英语五种基本句型.docx

个性化辅导讲义梦航教育英语教研组编订英语五种基本句型 构成句子成分有主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等主要结构。英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但其实都是五种基本句型变化而来。所有英语句子都可以看成是这五种基本句型的扩大、组合、省略或倒装。因此掌握这五大句型，是掌握其他各种英语句子结构的基础。英语句子依其组合方式可分为以下五种基本句型，句子成分的表示法为： S：Subject(主语), V：Verb(动词),O：Object(宾语), IO : Indirect Object(间接宾语), DO: Direct Object(直接宾语), P：Predicative(表语), OC： Object Complement(宾语补足语)。所谓及物动词就是动词有动作的对象，某个动作针对动作的承受者某个人或物而进行；所谓不及物动词就是指动词没有动作的承受者，即没有动作对象。五种基本句型见下表（S主，V谓，O宾，P表，IO间宾 ，DO直宾，OC宾补）：种类 句型 例句 第1种 S+V We work. (不及物)第2种 S+V+O He plays the piano. (及物)第3种 S+V+P We are students. (系动词)第4种 S+V+IO+DO She gave me a pen. (及物)第5种 S+V+O+OC He made the boy laugh.(及物)一、第1种句型：S+V(主语+不及物动词)Birds fly.鸟飞。主语谓语(不及物动词)He runs in the park.他在公园里跑。主语谓语地点状语(不及物动词)此句型是“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。因为是不及物动词，后面当然不能带宾语了，但是可以有状语来修饰。例如上面例句中的in the park就是地点状语。Class begins.(begin在句中是不及物动词)上课了。We begin our class at eight.我们八点钟开始上课。该句则属于第2种句型，begin在句中是及物动词，由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。常见不及物动词(必背！)：sleep睡觉walk步行swim游泳happen/take place发生go去come来work工作laugh笑sta呆在arrive到达二、第2种句型：S+V+O(主语+及物动词+宾语)My father read the book.我父亲读过那本书。主语 谓语 (及物动词) 宾语注意：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词短语，后面就可以加宾语了。You must listen to me.你必须听我的。(Listen是不及物动词。但加上to之后，listen to可以看成一个及物动词。)可以带宾语的动词是及物动词，可以充当宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词及宾语从句等。She likes English.她喜欢英语。(名词作宾语)I know him very well.我非常了解他。(代词作宾语)(同第一种句型一样，本句型可以有状语、定语修饰)They want to go.他们想走。(不定式作宾语)He stopped writing.他停下笔。(动名词作宾语)The teacher advised that we learn English well.老师建议我们学好英语。(宾语从句)三、第3种句型：S+V+P (主语+系动词+表语)He became a scientist.他成为一个科学家了。主语 谓语(系动词)表语be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语， 表示“是”，“变成”等意思。 表语通常是名词或形容词等。It grew dark.天变黑了。They are honest.他们是诚实的。His face goes red.他的脸变红了。He became a scientist.他成为了一个科学家。注意 ：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些实义动词在表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这些词有：keep保持，look看起来，feel觉得，smell 闻起来，sound听起来，taste尝起来，grow/get/go/turn变得remain 仍然是四、 第4种句型：S+V+IO+DO （主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语） He gave Tom a present.他给了汤姆一件礼物。主 谓(及物) 宾(间接) 宾(直接)Give it to me.把它给我。谓(及物) 宾(直接) 宾(间接)及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象（参见第2种句型）。但有些动词，除了直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，这个间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，也可以说是间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当。We sent them a telegram.我们给他们打了个电报。主 谓 宾(间接) 宾(直接)有时可以把间接宾语放于直接宾语之后，但要用介词to或for放于间接宾语之前。He gave me an apple. He gave an apple to me.他给我一个苹果。My father bought me a bike. My father bought a bike for me.爸爸给我买了辆自行车。但如果直接宾语是人称代词如it或them时，必须把间接宾语置于直接宾语it或them之后。He passed it to the girl.他把它递给了那个女孩。His mother made them for him.他妈妈为他制作了它们。(必背！)常带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词(分为A、B两类)：A：动词后加to: (动作直接针对某人而进行)give给show给看send寄，打电报bring带来read读pass递给lend借给leave留给hand交给tell告诉return把还给 write给写信B: 动词后加for: (为了某人而进行该动作)buy给/为某人买draw替/给某人画make为某人制作【秘诀】“七给”“一带”to不少，“买”“画”“制作”for来了。【说明】常跟双宾语的动词“七给”(give, hand，lend, pass, show, send, write)和“一带”(bring)8个及物动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上to。即：“vt.+something +to+ somebody”。buy，draw，make三个动词，在直接宾语前置时，则必须在后面加for，构成“vt.+something +for+ somebody”句型。关于是否接to 或者接for ，一般都是语言习惯用法的问题，英文中习惯怎么用，就应该怎样来用，没有什么道理可讲。 另外关于to, for 区分的基本原则： to (表示动作对什么人而做)， for (表示动作为什么人而做) 。Read the first paragraph to me.把第一段读给我听。(用to表示读的动作是对我而做的)五、 第5种句型：S+V+O+OC(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)有些动词，后面跟复合宾语(在英语中，这样的动词也不多)，也叫宾语补足语，是补充说明宾语在动词谓语的动作中作出进一步的行为动作来或产生某种状态。宾语跟宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是宾语补足语的动作或状态是宾语执行或产生的。作宾语补足语的词很多，有名词、非谓语动词、形容词、介词短语、补足性副词等。所谓补足性副词是指带有趋向性质的副词，如：away, down, in, on, out, up等。This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语)What do you advise me to do？你建议我干什么？(不定式)He found his new job boring. 他发现他的新工作乏味。(形容词)They called their daughter Mary.他们不女儿取名为玛丽。(名词)We thought him to be an honest man.我们原以为他是个老实人。(to be)Did you notice him come in？你注意到他进来了吗？(不带to的不定式)He believed her to be telling the truth.他认为她在撒谎。(不定式的进行式)We went to her house but found her out.我们去她家那，但发现她外出了。(补足性副词)He believed them to have discussed the problem.他相信他们讨论了那个问题。(不定式完成式)【秘诀】不定式，作宾补，下列词后省去to：一“感”二“听”四“看见”外加三个“小使役”，保你永远会记住。【说明】“一感”指feel。“二听”指hear, listen to。“四看见”指notice, observe, see, watch。 三个“小使役”指have, let, make三个使役动词。在这些动词后有不定式作宾补时，不定式的符号to往往要省去。 I saw her chatting with Nancy.我看见她在跟南茜聊天。(现在分词做宾补)He watched the piano carried upstairs.他观看钢琴被抬到楼上去了。(过去分词做宾补)注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it做形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。He felt it his duty to mention this to her.他感觉到把这个向她提及是他的职责。分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。I think it best that you should stay with us.我认为最好你应该跟我们呆在一起。分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。注意：1. 习惯用语的使用在英语中，有很多动词习惯用语，在学习的过程中，要注意它们的使用，不必分析单独每个词的使用。We are short of money.我们缺钱。(be short of中short做表语)She is always making trouble for her friends.她老是给她朋友惹麻烦。(trouble做make的宾语)We are waiting for the rain to stop.我们在等雨停。(wait for后面的the rain是宾语，to stop是宾语补足语)He has carried out our instructions to the letter.他把我们的指示都写到信里了。(our instructions作词组carry out的宾语)2. 在英语中，大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词，而且还会有一些固定词组，因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。ask： She asked them their names.她问他们名字。(接双宾语) Did you ask the price? 你问价格吗？(直接接名词做宾语) I asked to speak to Fred.我要求同弗雷德谈话。(接不定式做宾语) Didnt you ask him in? 难道不能喊他进来？(在此句中和副词in连用) He has asked for an interview with the President.他要求采访总统。(组成固定词组ask for) I asked James to buy some bread.我要求詹姆斯买些面包。(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)3. There be句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为“某地方有” 谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.起居室里有一台电视机。 有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.有两男孩和一女孩在大厅里跳舞。 主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done. 有许多问题面对我们；有很多事情要做。(此处也可以使用to do). 谓语动词be可以有时态的变化：There will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him.今晚在公园里将有一场音乐会；他没有什么变化。 谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。There used to be a cinema here.这里以前有一家电影院。Is there going to be any activity tonight? 今晚将有任何活动吗？There seems to be something the matter with her.她似乎有什么麻烦。 there be句式变疑问句，把be提前；变翻译疑问句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job? 有没有希望弄份工作吗？There is nothing wrong with your watch, is there? 你手表没有什么毛病，是吗？ there be句型中也可以使用诸如：come, exist, follow, live, sit, stand等不及物动词：There came a knock at the door.有人敲门。At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.山顶上有座庙。Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman on the island.从前，岛上有个渔民。 用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being：There being nothing else to do, we went home.无事可做，我们回家了。(独立主格结构)You wouldnt want there to be another war.你们不要想再来一次战争。(不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.他作业里没有错误老师很满意。(动名词的复合结构)巩固性练习: 请判断下列句子的结构类型 1. He is running. 2. The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry. 3. The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions. 4. She seemed angry. 5. My father bought me a beautiful present. 6. Why do you keep your eyes closed? 7. Will you tell us an exciting story? 8. We must keep our classroom tidy and clean. 9. I heard the baby crying in the sitting room. 10. Can you push the window open? 答案： 1. 主语-动词 2. 主语-动词-宾语-补语 3. 主语-动词-宾语-宾语 4. 主语-动词-表语 5. 主语-动词-宾语-宾语 6. 主语-动词-宾语-宾语 7. 主语-动词-宾语-补语 8. 主语-动词-宾语-补语 9. 主语-动词-宾语-补语 10. 主语-动词-宾语-补语课文学习：Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. I cant hear a word! I said angrily. Its none of your business, the young man said rudely. This is a private conversation!Words生词 angry/gri/ adj.生气的 angrily/grili/ adv.生气地 attention/ten()n / n.注意 bear/be / v.容忍 business/biznis/ n.事，生意 rudely/ru: dli/ adv.无礼地，粗鲁地 private/prai vt/ adj.私人的 conversation/knvse()n / n.谈话 theatre/it, i:-/ n.剧场 seat/si: t/ n.座位 play/plei/ n.戏 loudly/laudli/ adv.大声地Notes on the text课文注释 1 go to the theatre去看戏 2 got angry生气 3 turn round转身，也可用turn around 4 pay attention注意 5 I could not bear it.我无法忍受。其中的it是指上文中的那对男女大声说话又不理会作者的愤怒目光。 6 none of your business不关你的事 参考译文: 上星期我去看戏。我的座位很好，戏很有意思，但我却无法欣赏。一青年男子与一青年女子坐在我的身后，大声地说着话。我非常生气，因为我听不见演员在说什么。我回过头去怒视着那一男一女，他们却毫不理会。最后，我忍不住了，又一次回过头去，生气地说：“我一个字也听不见了！” “不关你的事，”那男的毫不客气地说，“这是私人间的谈话！” 新概念英语正版图书购买自学导读 1Last week I went to the theatre.上星期我去看戏。 (1). 句首的“Last week”点明叙述的事情发生的时间是上星期。因此整篇课文的时态基本上应是过去时(包括过去进行时)，直接引语部分的时态除外。 (2). 动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词to连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的地来代表主语的动作目的。课文中go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play，即去剧场看戏。类似的还有go to the cinema = go to the cinema to see a film(去电影院看电影)。这种表达方式简明扼要。请注意在以下的短语中名词前通常不加冠词(表示干某事场所的名词不用特指，如果具体指某一个地方就用)： go to school上学 go to bed上床，睡觉 go to church上教堂，去做礼拜(at school, at church；have been to school/church)He was in the hospital to look after his mother.他在那家医院照看他妈妈。We used to study in that school when we were children.我们小时候在那所学校读书。 2had a very good seat座位很好 seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”的概念： the front seat of a car汽车的前座 Take a seat, please.请坐。 3The play was very interesting.戏很有意思。 interesting属于现在分词形式的形容词，意思是“使人感兴趣”。 它通常与非人称主语连用或修饰某个事物： This is an interesting book/idea.这是一本有趣的书一个令人感兴趣的主意。 4were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly.坐在我的身后，大声地说着话。 这两句的时态为过去进行时。 5I got very angry.我非常生气。 get在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义，接近become，是个表示过程的联系动词，表示状态的变化。而I was very angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气，并不暗示过程。 6in the end最后，终于 表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后终于得到某种不是自己希望的结果： She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.她自己试图完成家庭作业，但最后她不得不请她兄弟帮忙。 7none of your business不关你的事 (1). somebodys business指某人(所关心的或份内)的事： This is none of his business.这根本不关他的事。It is my business to look after your health.我必须照顾你的身体健康。(2). 表示否定的代词none意义上相当于not any或no one，但语气较强： She kept none of his letters.他的信件她一封也没有保留。 None of my friends left early.我的朋友没有一个早离开的。 none of这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气， 尤其是在祈使句中： None of your silly remarks! 别说傻话了！ 8a private conversation，私人间的谈话。 在西方文化中人们对private(私人的，个人的)这个概念很看重。这个词的名词形式privacy有“隐私(权)”的意思。所以课文中的小伙子会振振有词地说“This is a private conversation!”不过他忘了他是在一个public place(公众场合)，而且他们的说话声太大，已经影响了别人。语法 Grammar in use 简单陈述句的语序(Word order in simple statements) 主语一般为名词、代词或名词短语，通常位于动词之前。动词必须与主语“一致”，所以主语决定动词的单复数形式(如I am, you are, he has)。宾语一般为名词、代词或名词短语。在主动句中，宾语一般位于动词之后。一个句子不总需要有宾语。状语的位置比较灵活。当一个句子里有一种以上的副词时，地点副词的一般位置是在方式副词之后、时间副词之前，如上面的最后一个例句。时间状语可以在句尾，也可以在句首： Sam listened to the story quietly.萨姆静静地听着故事。 The man ran away quickly.那人很快跑掉了。(无宾语) Last night Lucy went to the theatre.昨晚露西去剧院看戏了。 I heard a voice at the door just now.我刚才听到门口有声音。词汇学习 Word study 1enjoy vt. 基本意义为“欣赏”、“享受”、“喜爱”，后面一般跟名词、代词（包括反身代词）或动名词形式。句型：enjoy doing something喜欢干某事。 Enjoy yourself! 好好玩吧！ We always enjoy ourselves.我们总是玩得很开心。 Jane doesnt enjoy swimming. She enjoys going to the theatre.简不喜欢游泳。她喜欢去剧院看戏。 2pay (1). vt., vi.支付(价款等)： Ill pay by installments.我将分期付款。 Have you paid the taxi-driver? 你给出租车司机钱了吗？ I paid 50 dollars for this skirt.我花50美元买了这条裙子。 You can pay a deposit of thirty pounds您可以先付30英镑的定金 (2). vt., vi. 给予(注意等)；去(访问)： They did not pay any attention.他们毫不理会。 We paid a visit to our teacher last Sunday.上星期天我们去拜访了老师。 (3). n. 工资，报酬： I have not received my pay yet.我还没有领到工资。 3bear vt. (1)承受，支撑，承担，负担： Who will bear the cost? 谁来承担这笔费用？ Can the ice bear my weight? 这冰能承受我的体重吗？ (2). 忍受(一般与can/could/be able to连用于疑问句及否定句中)，句型bear to do/doing： In the end, 1 could not bear it.最后，我忍不住了。 How can you bear living in this place?你怎么能受得了住在这个地方？ She eats too fast. I cant bear to watch/watching her.她吃得太快。我看着受不了。划分下列句子的句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.五种基本句型训练答案(Keys for the Translating Practice)1. 主+系+表1) He is an athlete.2) He turned out a teacher when he grew up.3) This kind of food tastes bad.4) Its getting warmer.5) That kind of food has run/gone bad6) It proved true.7) As long as you work hard, your dream will surely come true.8) She became delighted at (hearing) the news.9) Tom looks older than his real age.10) Dont make him appear a fool.11) The letter lay on his desk.12) He stood there still.13) Seeing is believing.14) The news sounded exciting.15) She was staying in China in March.16) The glass is broken.17) He felt frightened when seeing the big dog.18) We are satisfied with the result.19) My wish is to be a writer.20) My favorite entertainment is playing football.2. 主+谓1) The students are working hard.2) The sun rises in the east.3) He stopped in a sudden/suddenly.4) My grandpa is now living in the city.5) The accident happened yesterday.6) The blue ball is moving.7) The old man was gone/died last year.8) There is no life on the Mars.9) The train had already left when he arrived.10) Jack apologized to John for the mistakes he had made.11) He falls far behind others in study.12) A painting hangs on the wall.13) The clothes wash well.14) The novel sells well.15) The pen writes smoothly.3. 主+谓+宾1) I want a cup of tea.2) You can put the books in the bag.3) Yesterday, I saw a film called GONE WITH THE WIND.4) I think she wont come to our party tonight.to do作宾语1) All the boys wish to play football.2) I hope to finish the job by myself alone.doing作宾语1) You cannot imagine living in such condition./Its impossible for you to imagine living in such condition.2) Have you finished doing your homework?3)We must avoid making such mistakes again.4)Do you mind my smoking here?5)We should practicing speaking English out of class.4. 主+谓+间宾+直宾1)Yesterday, her father bought her a bike as a birthday present.Yesterday, her father bought a bike for her as a birthday present.2)Please show me your painting./Please show your painting to me.3) She offered me her seat./She offered er to me.4) He gave me an apple./ He gave an apple to me.5. 主+谓+宾+宾补A. 不定式前带to1) He asked me to go shopping with him.2) The villages didnt allow them to do so.3) The teacher told him to come here at six this evening.4) She persuaded her little brother to go to bed.5) The Smiths invited me to have dinner at their home.6)Mary reminded me to attend the meeting on time.7)Father warned me not to smoke.8)He wanted to work together with me.9)I expected him to succeed in the exams.10) Id like you to stay here.11) I hate him to come over here for dinner tonight.12) The teacher required us to hand in our homework before 9 oclock this evening.13) What did John advised Mary to do?14) The shortage of oil led the price to rise sharply.15) My friend encouraged me not to give up.16) The last bus had left, and I had to take a taxi.17) Visitors are not allowed to take photos.18) You can trust me not to talk about it to anyone.19) She urged him to stay.20) Can you help me to do that?21)He got her sister to do the homework for him.22) Its forbidden to leave the room during the exam.23) Id like you to come here tonight.24) Hunger led her to steal.25) She begged him not to leave.26) His words led me to find out the truth.27) He instructed me to turn on the lights.28)He intended to make his child to be a doctor.B. 不定式前带不to1) I found all the cups drop on the ground.2) I, at last, made her change her mind.3) I heard him singing in the room.4) I made him clean the classroom.5) I noticed walking into the factory.6) I felt something crawling up my arm.C.不定式为to be1) The answer proved to be correct.2) I think him to be a good student.3) I believe him to be honest.4) Can you imagine him to be a singer?5) I found him to be mean.6) I consider him to be stupid.7) The president declared him to be the mayor.8) We know them to be diligent.2分词作宾补1）I found the snake eating eggs.2) I found the eggs eaten by the snake.3) I found him beaten.4) I found