动词的非谓语形式有三种.doc

动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。一、不定式由“to动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。不定式复合结构为“介词sb.(sth.)to do”，其中“介词sb.(sth.)”表明不定式动作的发出者，为逻辑主语。1. 不定式的用法：(1)作主语。不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。It is our duty to give as much help as possible. 提供尽可能多的帮助是我们的职责。但不定式作表语时，前面有不定式作主语，不定式不可位于句末。 如：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(2)作宾语。常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词(组)有want, wish, hope, expect, would like (love),care, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up ones mind, be determined, manage, try, cant afford, fail, pretend等。He promised to come today, but he hasnt turned up yet .No one likes to be laughed at. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用it 来作形式宾语。如：You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time. 你会发现有必要提前完成工作。(3)作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等。The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。 感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词，如have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号to。但在被动语态中to 要加上。 Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.help后的不定式作宾补(包括作宾语)to 可有可无。(4)作表语。 My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。要注意不定式作表语与“be to do”结构的不同：不定式作表语说明主语的性质或内容，而“be to do”结构表示安排要做的事情。My next plan is to draw a picture for the house.(不定式作表语)We are to meet at the school gate at six .(be to do表示安排) 我们约好六点在学校门口见面。(5)作定语表示将来的动作。The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.。 用在固定搭配中。I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son?作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，然而动词又为不及物动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词词组。 Will you find me a pen to write with? 不定式所修饰的词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem?(6) 状语。表示目的、原因、结果。They ran over to welcome the guests. 他们跑过去欢迎客人。(目的)The child is too young to go to school. 孩子太小不能去上学(结果) We were excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们激动了(原因)不定式的时态与语态 不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式，既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态。形成to do, to be done, to be doing，to have done, to have been done形式。(1) 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时) 发生，或是在它之后发生。Im sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.我很遗憾告诉你这次是你错了。(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行， 这时不定式就要用进行式。I am very glad to be talking with you. 我很高兴与你交谈。(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 对不起，让你久等了。当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时， 不定式要用被动语态。He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求去农村工作。动名词动名词由“动词ing”构成；具有动词和名词的性质，可以有宾语或状语； 可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。1. 动名词的作用(1)作主语。动名词短语作主语时，为了使句子平衡，常将动名词短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。It is useless arguing with him about such a matter. 跟他争论这样的事情是没用的。动名词和不定式都可作主语，在许多情况下可以通用，但动名词作主语多表示一般或抽象或多次的行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 在 It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless后人们习惯上用动名词。(2) 作宾语 下列动词(组)只能接动名词作宾语admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, pardon, permit, practise, suggest, require, be (get) used to(习惯于.), cantt help(禁不住), feel like, set about, stick to, keep on, look forward to, devote oneself to, insist on, pay attention to, be worth, give up, put off。下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义区别不大：begin, start, love, continue, hate, prefer。下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义不同，在平时学习中应特别注意。forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, go on, cant help。 下列动词后跟动名词主动语态，不定式被动语态作宾语表示被动。need, want, require。如：These clothes need mending (to be mended).(3) 作表语 动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，当表示下一步打算时多用不定式作表语。Her next step is to get as much money as she could to build the factory.她下一步是获取尽可能多的资金建造工厂。(4)作定语 动名词作定语表示用途，而不是正在进行着的动作。He is now in the sleeping car. 他现在在房车里。2. 动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构指在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格。物主代词或名词所有格表明动名词动作的发出者。His coming late made the teacher angry. 他的迟到让老师生气。动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，物主代词或名词所有格可以变为人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，但复合结构作主语时不变任何变化。He entered the room without anyone noticing him.他进入房间，没有人察觉到他。3. 动名词的时态与语态 动名词的时态分为一般式和完成式两种形式。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则运用完成式；如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，用一般式。 Im sorry for not having kept my promise.若动名词与其逻辑主语有被动关系，则运用被动语态形式。( 但有些动词后运用主动形式表达被动概念，除上述动词外，be worth后也跟动名词主动形式表达被动概念)。 He entered the room without being noticed.分词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。1. 区别 (1)现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。(2)现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人的”； 过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动，意为“感到的”。the exciting news 激动人心的消息。(令人兴奋的消息) the excited look 激动的表情。(3) 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作，过去分词表达完成的动作。(这一类动词主要为不及物动词)2.分词的时态和语态 过去分词表示被动或完成的动作，因而没有完成式和被动语态。现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式， 有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，形成doing, having done, having been done的形式。3. 分词的用法 (1)作定语 单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面。The question being discussed is important to us. The excited people rushed into the building.(2)作状语 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、伴随状况等。Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. (时间) Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.(结果)不定式也可以作结果状语，然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果，而现在分词表达意料之中的结果。She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before.她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station when they got there.那天他们很早就起床了，到了车站却发现那里空无一人。(3)作表语 The news is inspiring. 这消息令人鼓舞。The window is broken. 窗户破了。(4)作宾补 Im afraid I cant make myself understood when I speak English.不定式被动语态、现在分词被动语态、过去分词表示被动应该注意的几个问题。1. 不定式的被动语态作状语时多表达目的，相当于in order to be done, 而过去分词则表示原因、条件、伴随等;现在分词被动语态的完成式强调分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the animals will try their best to please the trainer.(To be given.=In order to be given.,表示目的，此处不可用Given 或 Being given)Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came