大学英语四级写作指导(词汇篇-基础知识).doc

大学英语四级写作指导（词汇篇基础知识）一、词语使用的准确性与得体性准确性 词是表达思想的基本组成要素，思想和意图的准确传达离不开准确地词语。英语单词兼具表达词意和体现语法功能的双重身份。因此，词语选用准确包括语法和词意两个方面。下面三个“注意”能帮助实现用词的准确。1. 注意语法规则 英语单词在句子中除了表达意思外，还要符合一定的语法要求。写作时尤其需要注意词语位置和一些特殊语法现象。（1）名词单复数的特殊现象。（2）形容词的特殊现象和位置关系。（3）副词的位置原则。程度副词放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词之前，情态动词、助动词或be之后。若助动词与be连用时，则放在两者之间。-Continuing development of international business is absolutely dependent on effective and efficient international financial markets. 国际贸易的持续发展完全依赖于有效和高效的国际金融市场。频率副词通常放在行为动词前，情态动词、助动词或be动词之后。若助动词与be连用时，则放在两者之间。-The way everyone watches TV, listens to music, or looks at photos will never be the same again. 人们看电视、听音乐和看照片的方式永远不会再像这样了。方式副词一般放在动词后。-We should learn how to react gracefully when someone despises us. 我们应该学习在别人鄙视我们时，如何优雅地回应他们。在“动词+宾语”结构中，副词一般放于宾语后。如果宾语结构太长时也可以将副词放于动词前。然而，在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中，方式副词既可置于介词前，也可置于宾语后。-After looking carefully through the dictionary (或者：After looking through the dictionary carefully), I know the exact meaning of this word. 仔细查阅了字典之后，我知道了这个词的准确含义。-The students secretly decide to donate money to the disaster area. 同学们秘密决定捐钱给灾区。2. 注意同义词的用法差别 同义词有相同地核心意思，但它们的外延和语境往往是有区别的。因此在学习词语时不能孤立地记它们的中文解释，还应该注意它们的英文释义，最好还能对比它们运用的不同语境。核心意思：环境词义辨析举例circumstance(常用复数)具体影响一个局势、事件或行为的条件、状况particular circumstances beyond the control of the student 不受学生控制的状况“（个人）境遇”，尤指经济状况domestic circumstances 家庭经济状况condition(常用复数)特指居住、工作或做事情的环境，条件等children living under the most appalling conditions 生活在最恶劣环境下的儿童影响某事物发生的物质环境The plants grow best in damp conditions. 这种植物最适合在潮湿的环境下生长。environment特指自然环境measure to protect the environment 保护环境的措施指个体或事物行为发展的客观环境，强调产生的影响Home environment can affect a childs behavior. 家庭环境可对孩子的行为造成影响。situation强调特定时期和特定地点的形势、局面the present financial situation 目前的财政形势核心意思：能力词义辨析举例capability强调生长、发展或成功的潜能beyond the capabilities of current technology 超出当前技术能力的范围capacity容纳能力a seating capacity of 2000 能容纳2000人领悟（或理解、具体做事的）能力；与for搭配。the capacity for learning language 学语言的能力核心意思：产生词义辨析举例produce强调引起的某种结果或效果to produce good results 产生好的结果contribute“是的原因之一”，强调造成某种结果的原因，为不及物动词，与to连用。Smoke contributes to 100,000 deaths a year in the US. 美国每年10万人的去世原因与吸烟有关。cause使坏事发生，尤指引起困境、危险等不好的结果deaths caused by dangerous driving 危险驾驶造成的死亡3. 注意形近词的拼写及意义差别 形近词的误用会严重影响词语运用的准确性。因此，学习词语时要掌握词语的准确拼写形式，对一些常见易错的形近词更要留心。容易混淆的单词abroad ad. 国外aboard prep./ad. 在船上（飞机上）accent n. 声调 v. 读重音assent n./ v. 同意accident n. 事故incident n. 事件adapt v. 适应adopt v. 采用affect v. 影响effect n. 效果 v. 实现altitude n. 高度latitude n. 纬度angel n. 天使angle n. 角度 v. 改变角度aspiration n. 渴望inspiration n. 灵感beam n. 光线、笑容 v. 发光、微笑bean n. 大豆carve v. 雕刻curve n./ v. （成）曲线cite v. 引用site n. 位置 v. 座落于compliment n./ v. 赞美complement n./ v. 补充commerce n. 商业commence v. 开始confirm v. 证实conform v. 遵守contend v. 争斗、主张content n. 同意 a. 满意contract n. 合同 v. 缩小、订合同contrast n./ v. 对比costume n. 服饰custom n. 习俗 a. 特制的counsel n. 律师、忠告 v. 劝告council n. 委员会crash n./ v. 冲撞crush n. 拥挤的人群 v. 压碎dairy n. 牛奶场diary n. 日记dessert n. 甜食desert n. 沙漠 v. 抛弃ensure v. 保证insure v. 买保险extend v. 延伸expand v. 扩展extensive a. 广阔的intensive a. 强烈的metal n. 金属medal n. 勋章drawn (draw的过去式)drown v. 溺水loose a. 松的lose v. 丢失moral n. 道德 a. 道德的mortal a. 致命的quite ad. 相当quiet n./a. 安静（的）patent n./a. 专利（的）v. 获得专利potent a. 有力的pray v. 祈祷prey n. 捕食者 v. 捕食precede v. 领先proceed v. 继续进行principal a. 最重要的 n. 负责人principle n. 原则protect v. 保护protest v. 抗议purpose n. 目的propose v. 提议quality a. 质量好的 n. 质量quantity n. 数量scare n./a. 害怕（的）scarce a. 稀少的stationary a. 静止的stationery n. 文具steal n. 便宜货 v. 偷steel n. 钢 v. 使坚强story n. 故事storey n. 楼层sweet a./n. 甜的（东西）sweat n. 汗水 v. 出汗through prep./ad. 通过thorough a. 彻底的vocation n. 职业、才能vacation n. 假期、度假得体性 词语的得体性就是指所选用的词语能恰当地体现语境和语体要求，充分实现表达目的。要做到词语得体，需要满足“两个恰当”。（1）语体色彩恰当。（2）褒贬运用恰当。阅读下面一封求职信，试图理解词语运用的得体性。Dear Sirs, I am writing to you in the hope that you still have a vacant place in your department. If you have not yet hire anyone, I should like my application for the job to be considered. (And concluded withJ As to my character and fitness for the job, please rest assured that I am sure smart. （求职信是属于比较正式的文体。而这封信中所用到的hire、job和smart都是informal非正式的词语。 使用employ、employment、post、intelligent这些词汇就要书面得多。）二、词语的多样性和灵活性多样性 如果词汇的使用能够多样化，那么文章将会更加吸引读者，同时也反映了写作者得词汇功底和对语言的驾驭能力。因此，平时阅读的过程中就应该注意积累同义词、同义短语等同义表达方式。1. 通过同义词增强表达的多样性admitv. 承认acknowledge; concede; confessboomv. 兴旺、繁荣flourish; prosper; thrivebuildv. 建立establish; erectcausev. 导致lead to; bring about; result in; spark off; conduce to; generateclaimv. 宣称allege; assert; declareclearv. 消除eliminate; remove; take away; smooth awaycompletev. 实现、获得accomplish; achieve; obtain; attain; acquire; gain; fulfillconsistv. 构成、组成、占comprise; constitute; compose; take up; account for; make upcultivatev. 培养foster; nurturedevelopv. 发展advance; progresseasev. 减轻relieve; decrease; reduce; lessen; releaseenlargev. 扩大enrich; increase; broaden; expand; widenexpressv. 表达convey; voicefallv. 下降decline; decrease; drop; go down; reduceforeseev. 预见forecast; foretell; predict; anticipategrowv. 增长、提高rise; raise; increase; go up; climb; ascend; boostharmv. 损害hurt; damage; impair; undermineheightenv. 增强enhance; reinforce; strengthen; enforceimprovev. 加强、提高enhance; promote; strengthenlimitv. 限制、约束ban; restrict; restrain; constrict; constrainmeetv. 满足satisfy; accommodate; fulfillperformv. 开展、进行conduct; undertakeprotectv. 保护conserve; preserve; shield; shelter; safeguardregardv. 看作consider; view; conceive; perceiverejectv. 反对disapprove; disagree; object; opposethinkv. 认为hold; believe; maintainarousev. 引起trigger; stimulate; spark; provoke; generate; inspireunderstandv. 理解appreciate; comprehend; apprehendusev. 利用employ; utilize; exploit; harnessadvantagen. 优点、好处merit; superiority; virtue; strengthdisadvantagen. 缺点、不利条件defect; fault; drawback; downside; weaknessdutyn. 责任obligation; responsibility; liabilityfamen. 名声、声望prestige; reputationjobn. 职业career; profession; vocationopinionn. 观点、视角view; standpoint; perspectivereasonn. 原因factor; causerelationshipn. 关系connection; association; linkrivaln. 对手competitor; opponentaboutadv. 大约、大概around; approximately; roughlydramaticallyadv. 急剧地drastically; sharply; steeplyhugelyadv. 巨大地enormously; vastly; considerably; substantially; radicallymarkedlyadv. 显著地remarkably; noticeably; strikinglythusadv. 因此therefore; hence; consequently; accordinglyplentifuladj. 丰富的abundant; ample; well-suppliedbigadj. 大的large; massive; enormous; tremendous; considerabledifficultadj. 困难的heavy; arduoushardworkingadj. 勤奋的diligent; industriousimportantadj. 重要的vital; significant; crucialnecessaryadj. 必须的indispensable; essential; irreplaceableclearadj. 明显的obvious; apparent; self-evidentpooradj. 贫穷的、贫瘠的impoverished; poverty-stricken / barren; infertilepopularadj. 流行的、普遍的widespread; prevailing; prevalentrichadj. 富裕的wealthy; well-off; affluentsurpriseadj. 吃惊astound; astonish; startleusefuladj. 有益的helpful; beneficial; rewardingweakadj. 弱的fragile; vulnerable2. 通过同义短语增强表达的多样性 英语作文的一个亮点就是短语的使用，同义的短语之间可以互相替代，短语也可以替换某个词语，使句子富于变化。许多、大量a wide range of; a variety of; a host of; the vast majority of; a considerable proportion of; an enormous number of除之外（不包括）except for; with the exception of; other than; nothing but除之外（包含在内）besides; beyond; in addition to; apart from相当于、实际上是amount to; be equivalent to越来越more and more; be increasingly/growing/progressively; be on the rise因为、由于due to; owing to; thanks to; as a result of; by virtue of; on the grounds of来自于、产生于arise from; come from; evolve from; spring from; result from; be derived from; stem from; grow out of必定be certain to; be doomed to sth.; be bound to do sth.无论、不管regardless of; without regard to; irrespective of只要as(so) long as; provided与其说不如说；是而不是morethan; not so muchas; lessthan; rather than; as opposed to; instead of; in place of更不用说much less; let alone; not to mention; not to speak of更糟糕的是to makeworse; worse still与相比compared with; as against; in comparison to关于、对于with regard to; with respect to; with reference to; as regards; in the case of; when it comes to; as far as be concerned; as to; in terms of以方法in afashion; in amanner; in away变成changeinto; turninto; translateinto; convertinto产生影响have an effect on; have a great impact on; have an influence on; exertinfluence on; wield a great influence over参加join in; take part in; participate in; engage in; get involved in强调、重视place great emphasis on; put much stress on; underline the importance of; attach much significance to; give sufficient weight to吸引attract ones attention to sth.; bring sth. to ones notice; absorb ones attention; sth. appeal to sb.发生、出现come about; set in; spring up给予、提供provide sb. with sth.; furnish sb. with sth.; present sb. with sth.; supply sb. with sth.致力于devote oneself to sth.; dedicate oneself to sth.; apply oneself to sth.; commit oneself to sth.增加show an increase in sth.; there is an enormous increase; experience the growth of渴望aspire to sth.; long for sth.; be hunger for sth.; be thirsty for sth.; have an appetite for sth.沉溺于be addicted to sth.; be caught up in sth.全神贯注be lost in sth.; be absorbed in sth; put ones mind to sth.; deeply immerse oneself in sth.目的是for the purpose of doing; aim at sth.; be intended to; be meant to; be designed to; be oriented to尽力、努力try ones best to do sth.; do everything one can; spare no pains to do sth.; take great pains to do; make every effort to do sth.; make determined attempts to do sth.取得进步make a great advance in sth.; make huge progress in; make enormous strides in; make significant gains in; make a big step in就某人来看in ones view; in ones opinion; in ones eyes; in ones mind; it seems to one that; on the part of sb.; from the standpoint of; from the perspective of; from the viewpoint of起作用play a role in; take a great role in; play an essential role in缺少be short of; be lacking in; be devoid of; there be a shortage of充满be filled with; be full of; be crowded with; be flooded with; be thronged with认识到be aware of; be conscious of; be cognizant of; come to a realization of扎根于、牢记be firmly rooted in; be implanted in; take root in; be embedded in; bear in mind斗争fight for; struggle against; strive for; battle for付出代价pay a heavy price for; at the cost of; at the expense of同样适用于the same is true of; the same applies to; so it goes with缓解压力reduce the pressure; alleviate the pressure非常乐意be glad to; be willing to; would like to, be most happy to左右为难dont know how to make the choice; be in a dilemma处于困境中be in trouble, be in difficulties; be in unfavorable situations面临、面对be faced with; be confronted with愿意be willing to; be inclined to不愿意be unwilling to; be reluctant to应该得到have right to; be worthy of; deserve进入enter into; pour into; flood into; swarm into举例来说for example; for instance; to name only a few; takeas an example3. 通过句型与词汇的替换增强表达的多样性多样表达“可能”（1）用形容词表达probable; likely; possible（2）用副词表达probably; possibly; perhaps; maybe（3）用句型表达may well do; There is a possibility that; be likely to不肯定语气（1）用动词表达seem; appear; wonder（2）用短语表达or so; more or less（3）用句型表达Its hard to say; According to sb.s estimate“反对”（1）用动词表达oppose; object（2）用短语表达be opposed to sth.;（3）用句型表达There is an opposition/