一些中学英语易混结构分析.doc

一些中学英语易混结构分析1The boy dived into the water and after _ _ seemed to be a long time , he came up again. A. that B. what C. it 此题选择B。但有好多学生选择A，认为 after that 或after it 读起来有感觉，很通畅，没有认识到seemed to be a long time 是一个从句，意思是：在似乎好长时间以后，他又上来了。That 引导名词性从句时没有词义也没有地位（不能充当成分）；it 填在此处没有有引导词，语法上是不允许的。 2. I saw a young lady _ an ice cream in front of the stand . A. was buying B. buying 此题选择A,成为含有宾语从句的主从复合句，选择B，成为有复合宾语的复合结构。See 虽然可以跟宾语从句，但能用复合结构表示应用复合结构。 See 可以跟doing 做宾语补足语，还可以跟do做补足语，意义有所不同，see sb. doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”；而see sb. do sth. 则表示“看见某人做了某事”。 判断用do 还是用doing 有时要考虑意思，有时从结构上加以判别。例如： I saw one man in the car _ out a pocket book and begin to read . A. pulling B. pull C. to pull 这里有begin ,由and 连接， 说明横线处用pull ， 而不用pulling 。 3. T.S. Eliot was _ . A. famous not only in Britain but also in America B. not only famous in Britain but also in America 此题是成语连词连接的成分平行问题，语法上要求，成语连词连接的成分必须对等，此题应选择A，not onlybut also 连接 in Britain 和in America 两个介词短语。而B项中not onlybut also 连接的两部分不对等，如果改为not only famous in Britain but also famous in America (连接两个形容词短语)就可以接受了。 4. Mother gave more pocket money to David than _ . A. Lena B. to Lena 此题也是连词前后对等问题，如果than 后填Lena 的话,全句误解为：妈妈给David的零花钱不如Lana给David给得多，所以，此题选择B，to David 与to Lena并列。 5. To know what is good and _ are two different things . A. doing what is right B. does what is right C. to do what is right D. did what was right 此题是 and 前后连接的部分必须对等的问题，and 前是不定式，后也应是不定式，所以，此题选择C。如果把题干中 to know. 改为knowing 的话,此题则选择A。 6. Stand up _ . A. ，do your homework B. and you can do your homework C. , you do your homework 此题是结构问题，如果选择A，理解为两个祈使句并列，由逗号“，”连接， 这是错误的结构，因为逗号不能连接两个句子；如果选择B，理解为祈使句+陈述句句型，意思是“如果你站立起来就能做作业了”。如果选择C,理解为祈使句+逗号+陈述句句型,这个句型是错误的，所以，只能选择B。 7. To get an education , _ . A. one must work hard B. what you need is to work hard C. working hard is needed 不定式作状语放在句首，动作的执行者应当是句子的主语。换言之，当不定式放在句首时，句子的主语应能做不定式动作的执行者。此题选项中只有A项中的one 能做get 的执行者。One get an education, ；What you need和working hard 都不能做get 的执行者。 8. Thirty-three people were already dead in a traffic accident ; _ . A. twelve being old men B. twelve of them were old men C. twelve of whom were old men D. twelve were old men 此题中的分号（；）很重要，后一部分起进一步说明作用。正确选项为B。如果换成逗号 的话，则选择C，理解为定语从句。 9 Was it during the Second World War _ he died ? A. that B. during which time C. in which D. when It 作代词 表示时间或地点与关系副词when 、where引导的定语从句或强调结构相混。此题应当填A，为强调结构，但有好多学生选择C或D，把句子看成定语从句，其实判断强调结构并不难，把强调结构it is (was)that ( who )去掉，如果剩下的部分句子结构完整，说明就是强调结构，如果不完整说明是从句。此句去掉强调结构句子成为during the Second World War he died (变为正常词序 He died during the Second World War ) 句子结构完整，说明此句为强调结构。此句如果把during 一词去掉 ，句意就变了，it was the Second World War .it 作代词，表示时间，意思为：时间是第二次世界大战，横线处应当填 when 或in which 。又如： It was evening _ he went to the office . A. when B. that 此句选择A，如果evening 换成in the evening ，则选择B。 10. Hardly had she seen her father _ she ran to him . A. than B. when C. as D. that 此句是倒装句，往往与 that 从句相混，应注意hardly 与 when 连用。 11- What made her so angry ? - _ her wallet. A. He lost B. Losing C. Lost 此题为省略句，应判断省掉的部分是什么，这句话的意思是：丢钱夹使她生气。整句话应当是Losing her wallet made her angry .所以，选择B。但有的学生选择A，句子正确，但属于所问非所答，如果问话人问what happened to her ? 选择 A 正确。 12 She cannot help _ when she heard the bad news . A. burst into tears B. bursting into tears C. to burst into tears help (to) do 与help doing 相混，help doing 常与 cannot 连用，应当从意思上加以区别，help (to)do sth. 帮助做某事；cannot help doing sth 情不自禁做某事，此题选择 B。 13 _ a long story short , he wanted to marry her and get a lot of money . A. Make B. To make C. Making 14. She must be looking forward as much to his return as he he himself is to _ her . A. see B. have seen C. seeing D. having seen 此题选择C。asas 结构连接的两部分应该对等，to his return 与to seeing 对等，to 是介词，后跟名词，有好多学生不顾asas 结构，把后一个to 看成不定式符号， 而选择A。 15. Having a written examination , _ . A. I am forced to study hard B. its necessary that I have to study hard 分词短语放在句首作状语，应考虑逗号后主语与分词的关系，是否可以做分词的执行者或承受者，此题A项中I 可以做having 的执行者，所以选择A；而B项中的it 不可能做having 的执行者或承受者。 16. Had I known her well , I would have invited her to the party . 当你看到would have invited 可以猜疑是虚拟语气结构，had I known her well 部分表示条件，属于虚拟语气条件从句省掉if 的情况，相当于if had I known her well ,省掉if 时，句子应倒装，省掉if 共有三种情况，当谓语动词是 (1)were ;（2）should do ;(3) had done 。应注意与一般疑问句Had I finished the work before he came back ?的区别。 17 . _ was lying . A. Whoever told you that B. No matter who told you that Whoever 引导名词性从句或让步状语从句，no matter who 引导让步状语从句， 不能引导名词性从句，横线处是名词从句的位置，不是状语从句的位置，辨认状语从句应当看逗号“，”逗号后有句子主语。例如：No matter who told you that , he was lying .此句中的no matter who 可以用whoever 代替。Whoever told you that , he was lying . 18 _ shall finish the work before May Day is possible. A. We B. That we 此题往往在结构上搞错，认为意思上完整，不缺少含有意思的引导词，句意为：五一节前完成工作是可能的。选择了A。 其实，We shall finish the work before May Day is possible. 句子结构是错误的，May Day 之前是一个从句，应当有一个引导词, that 没有词义，仅起引导从句的作用。本题的答案应当是B。 19. Id rather you _ something about it for the time being . A. did B. to do 此句是结构问题，如果填did，把you did something 看成从句，如果填to do ，则把you 看成了宾格形式，前者正确，后者错误。Would rather 是一个助动词，不可能有宾语复合结构。此题只能选择A。would rather (that) + 从句 （从句中谓语动词用过去时） 意思为：宁愿某人做某事。 20.Is _ that flows through that town ? A. this river B. this the river 此题正确答案为B。如果选A，句子结构错误。此句是疑问句，把它变成陈述句结构就清楚了，This river is that flows through that town. (无句意)，试比较：This is the river that flows through that town. (这是一条流经那座城镇的河。) 21. As is known to all, the problem of pollution is serious. It is known to all that the problem of pollution is serious . 前一句是定语从句，后一句是含有主语从句的主从复合句，往往学生搞错这两个结构，以问题形式出现，学生就会暴露出问题。 _ known to everyone , the earth is round . A. It is B. As C. As is D. As it is 正确答案是C。 22. I need a book , one which is cheap but useful. I need a book , which is cheap but useful . 前一句是简单句， one 作 book 的同位语；后一句是含有定语从句的主从复合句，先行词是book 。 小议whether与if一、whether和if都可以用作连词，引导一个名词性从句，表示“是否”。whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句；而if只能引导宾语从句。 1引导宾语从句既可以用whether，也可以用if，两者常可以互换。whether从正反两个方面提出疑问，选择意义较强，多用于正式文体中；而if多用于口语，比较强调单方面，如： He asked me whether / if I could lend him my bike. Could you tell us whether / if it snows in winter in Australia? I want to know whether / if you can come or not. She asked them whether / if they had gone there by car or by train. 值得注意的是： whether 和if都可以和or not连用，但是whether之后可以直接跟or not，而if则不能，如： I dont care whether or not your car breaks down. ； I dont know whether or not hes coming. 但是不可以说： I dont care if or not your car breaks down. whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构（选择问句的后一部分除外）；而if则可以跟否定结构，如： I dont care if she doesnt come. ； I dont care if it doesnt rain. 但是，在某些动词或形容词之后，则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子，这种结构往往表示肯定的含义，如： I wonder whether he doesnt think too much of himself. 其意思相当于：I think he does think too much of himself. 在个别动词之后，如discuss 等，只跟用whether引导的宾语从句，如： They discussed whether they should close the shop. We discussed whether Mary could join us. whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if则不能，如： Im not interested in whether theyll go or not. It depends on whether we have got enough money. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if则不能，如： I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not. He was wondering whether to go home or stay at school. 2引导主语从句（包括从句在句首的位置）应当用whether，不用if，如： Whether it is true remains a problem. Whether he can stay with us is another matter. Whether he will come, I am not sure. Whether or not he did it, I cannot tell. 3引导表语从句用whether，不用if，如： The question is whether you should accept it. The question is whether he will speak at the meeting. 4引导同位语从句用whether，不用if，如： The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential. I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. 二、whether 还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管；无论”；而if则不能引导这种从句，如： I shall tell her about it whether you agree or not. Whether or not the figures are accurate, we have to recheck them. Whether or not we had a baby, we could not survive just on my salary. 三、if还可以引导条件状语从句，意为“如果；假如”，而whether则不能引导这种从句，如： We shall do this experiment if we have time. 四、如果在从句中使用if表示“是否”容易与表示条件的状语从句混淆时，应注意避免使用if，例如：Please let us know if they are coming. 这句话可以理解为“如果他们要来，请通知我们一下。”也可以理解为“请告诉我们，他们是否要来。”若表示后一层意思，应当使用，以免引起误会。 表示“一就”的八个句型现将英语中表示“一就”的句型归纳如下，共为八个句型。 1. As soon as / Once / When once 时间从句，主句 说明：汉语常译作“刚就”、“一当就”。从句可用一般现在时和一般过去时或现在完成时（但不用一般将来时），主句可用一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时。但要注意的是：as soon as和once区别是：前者强调时间的紧接，而后者带有条件意味。例如： As soon as I got to Beijing, I went to see him.我一到北京，就去看他了。 Once you start, you should continue.你一开了头，就应当继续下去。 .The moment/ instant时间从句，主句 说明：the moment和the instant看成是连词，其用法与as soon as一样。例如： I will go there the moment I have finished my work.我一完成工作，就去那儿。 The instant I saw, I knew you were angry with me.我一看到你，就知道你在对我生气。 Instantly/Immediately/Directly时间从句，主句 这三个词都表示“立即”的意思，是连接副词，其用法和前一句型一样。例如： Instantly I go there I telephoned him.我一到那儿便立即给他打电话了。 Please let me know immediately he comes.他一来就通知我。 4.When时间从句，主句at once 说明：这里when相当于after，与主句之后的at once相呼应，其意思是“一当便立即”。例如： When he arrived here, I started off at once.他一到这儿，我就立即动身了。 5.On动名词，主句 说明：主句的谓语动词一定发生在动名词之后。例如： n hearing this news, he began to cry.听到这个消息，他立即就哭了起来。 6.No sooner had 主语过去分词(从句)than主语动词的过去时 也可以写成：主语had on sooner过去分词（从句）than主语动词的过去时 说明：一定注意的是当no sooner放在句首时，主句中的主语与谓语要用倒装词序。例如： No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 You no sooner come, Mr. Weller, than you go again.威勒先生，你刚到就又走了。 7.Hardly/ Scarcely/ rarelyhad 主语过去分词（从句）when/before动词的过去时 也可以写成：主语had hardly/ scarcely/ rarely过去分词（从句）when/before动词的过去时例如： Hardly had she gone out when it began to snow.他刚刚出门，天就下雪了。 8.At the sight/thought/mention of名词，主句 说明：这个句型分别表示：“一看到想到提到就”。例如： At the sight of him, I remember my brother who is working in Shanghai.一看到他我就想起那个在上海工作的弟弟。 介词in, on, to 表示方位的用法 介词 in，on，to 都可以用来表示某个位置的方向，它们的意义不同，故表示的方向及范围也不同： 1. in 表示方位，含义是在.之内，即一个小地方处在一个大地方的范围（疆域）之内。例如： China is in the east of Asia. 中国在亚洲东部。（中国是亚洲的一个国家，处于亚洲的范围之内） Guilin is in the north of Guangxi. 桂林在广西北部。（桂林是广西的一座城市） Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。（台湾是中国东部的一个省份，是中国的领土，在中国的疆域之内） Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。（上海是中国的一个行政区域，在中国的疆域之内） The plant can be seen only in the north of Canada. 那种植物只有在加拿大北部才看得到。（暗指这种植物只生长在加拿大北部地区） The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。 说明：表示某个地方的地理位置时，be，lie 以及 be located 的意义是一样的，可以互换使用。 2. on 表示方位，含义是在.端/边，即一个地方在另一个地方的某一端或某一边，两个地方只是相邻或接壤，却互不管辖。例如： Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 广东省在广西的东南边。（广东省与广西在地理位置上是连在一起的，即两者相邻，却互不管辖） China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。（中国与太平洋相邻） The country is bounded on the west by the sea.那个国家西边与海接界。（暗指该国为沿海国家） Sichuan Province is on the north of Guizhou Province. 四川省在贵州省的北边。（四川省与贵州省在地理上也是连在一起的，但互不管辖） 3. to 表示方位，含义是在.面，即一个地方在另一个地方的范围之外，互不管辖。尤其当两个地方相隔较远，且有湖泊、大海等区域相隔时，通常用 to。例如： Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。（日本在中国范围之外，且有日本海分隔） Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 台湾在福建省的东南面。（台湾在福建省的范围之外，且两者之间有台湾海峡分隔） Jinzhou is to the west of Shenyang. 锦州在沈阳的西面。（锦州和沈阳分别为两座城市，地理位置上互不相连，也互不管辖） There is a beautiful park to the east of the station. 车站东面有一座景色宜人的公园。 4. 把河流、山脉、铁路等事物当做两地的分界线或基点，且不说明河流、山脉、铁路等是属于哪一方，通常使用介词 to，译为以.（方向）。此外，表示一个地方离另一个地方有多远，也用 to。例如： Land to the east of the Urals is called Asia； land to the west， Europe. 乌拉尔山脉以东的陆地称为亚洲；以西的陆地称为欧洲。 The village lies to the south of the hill. 那座村庄在山的南面。 The little town lies about one hundred miles to the west of Guilin. 那座小城镇位于桂林以西约一百公里远的地方。 试比较： The church is located to the south of the city. 那座教堂在本市的南面。（该教堂在本市范围之外） The church is located in the south of the city. 那座教堂在本市的南部。（该教堂在本市范围之内） 数词考点大盘点一、考查基数词的用法 1. 基数词hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数目时,其词尾不能加-s,其前面可用数词或several, some等修饰;当表示笼统数目时,其词尾要加-s,可跟of连用,其前不能用数词,但可以用several, some等修饰。 【原题再现】 _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day. A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several millions D. Many million 【解析】 million前可用several修饰,此时其后不能加-s,many不能修饰million。表达几百万也可用millions of。答案为A。 2. dozen和score的用法要注意以下几点: 1) dozen与数词或many, several等连用时,不加-s,所修饰的名词前常省去of。如two (many, several) dozen pencils。但是,在a dozen of these / those people, two dozen of them等短语中应加of,这是习惯用法。 2) two score of people中应加of,但在three score and ten people(70人)中,不加of。 3) 表示几十;许多时,可使用dozens of; scores of形式。 【原题再现】 Mr. Smith _ me to buy several _eggs for the dinner party. A. asked; dozen B. suggested; dozens of C. had; dozen D. persuaded; dozens 【解析】 dozen前有具体数字或some, several等修饰时要用单数形式;have作使役动词时,应该用省略to的动词不定式作宾补。答案为A。 3. 注意年龄、年代的表达法。表达在某人几十岁时用in ones +逢十的基数词复数;表达在几十年代时,用in the +逢十的基数词复数。 【原题再现】 It is not rare in _that people in _ fifties are going to university for further education. A. 90s; the B. the 90s; / C. 90s; their D. the 90s; their 【解析】根据题意,第一空应表示年代; 第二空表示在50多岁的时候。答案为D。 二、考查序数词的用法 序数词一般由基数词+th构成。以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时,先把y变为i,再加eth。如twentieth; fiftieth。常用的不规则的序数词有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。序数词前通常要加定冠词the,但序数词不表示顺序而表示再一;又一时,前面要用不定冠词a(an)。 【原题再现】 The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small. A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a 【解析】从句意可知,第一空表示再一,应填a;第二空表示顺序第二,应填the。答案为C。 三、考查分数和百分数的用法 表示几分之几或百分之几的人或物时,须在分数或百分数和人或物之间加of。若充当主语,谓语动词的数须与of后的名词保持一致。 【原题再现】 _ of the land in that district_ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are 【解析】五分之二应为two fifths;land是不可数名词,谓语动词应使用单数形式。答案为C。 四、考查倍数的表达法 英语中表达倍数常用下列句型: 1. A is three / four.times the size / height / length / width.of B. 2. A is three / four.times as big / high / long / wide.as B. 3. A is three / four.times bigger / higher / longer / wider.than B. 用times表示倍数时,一般只限于三倍或三倍以上的数,表示两倍常用twice或double。 【原题再现】 It is reported that the United States uses _ energy as the whole of Europe. A. as twice B. twice much C. twice much as D. twice as much 【解析】倍数应位于as.as结构之外。答案为D。 副词考点直击一、 考查几组热点词(组)的辨析 1. 有些副词有两种形式,一个与形容词同形,一个以-ly结尾,但它们的含义不同。例如: close接近地;closely仔细地,密切地 / free免费地;freely自由地,无拘束地 / hard努力地;hardly几乎不 / high高;highly高度地 / deep深;deeply深深地(抽象意义) / wide宽;widely广泛地 / late晚;lately近来 / most极,非常;mostly主要地 / near邻近;nearly几乎。 原题再现 It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood _ to her mother. A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing 答案为A。 2. much too与too much much too的中心词为too(副词),其后跟形容词或副词;too much的中心词是much(形容词),其后跟名词。 原题再现 Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much 答案为A。 3. so与such so是副词,不能修饰名词,应修饰形容词;such是形容词,可修饰名词。其搭配结构是:so + 形容词 + a(n) + 可数名词单数;such + a(n) +(形容词)+可数名词单数。 如果是不可数名词或复数名词,则只能用such,不能用so。 原题再现 _ box cannot be lifted by a boy of five. A. So a heavy B. So heavy a C. A such heavy D. Such heavy a 答案为B。 4. cannot be too.的含义 cannot be too.是一固定结构,意思是再.也不为过;越.越好。类似的结构还有:can never be too.等。 原题再现 -I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down. -You can never be _careful in the street. A. much B. very C. so D. too 答案为D。 二、 考查副词(词组)在具体语境中的正确使用 原题再现 We all write _, even when theres not much to say. A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less 答案为A。 解析 now and then 时而,不时;by and by渐渐地;step by step一步步地;more or less 或多或少地。根据语境即使没有多少东西可说,我们都时不时地写点什么可得出答案。 三、 考查副词与动词、形容词等的习惯搭配 原题再现 Mr. Smith used to smoke_ but he has given it up. A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly 答案为 B。 解析 英语表示吸烟很多时,修饰smoke习惯用副词heavily,修饰名词用heavy,如a heavy smoker等。 四、考查副词在比较等级中的使用 原题再现 He speaks English well indeed, but of course not _ a native speaker. A. as fluent as B. more fluent than C. so fluently as D. much fluently than 答案为C。 解析 修饰动词speak应使用副词fluently。 Youre standing too near the camera. Can you move _? A. a bit far B. a little farther C. a bit of farther D. a little far 答案为B。 解析 根据too near可知,说话人的意图是让对方站的比这远一点,应使用副词的比较级。比较级前的修饰语常用的有a little, a bit, even, far, much等。 五、 考查连接副词引导从句的用法 原题再现 You should try to get a good nights sleep _ much work you have to do. A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever 答案为A。 解析 however是连接副词,修饰much,并引导让步状语从句。 That, which准确出击 定语从句的先行词指物时，关系代词既可用which，又可用that。那么我们如何才能正确选用二者，灵活运用定语从句呢？ 一、以下场合常用that： 1. 当先行词是all, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, much, none, one 等不定代词时。2. 当先行词有only, all, any, few, little, no, one of等修饰时。 3. 当先行词受形容词最高级、序数词、last、next修饰时。 4. 当先行词既含有表示人的名词又含有表示物的名词时，只能用that。如： They talked of the persons and things that they remembered in the school. 注：上述情况中，当that在从句中作宾语时，可省略。 二、以下场合常用which: 当关系代词之前有介词时，只能使用which。如： Here is the car about which I told you. 但当介词位于句末时，则可使用that。如： This is the office that I work at. 当关系代词之后有插入成分时。如： Paris