中译英语法要点归纳(四级资料).doc

中译英语法要点归纳一、 虚拟语气1. 虚拟语气用于非真实条件句表虚拟的时间If从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在过去时/ wereWould/should/could/might +动词原形过去Had+过去分词Would/should/could/might +have +过去分词将来一般过去时were to +动词原形Should +动词原形Would/should/could/might +动词原形【例】If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell you_(现在就不能这样笑了)。 【couldnt be smiling like this now】2. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句中Wish 后的宾语从句可用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟：(1). 一般过去时（即were 型虚拟）表示对现在情况的假设；(2). 过去完成时表示对过去情况的假设；(3). “would +动词原形表示对将来的愿望。【例】Sometimes I wish I _ (生活在) in a different time and a different place.【were living】3. 虚拟语气用于It is +adj./n. +that 结构中此结构的形容词和名词包括：advisable, appropriate, basic, desirable, elementary, essential, fitting, fundamental, imperative, important, impossible, incredible, natural, necessary, obligatory, proper, strange, urgent, vital, a pity, a shame, no wonder that, 虚拟形式是从句的谓语动词为(should) +动词原形【例】It is essential that these application forms _ (尽早寄出去)。【be sent as early as possible】4. 虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中以下这些名词后的表语从句及同位语从句中应该用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式为(should) +动词原形：advice, decision, demand, idea, importance, instruction, necessity, motion, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, resolution, request, requirement, suggestion.【例】The suggestion that the mayor _（颁奖）was accepted by everyone.【(should) present the prizes】5. 虚拟语气用于某些特定结构中用于if only, would rather +从句，as if/though, It is (high) time that等结构中，与if引导的虚拟结构形式一样。【例】Id rather you _(不带那些重要文件)with you.【didnt take those important documents】6. 虚拟语气用于状语从句中状语从句中谓语动词用(should) +动词原形，这种虚拟形式仅限于lest, in case 或for feat that 引导的目的状语从句中。在as if 或as though 引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词虚拟式的变化就要依据对过去、现在、将来的假设选择适当的动词虚拟形式了。【例】The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _（伤害自己）。【injure himself】二、 非谓语动词(1) 现在分词1. 现在分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步伴随状况等。【例】_（在求职面试之后）,you will be required to take a language test. 【After being interviewed for the job】2. 现在分词短语作宾补此类分词短语主要出现在感官动词之后，如：feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch, listen to , look at 等，强调动作正在发生；或出现在使役动词之后，如：get, have, bring, keep, leave, send, set, start等。【例】His remarks left me _（想知道他的真实目的）。【Wondering about his real purpose】3. 现在分词的完成式和被动式【例】Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ （被种植）in Cuba. 【being cultivated】4. 现在分词的复合结构分词复合结构也称独立主格结构，形式是名词、代词+分词。其中名词或代词与现在分词是逻辑上的主谓关系，与过去分词是动宾关系，在句中作状语。现在分词复合结构有时可由介词with或without引导。【例】_（由于这么多懂事缺席）， the board meeting had to be put off.【So many directors being absent】(2). 动名词1. 动名词作动词宾语有些动词只可接动名词而不可接不定式，包括：abandon, admit, advice, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, deserve, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, resist, risk, save, suggest, tolerate, understand等。【例】That young man still denies _（在商店后面放了火）。【Having started the fire behind the store】2. 动名词作介词宾语介词后接动名词作宾语很普通，其中特别要记住一些含有介词to 的短语：abandon oneself to, adhere to, stick to, cling to, admit to, confess to, contribute to, feel up to, get down to, give ones mind to, give way to, yield to, keep to, lead to, look forward to, object to, take to, turn to, succumb to, point to, see to, be/get used to, be accustomed to, be addicted to, be committed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to, be opposed to, be reduced to, be subject to, resort to, submit to等。【例】The man in the corner confessed to _（对经理说了谎） of the company.【Having told a lie to the manager】3. 动名词用在固定结构之后Be busy/engaged (in), burst out, cant help/stand/resist, feel like, give up, have a good time (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), keep from, leave off, look like, put off, spend/waste time (in), Its no use, Theres no point in 等。【例】She was so angry that she felt like _ (扔东西打他)。【throwing something at him】4. 动名词的主动表被动在need, want, require, deserve, bear 的动词及be worth 后面的动名词以主动形式表被动意义【例】What a lovely party! Its worth _（我终生铭记）。【Remembering all my life】5. 动名词的被动时和完成时【例】The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied _（在起火当晚在那个地区）。 【having been in the area on the night of the fire】(3). 不定式1. 不定式作动词宾语有些动词不定式作动词只可接不定式而不可接动名词：afford, aim, appear, attempt, beg, choose, claim, dare, decide, deserve, desire, determine, except, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, neglect, offer, prepare, pretend, proceed, resolve, seek, seem, threaten, volunteer, wish 等。【例】With a large family to support, Mr. Johnson cant _（连生病都生不起）。【afford to be sick】2. 不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to在感官动词（如see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel等）和使役动词（如let, make, have等）的宾语后面可以省略。【例】With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers _ (提前开放)。 【bloom before their time】3. 不定式作被动句中的主语补足语【例】As a public relations officer, he is said _（认识一些很有影响力的人）。【to know some very influential people】4. 被动式用于but, except 之后【例】Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans bed. He _（肯定除了喝酒什么也没做）。 【must have done nothing but drink】5. 不定式的进行、完成和被动式【例】If the building project _（需要在月底前完工的）is delayed, the construction company will be fined. 【to be completed by the end of this month】6. 既可接动名词，又可接不定式的动词下列动词后面接动名词和不定式均可：begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, learn, like, dislike, omit, prefer, regret, remember, need, neglect, start, stop, try等。但应注意区分接动名词和接不定式时的用法差异，一般说来，不定式表具体的或未完成的动作；动名词则表示笼统的、经常性的或已成为过去的动作。【例】John regretted _（上周没去参加那个会议）。【not going to the meeting last week】三、 从句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）(1). 名词性从句【例】We agreed to accept _（任何一位他们认为最好的）tourist guide.【whoever they thought was the best】(2). 定语从句1. as 引导定语从句 as 可引导非限定性定语从句，相当于which 引导的非限定性定语从句，如：I am from Beijing, as you know. 相当于I am from Beijing, which you know. 但as 引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句首：As you know, I am from Beijing. 而which 引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在句首。 as 可作为关系代词来引导定语从句，既可以单独引导定语从句，又可以与主句中的the same 或such 相呼应，从句中的谓语动词常省略。【例】The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _（正如经常发生在其他国家的情形一样）。【as is often the case in other countries】2. 关系代词that 与which 用法的区别Which 可以引导一个非限定性定语从句，that 则不能；Which 之前可以有介词，that 之前则不能。只能用that, 而不能用which的主要情况： 当先行词是all, anything, everything, few, little, much, none, nothing, something等不定式时 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 当先行词被the very, the only等词修饰时。(3). 状语从句1. hardly / barely / scarcelywhen 和no soonerthan引导的时间状语从句2. as 引导的让步状语从句【例】_（家也许很简陋）， theres no place like home, wherever he may go.【Humble as it may be】3. 状语从句特殊的引导词Now that 既然，由于【例】Now _（既然你熟悉了作者的观点）， try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can. 【that you are familiar with the authors ideas】In that 因为，由于【例】Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in _（原因是这有助于）find and correct our mistakes. 【that it helps to】In case / for fear that / lest 以防，万一，以免【例】He was punished lest _（再犯同样错误）。【he should make the same mistake again】Sothat/ suchthat 如此以至于 / As long as / so long as 只要/Unless 除非，只要不 / If only 只要【例】Im sure he is up to the job if _（只要他肯用心）。【only he would give his mind to it】Provided / providing (that) 如果【例】We should be able to do the job quickly, _ that _（如果你给我们所有必需的信息）。 【provided/ providing; you give us all the necessary information】Even if 即使/ Even though 尽管，虽然“no matter+ wh-疑问词”和“wh-疑问词+ever”引导的让步状语从句可以互换。但“wh-疑问词+ever”引导的名词从句，则不可用“no matter”替换。No matter whetheror结构中也可将no matter 省略，y因而形成whetheror或whether or not引导选择条件句。四、 时态(1). 一般现在时在状语从句中表示将来的动作和状态(2). 一般过去时在状语从句中表示将来的动作和状态(3). 过去进行时(4). 将来进行时(5). 过去将来时(6). 过去完成时(7). 将来完成时(8). 过去完成进行时五、 主谓一致(1). 意义一致原则【例】How close parents are to their children _（有很强的影响）the character of the children.u has a strong influence on(2). 就近一致原则(3). 两个特殊短语【例】Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university_（得以录取）。 【was accepted】【例】Many a famous pop singer _（被毒品毁掉了）。【has been ruined by drugs】六、 特殊结构(1). 强调结构It is/ was +被强调部分+that/who +原句中的其他部分。在使用强调句型时要注意，指认可以用who或that, 其他情况下一律用that.(2). 倒装结构1. 有否定含义的副词或短语位于句首作状语如：neither, never, no, nor, not, seldom, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, little, few, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case, in no way, on no account, on no condition, no sooner 等。【例】The organization had broken on rules, but _（但是它也没有责任地行动）。【neither had it acted responsibly】2. only 位于句首修饰状语或宾语【例】Only under special circumstances _（允许大小一年级学生）to take make-up tests.【are freshmen permitted】3. 虚拟倒装(3). 比较结构常考的考点包括原级和比较级结构，特别是as +形容词、副词原级（+n.）+as, more +形容词/ 副词比较级+than, no +形