口诀学英语.doc

巧记口诀学英语随着英语在世界各地的日常生活和工作中的地位日益重要，它不再只是升学的基本要求，更重要的是，它已经成为我们在这个日渐激烈的“地球村”上更好生存的本领。语言是交流思想的工具，世界上的任何语言都是按照一定规律构成的，要学好英语就得学好英语的语法规律，这样才能领会英语语言的含意，正确地使用它。笔者在多年的教学中不断进行摸索和总结，归纳出一些行之有效的记忆口诀，仅供大家参考。口诀朗朗上口，易于记忆，简于运用，是学好语法的便捷途径之一。一.词性n. 名 v. 动 (Vt.及物watch Vi.不及物 ) adj. 形 adv.副 口诀:英语词类有十种，所做成分各不同，冠介连词和感叹，名代副动数形容。形饰名，副饰副、动、形，它们关系要记清，搭配之时不发蒙。Tom is a careless boy. (形容词) He often does things carelessly.（副词） His carelessness causes him a lot of trouble，（名词）but he didnt care. （动词）二.含be动词的句子：我用am, 你用are , is连接他，她，它。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。便否定， 很容易， be后not加上去。变疑问，往前提，大写之余问号莫丢弃。This is my book. It isnt your book. Are you ten? Yes, I am. No, Im not.Is this your pen?Yes, it is. No, it isnt.These are my teachers.Those are my classmates.三.含行为动词的句子：遇到疑问，如有动原，阿do出现；动词s随三单，一人一物也包含。疑问否定略不同，does (not)记心间。小心动词须还原。1. I love you. I dont know.2. Do you know? Yes, I do. No, I dont.3. He works hard.4. Does he like apples? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.5. He doesnt do his homework.四.疑问句语序：疑问词放开头，助do, does跟在后，人称主语跟着走，动词原形不要丢，其他词放在后，不划问号不罢休。1. -Where do you live? - Where does he live?2. When do you go to school? I go to school at 7.3. When does he go to work? - He goes to work at 8. 4. How does he go to school? By bus. 5. - How do you spell it?五祈使句：动原开头祈使句，表达命令与客气，主语是you常略去。否定Dont放在先，Lets用we记心间。Sit down, please. Be careful next time.Dont ( you ) forget it.Lets go home together, shall we?Let us have a rest, will you?六语音1. 较为重要的20个元音，可以这样记忆。 J aJIue eIaICI（鹅屋里住着三只小鹅） （这间屋子里住着它们的三个阿姨女主人）B：i：u:R： （ 啊！一屋好鹅）QIueCA（小鹅们在唱短音歌）要熟悉开音节和闭音节中元音字母的发音情况，多记住一些字母组合的发音。 er, or在词尾常发 worker, sister, mother, igh中gh不发音：light, right, night, fight, might, trtrtrip tree, drdrdress drink ,thrWrthree through, venvnseven inventiontionFEn nation information tiontFEnquestion suggestion sion VEn decision conclusionture tFE future picture sh F she fish, edidwanted neededblebltable terrible,dledlnoodle middle， plepl apple people stlesl whistle castle th W thin through，thT weather whetherchtFcheap catch watch qukwquite questionphfphoto laugh， ingiNsing playingsonsnperson lesson sonznreason season带有oo的词 多发u:和u：1. 多读常音加食物， 2. k,d前脚短u读，3 血水成灾惊呼，4.非重room短u读. 口诀释意：1. 在多数单词中发u:，如：moon, spoon 在食物food 中也发u:2. 在字母k,d前和脚foot 中发u，如：childhood, stood, wood, look, good, foot 3. 在血，水灾中发，如：blood, flood 4. 在含有room的合成词中，多发u如：classroom, dining-room七名词单复数：名词不许光秃秃， 不用冠词用复数。事物一个与a 连， 遇到元音an放前,或视语境复数变。 变法：一般词尾+s, es跟在 s, x, ch, sh后面。（stomachs是特例）以0结尾不一样，若有生命尾巴长。变y 为i es, 元音可不是这样。（ boys）ves 替 f(fe), 几个特例+s.中日不变英法变，其余后面+s. (craftmen)没有规则特殊记，单复同形巧计忆。名词单数做定语，man 与woman不一样。He comes from poor family. （）a university student an honest boybuses, boxes, watches, bushesphotos, zoos, heroes, tomatoes, potatoesfamilies, boyswives, thieves, leaves, roofs，safesEnglishmen Frenchmen, Germanschild- children foot- feet tooth- teeth ox- oxen sheep- sheep fish- fish deer- deermeans- means species- speciesseries- seriesa girl student two girl studentsa man teacher two men teaches八冠词： （1）the的用法：. 沙漠、河流与群山， 乐器、建筑、海洋、船；2. 姓氏复数全家人， 序数词最高级前；3. 抓打人体某部位， 带language 指语言；4. 独一无二发明物， 整十年代单位前；5. 过去分词形容词， 专有名词含普通；6. 抽象名词限定语， 定冠可添不可删。口诀释意：1. 表示沙漠、河流与群山，乐器、建筑、海洋、船的词前多用the。eg: the Huang river ；the Alps; the piano; the pacific; the Titanic2. the + 姓氏复数表示全家人或夫妇二人，序数词、形容词和副词最高级前加theeg: the Turners; the first; the most beautiful3. 抓、打人体的某部位，常表示为：eg: lead sb.by the hand; catch sb. by the arm; hit sb. in the face带language 指语言: English = the English language4. 世界上独一无二的东西或谈及发明物时常用the。eg: the moon, the earth, Who invented the phone? 整十年代或单位前，eg: in the 1990s, by the hour5. 过去分词或形容词前加the, 指一类人。由几个普通名词构成的专有名词，需带the. eg: the rich, the poor, the wounded, the Great Wall, the North Street Hospital6. 抽象名词后有限定语时，前面加the.eg: The little money that he earned wasnt enough.（2）a, an 用法一类人物中一个， 相当any表类别，某人某物非具体， 单位前面表每一，又一，再一序数前，多少一点固定短，一个式的不一般。eg; A child needs love. I have a pen.There is a Mr.Wang waiting for you.We work eight hours a day.If you fail for the first time, why not try a second time? a little/ a bit a good many / a great manyHe is a Lei Feng in our class.(3)不用冠词的情况：专用，抽象和物质，一般情况不加冠，前有代词作定语，周月季年节假天，复数名词表一类，称呼职位头衔前，习惯用语by交通，棋牌球类与三餐，前面不把冠词添。China, love, waterThis is my book. Teachers DayThis week spring, in 1997, in JanuaryBooks are my best friends.We made him monitor.go to school, in town, on foot, by busplay chess, play football, have lunch九物主代词：形代修饰名，不可独立用，名代独立行，可做主宾表。一变，二不变，其余加s.My your his her its our your their Mine s his s its s s sThis is my book. That is yours.十介词加时间：at用于时刻前，on后则加某一天，某日上午、下午和晚上，依然跟在on后边。周月季年长时间，in需放在其前面。at six, on Monday, in the morning,on Monday morning, on the evening of May 1st in June, in spring, in 1995介词加地点：前后at,左右on,排和中间in不忘。包含in,接壤on,相隔遥远to莫忘。over, under要垂直，above在上，(below在下)挨着的东西用on（beneath在下）at the front of, on the / my left in Row One, in the middletake out a ball from under the deskA plane is flying over the forest.the books on the desk常用介词：将来时态in以后，小处at,大处in,有形with,无形by,语言材料使用in,on后常接动名词，of之前on代in.He will be back in three days.He wrote a letter with a pen.He makes a living by pen.Can you sing in English?On his arrival, they set out.= As soon as he arrived, on the morning of May 1st表面除去也包括，besides一定不会错，真的除了except, 后有从句用that。加for异类记心中，位于句首也适用。Can Tom speak other languages _ English?Everyone _ Tom went to the zoo.He is a good man_ hot temper.I know nothing about him _ he is from BJ.I often bike to school_ it rains.十一：时态和语态(1)一般将来时：将来will加动原，临时决定是考点.be going to do想、打算，根据迹象表判断。主将从现亦不难，时间状从、if 条件。时空转移也好办，现在进行来替换。后天下周或明年，未来并不很遥远。How soon提问(in加)时间段。1.Im sorry, I forget. Ill tell him now.2.Im going to be a doctor in the future.3.Look at the clouds, its going to rain.4.Ill tell him when he comes back.5.If you work hard, you will succeed.6. Tom is coming for dinner tomorrow.7.-How soon will she come back? -In three days.标志词：the day after tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future(2) 一般过去时：一般过去+ed, 直、双、去、改较容易，没有规律特殊记；did ( not ) 加动原，疑问否定很安全；昨天、去年、上星期，刚才、过去与具体，标志词语记清晰。1. -What did you do yesterday? - I played football.2. Where did he go on vacation? He stayed at home.3. Did she watch TV last weekend? - Yes, she did. No, she didnt. 4. He didnt do his homework.5. - How was your weekend? - It was OK.标志词： yesterday, last year ,last week, just now, in the past, the other day, 3 days ago现在进行时：现在进行容易错， be放前面莫错过。目前阶段与现在， 强烈感情与色彩。1. What are you doing? Im watching TV.2. Whats she doing? Shes reading.3. Listen! What are the two girls talking about? 4. Im visiting here these days.5. Why are you always coming late?标志词： now, at present, listen, look(3) 现在完成时： have 已经后加done, 动作完成有影响。标志词语切莫忘：1. for后常加时间段， How long提问记心间。2. since 则加时间点， v.ed 是考点。3. have been to 与ever, 从未去过用never.4. so far目前高考见，（up to now）just刚刚已( already)出现。5. 否定yet 、近些年（in the past / last few years),6. 最近两词有关联（ recently, lately).7. 短暂动词亦不难， 不与How long ,for 相连， 借助be等来实现。1. We have learned English for six years. How long have you learned English? 2. Tom has worked here since ten years ago. It has been ( is ) two years since I came here.3. I have ever ( never) been to the Great Wall.4. So far they have built ten buildings. I have already ( just ) finished my homework.5. Great changes have taken place in the past few years. I havent finished my homework yet. 6. Where have you been recently (lately)?7. They have been married for two years. The bird has been dead for three days.（4）被动语态1. 一般现过用be done, be 有人称、时、数变。2. 现在完成have done，被动将been放中间。3. 现在进行被动态，be 后加上being done.4. 将来情态很简单， be done直接加后面口诀释意：1. 一般现在时： am/is/are+P.P； 一般过去时： was/were+P.PEnglish is taught in our school by him.Many trees were planted by us last year.2. 现在完成时：have/has+been+P.Peg: Satellites have been sent up into space by many countries .3. 现在进行时态：is/am/are+being+P.Peg: Class 6 is being taught by Mr. Wang.4. 一般将来时：will +be +p.p 情态动词 +be +P.Peg: Class 6 will be taught by Mr. Wang.Many more trees should be planted by us.十二 非谓语动词（1）某些动词后接v.-ing / to do 的区别：1喜欢to do一次性， 习惯则要用doing。2打算去做mean to do, 意味doing要记清.3.尚未发生用to do, 记得做过用doing，忘记、停止也相同。4.try 后to do 是努力，试试doing 记分明。5.遗憾告诉用to do, 后悔做过用doing.6.不能帮忙做某事，cant help ( to ) do要记清，情不自禁变doing.(2) 动词后只接v.-ing 作宾语：面对、讨厌， 想像、喜欢，不停、思念（错过）考虑、建议， 避免、冒险， 完成、操练，否认、放弃， 忍受、推延， 介意，原谅， 感（激）动名添。1. face, dislike, imagine, enjoy/ feel like, keep, miss2. consider, suggest, avoid / escape, risk, finish, practice3. deny, give up, stand, put off, mind, forgive, appreciate (3)to 结尾的动词短语后只接v.-ing /n.：习惯get/ be used to 奉献 devote to 盼望look forward to 开始get down to 注意pay attention to 导致lead to接近get / be close to 坚持stick to记忆：习惯奉献（的人），总盼望（工作）开始注意（可能）导致（身体）接近（亚健康）坚持（体育锻炼）(4)非谓语巧记：分词与谓主语同，其次鉴别主被动.doing主动或进行; ed被动或完成, 常有by随后行.已经完成having done, 被动将been放其中,后置定语行不通.注意区分being done ，动作进行要记清.将来被动to be done, 尚未发生记分明.目的状语用to do，表示为了只它行.形容词后表原因，出乎意料之结果，顺乎自然用doing.佳句记忆：1.Watching TV, we heard the bell ring. () Watching TV, the bell was heard to ring.()2.Tom came in, singing. Facing the sea, the old man sat on the rock smoking.3.Tom came in, followed by a little dog. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.4. falling / fallen leaves boiling / boiled water developing / developed countries5. Having finished his homework, Tom went out to play.Having been made into films, the novel became famous. The trees having been planted ()6.The meeting being held now is very important. The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.7. To pass the exam, we work hard. 8. Im sorry to hear that . Im sorry to have troubled you so much.9.He hurried to school, only to find nobody is there.The fans hurried to the hotel, only to be told the singer had gone.10.It rained heavily, causing great damage. European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.* 分词否定，not doing.Not having received an answer ,he decided to write another letter.* 及物无宾语，一定用被动.Asked to work overtime, I missed a wonderful film.系无被：Tasting good, the apples sell well.十三 情态动词和虚拟语气(1)情态动词的基本用法：情态动词须加(动)原, 现在、过去无三单；变疑问，往前提；变否定，更容易，加上not 就可以；could 比can 更委婉，回答用can很方便。Hurry up, or you may late. （）1. Can you swim? Yes, I can. No, I cant. I cant swim.2. Could you lend me your bike, please? Yes, I can.（2）情态动词表推测时的用法1. 情态动词表推测， 后面直接加原形。2. 语气最强must； may, might相对则较弱。3. 疑问否定多用can， 陈述一时之可能。4. 推测过去have done， 否定忌用mustnt。口诀释意：1. 情态动词表推测时，后面直接跟动词原形。2. must 语气强烈，意为必须；may语气较弱，意为也许，might 语气更弱。eg: He must be in the office now.He may / might be in the office now.3. can表推测时多用疑问句和否定句，用于陈述句时往往表示有时可能。Someone knocks at the door. Who can it be? Kunming is called “Spring City”, but it can snow in winter.4. 表示对过去的推测要用情态动词加上have done的形式 eg: She might have gone to Shanghai.It must have rained last night. 进行否定推测时不能使用mustnt eg: It cant have rained last night.He must be ill today, isnt he?It must have rained last night, didnt it ?You must have had your breakfast, havent you ?I dont think he could have done such a silly thing last night, didnt he ?（3）考点链接：1.成功做到able to, 2.过去常常用would.3.If will表愿意， 4.征求意见shall多。5.二三人称表许诺， 6.警告命令与威吓。7.居然，应该用should, 8.表示推测按理说。9.“非要”使用must, 10.may表祝愿动词多。11.事实相反have done, should, would与could ,有时还需用need.1.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone _ get outC. could D. was able to 2.He would take a walk by the lake when he studied at BJ University.3.If you will wait, Ill go to look for our boss.4.-The room is so dirty. _we clean it ? -Of course. A. Will B. Shall C. Do D. Would5.The boss said to the secretary, “If you work well, you _have a rise.” A. must B. shall C. ought D. would6.If you park, youll be fined.7.No one imagined that the poor man in rags should be a millionaire.8.Your photo should be prepared before 2 in the afternoon.9.Why must you be so lazy? 10.May you succeed!11.1)You should/ought to have helped him. ( but you didnt )2)You oughtnt to/shouldnt have told the secret to her.3)You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.4)You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.(4)虚拟语气1. 现实相反之假设， 实动过去be用were， 主句动原与would。2. 过去事实若相反， had (been ) done成定则, 主句would have done ， 偶尔should, might与 could。3. 将来事实若相反，记住were to与should， 或与现在同原则。 *口诀释意：1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去式，be用were,而主句中的谓语动词用“ would ( should, could, might ) + 动词原形。 eg: 1.If I were you, I should buy it. 2.如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 If I had time, I would study French. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. 2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用had + 过去分词，主句中的谓语动词用“ would ( should, could, might ) + have + 过去分词。 eg: 1. If I had been free last Sunday, I would have visited you already.If I had been given more time, I could have done it better.2. If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.3. 表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词与“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同，或者用“were to ( should ) + 动词原形”。1.If I were to / should do the job, I would do it some other day.2.If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping. 3.If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 虚拟的其他情况：1. order / command, advise, suggest, insist, demand / require The doctor suggested ( that) he ( should ) stop smoking. * suggest insist2. An order came that all the soldiers should leave the next morning.My suggestion / advice was that we leave for London immediately. 3. Its important / necessary that we should keep the classroom clean.4. Its a pity that he should be so proud.Its strange that he should know nothing about it.5. Without air, there would be no life.But for your help, I couldnt have succeeded.6. He walked as if he were a young man.7. Its ( high / about ) time that we left.8. Id rather you came here earlier tomorrow.9. Would you mind if I smoked here?10. If only I were as young as you.十四 数词和主谓一致数词： 基变序，1，2，3， t,d,d; 八去t, 九去e, f 要把ve 替。整十变y为 ie， th 永远莫丢弃，几十几，很容易，十位不变个位序。eg: first, second, third fifth, twelfth, twentieth, twenty first具体数字放百前， 百后不把s添， 如若需指用of, s 跟在百后面， 百有零头用and, - 放里边。eg: two hundred hundreds of two hundred and thirty one就远原则: 包括多多，除了，不是，和，没有and,就远原则 A B _ 和A 一致including, except, but, besides, in addition to,tather than, as well aswith, together with, along witheg： Tom together with his children is coming to China soon.十五 定语从句：(1)定语从句二合一， 两套主谓要整齐。that 用法单独记， who做主宾皆可以。which只把物来替， whose所属人物齐。of which记清晰， 名词有the方可以。从句成分若整齐， 时、地、原因做状语。when与where很熟悉， reason 与why更默契。小小逗号作用大， 非限定从必有它，其后that很可怕， 改错常常就考它。As正如放在先， 指代句子非等闲，which指代放后面 。1. A friend is a person who loves you.2. The man who/ whom I talked with is our teacher.3. These are the trees which were planted last year.4. This is the picture whose color is blue.5. This is the picture of which the color is blue.6. Ill never forget the day when I went to college.7. This is the house where I lived years ago.8. Do you know the reason why she didnt come？9. The earth is round, which / as is known to all. As is known to all, the earth is round.定语从句 （that的用法）(2)that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但下列情况, 一般用that而不用which。1.若指人、物双方面，2.不定，序数，最高前，3.only, last, very, same4.有which, who等要替换 5.用做表语也常见口诀释意： 1. 先行词既有人又有物eg: We talked of the things and persons that we remembered.2.先行词被all, any , no, little, much, very,every, some, few, none 等修饰时, 或本身是不定代词。Ive read all the books that are not mine. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the most moving film (that) I have seen3. 先行词被the only / last /very /same, 修饰时。This is the very book that belongs to him.4.以 which, who作主语的特殊疑问句中的定语从句中Who is the man that is reading a book there? Which is the magazine that you borrowed from the reading room?5. 当先行词在定语从句中做表语时, 无论是人还是物China is no longer the country that she was.十六 名词性从句(1)宾语从句： 动介形后宾从现，导词、语序很关键。导词位于宾从前， 陈述语序记心间。that后加陈述句， 啥都不做可略去。whether、if加一般(?)，表达是否是考点。特殊疑问最简单， 陈述语序便安全。 两个成分译为所, what一定不会错。 主句时态若为现， 任何时态可出现。主句过去留神看， 相应过去来替换。 客观真理则不然。佳句记忆：I think (that) Miss Wang likes us very much. Im afraid (that) I have made a mistake.2. I wonder if / whether I can learn English better.3. Please tell me how I can learn English well. / where you live.4. I love what you love. What I need is time ( money).She said that she was doing her homework / she had finished her homework. / she would give me a photo. the sun rises in the east.(2)主语从句、表语从句:主语从句放在先，表语从句be后面。that加陈（述句）是考点，决不省略记心间。只用whether加一般。1. That spring is coming is known to us.2. Whether there is life on Mars hasnt been known.3. The fact is that English is very easy.4. The problem is whether I have enough time.5. What I love is that you are honest.6. What surprised me was why he didnt come.whether 用法介词之后，不定前，or not连用也安全。主、表、同位引导词，whether是否记心间。1. Whether the party will be held in theopen air depends on whether it is a fine