Byzantium(自动保存的).docxVIP

“If one had but a single glance to give the world, one should gaze on Constantinople,” marveled Alphonse de Lamartine, the 19th-century French writer and politician. And Constantinople was the capital city of Byzantium.My presentation will be divided into 6 parts, and my presentation will last about 15 minutes.First, Im going to give a brief introduction of the empire. It was founded in 395AC and declined after 1453AC, and its also called the Eastern Roman Empire. When its in its most prosperous period, its territory covered western Asia, the Mediterranean shore of northern Africa, Italy, Syria, Palestinian and Egypt. In its a thousand years history, there were 12 dynasties and 93 emperors. Its capital was Constantinople. And its doom came when it was conquered by Ottoman Empire. It was the longest lasted monarchy country in the ancient and middle aged Europe.Secondly, about the history. The history of Byzantine Empire can be divided into 4 parts. The Founding. The Early History. The Golden Era and The Doom.First, the founding. In 395AC, the Roman Empire split into two parts, the eastern part and the western part. The Eastern part was also called the Byzantine Empire, the name came from the capital Byzantium which is known as Constantinople nowadays.The Early History. Justinian the 1st and贝利萨流lead the army to its victory and get back the provinces which in nowadays Italy, North Africa and Spain. 查士丁尼rearranged the rules of the ancient Rome, and made the民法大全。And it was quite noticeable that it was written in Latin, which was very old or to say odd even at that time because many of those who wrote this Law couldnt speak this language. And in 530s, under the charge of 查士丁尼，the architects began to build the worldly well-known Hagia Sophia(which means Saint Sophie) the church, which later became the center of Byzantium by both religious life and 东正教。The Golden Era. We can see it in the map that, this is when its in its time, when the emperor Justinian was in charge, and he got back lots of land which once belonged to the Roman Empire. The Doom. In 1940, the once mighty kingdom had been split into pieces. And its territory gradually shrank as the time faded. Eventually, only Constantinople and the places very close to it admitted that theyre ruled by the Byzantium emperor.330年君士坦丁大帝迁都君士坦丁堡。527年 查士丁尼一世成为皇帝。532年-537年 查士丁尼一世修建“圣索菲亚大教堂”。1054年 教会分裂：君士坦丁堡教会和罗马教廷决裂，成为希腊东正教。1204年 十字军东征：君士坦丁堡被十字军攻陷。1261年 拜占庭皇帝迈克尔八世?帕里奥洛加斯解放君士坦丁堡。1453年奥斯曼突厥攻陷君士坦丁堡，拜占庭帝国灭亡。(ppt上放文化束)The culture of Byzantium is considered by the authorities nowadays as the pearl of the cultures from the middle age, and a significant part of humans culture. It acted as an important role of 承上启下= =。At that time, the nomadic were forcing their power on the 农耕民族。and so was their culture. Byzantium culture appeared at that time and to some extent, it protected the ancient Greek and Roman cultures from been ruined.拜占庭文化内容丰富，体系完备，发展水平较高，因此在文化发展缓慢的中古欧洲发挥积极作用，直接促进斯拉夫世界的文明化，加速斯拉夫各民族国家的发展，并形成以东正教为核心的东欧世界。拜占庭文化还对周围其他民族文化产生积极的影响，推动中古时期不同文化间的交流。拜占庭文化为中古晚期的西欧提供有利于未来发展的进步因素，在学术和艺术领域留下的宝贵遗产通过各种渠道传遍世界。1拜占庭政府高度重视作为学术研究重要条件的图书馆的建设，建国初期。政府即拨专款用于收集和整理古代图书。在各大中城市建立国家图书馆古希腊时代的许多作品即是在这一时期得到系统整理。查士丁尼时代推行的思想专制政策摧毁了一些图书馆，其中亚历山大里亚图书馆和雅典图书馆的藏书破坏最为严重。但是，民间的藏书仍然十分十富。2拜占廷艺术特点表现为抽象性和扭曲性，这是基督教宗教观念和东方神秘主义思想长期影响的结果。古代希腊罗马艺术重视从自然中得到创作的灵感，把宇宙万物的自然状态视为美的源泉，真实、和谐、合乎自然的比例、人的天赋情感都作为美的标淮。但是，拜占廷艺术却认为外在的形象是次要的，真实自然的形体是第二位的，艺术的核心在于表现某种抽象的精神和反映神圣的情感，艺术的目的是激发人的宗教灵感，因此，写实艺术道到拜占廷艺术家的藏视，而质朴简单的线条和色彩表现出来的抽象意义受到重视。比例可以失调，因为比例应该让位于线条；色彩可以不丰富，因为单调的色彩能够更明确地表现抽象的含义。艺术品不是用来进行直观欣赏，而是用来启发思想，通过“不重要的”艺术品进行思索，使人们寻找有形的艺术品深层隐藏的无形事物。基督教对拜占廷艺术的影响渗透到艺术构思中，使拜占廷艺术的价值取向发生扭曲，移上帝至高无上至善至美思想指导下，现实世界成为罪恶的场所，人类背负着原罪和本罪的十字架，应该受到苦难的惩罚，因此，自然美变成现世丑，艺术美不是光明而是灰暗，不是微笑而是哭泣，不是和谐而足扭曲，不是平衡而是失衡，不是生动而是呆板，痛苦才是幸福和欢乐。在这样的艺术原则指导下，拜占廷艺术品都笼罩在阴郁的基督教气氛和朦胧的神秘色彩中。拜占廷艺术的这些特点背离了古典艺术的原则，但是，由于它是在古典艺术的基础土发展而来，因此，还继承某些古典艺术的传统，例如注意营造庄严神圣的氛围、利用古代艺术的表现手法和技术等。3从拜占庭人继承古典文化的内容上看，拜占庭学者特别重视古希腊的哲学、文学和文学，重视罗马的法律和工程技术。在拜占庭帝国，荷马史济胜友人口妇幼皆知，能够大段背诵的人不在少数，因此许多作家在引用时不加说明而不至产生误解。拜占庭人常以正宗继承人的身份继承古罗马文化，他们不仅自称“罗马人”，而且在政治制度、基督教神学、法律和大型工程技术方面，忠实模仿继承，井有所发展创造。总结。拜占庭人使古典文化适合于中古社会生活，形成古典文化的特殊形式。拜占庭文化内容丰富，体系完备，发展水平较高，因此在文化发展缓慢的中古欧洲发挥积极作用，直接促进斯拉夫世界的文明化，加速斯拉夫各民族国家的发展，并形