浅谈语法教学在英语阅读理解中的地位和作用.doc

浅谈语法教学在英语阅读理解中的地位和作用论文提要： 鉴于目前有些老师根据高考试卷中各题型，分值的变化，提出要在分值最高的阅读理解部分下功夫，而对于重在考查语法和词汇的单项填空部分差不多就行了的观点，作者提出了自己的看法，并且举例分析了语法教学在英语阅读理解中的地位和作用。正文：随着高考英语考核的内容、题型、分值、目标的逐年变化，老师们的复习重点和策略也在随之变化。2001年，可以说是高考的题型、分值上变化最大的一年。首先，增加了听力考试，听力占了30分。其次，单项填空部分由过去的25分改为15分，而且还删去了语音部分的考查。2003年，北京市自主命题以来，又把二卷部分的改错去掉，同时增加了一篇作文。这每一次变化，每一分的增减都牵动着老师们的心，让大家苦思冥想应该怎样来应对这些变化。毫无疑问，高考的改革也直接引导了中学教学的变化。 纵观这些变化，让老师们印象最深的恐怕就是单项填空部分的变化：由过去的25分变为15分。这一变化让有些老师很高兴，因为重在考查语法和词汇的这一部分，通常是老师们花时间、费力气最大的一部分，而往往又是让老师们最不满意的部分。于是，有些老师就提出来，在哪部分下功夫，都要比在单项填空上面下功夫强。而重中之重就是分值最高的阅读理解部分，最不重要的就是单项填空部分了。从应试的角度来说，前者或许是有道理的，但是，后者无论从哪个角度来说都说不通。笔者认为，我们不能削弱语法和词汇的教学，而是应该脚踏实地地落实好语法教学。一、 语法和词汇是贯穿英语学习的始终的。 首先，让我们来认识一下什么是语法。语言是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。语法是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。作为社会交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，它所传递的信息首先是通过语音系统表达出来的，所以语音是语义的物质媒介，是语言赖以存在和发展的物质基础。在语言的结构系统，语音系统和语义系统中，结构系统（即语法）是中心部分，是结合语音系统和语义系统的枢纽，在书写体中则是结合文字系统和语义系统的枢纽，可以用公式表示如下：语义 语法 语音系统 / 文字系统 通过以上文字，我们发现语法在语言中有着举足轻重的作用和地位。因此，学习语法的重要性也就不言而喻了。作为老师，我们都知道语法属于语言知识，而高考中考查的听、说、读、写都属于语言技能。语言知识和语言技能都是语言能力的组成部分，它们之间是相互影响和相互促进的关系。英语基础知识是发展英语听、说、读、写等技能的重要基础，同时语言知识本身也是语言学习的目标之一。二、语法在英语阅读理解中的地位和作用不容忽视。常听人说，语法不用学的那么透，阅读一样会很好。笔者实在不敢苟同。在本人的教学实践中，在和学生的交流中，我发现，有些老师们认为学生们知道的语法现象，老师们以为学生们理解的复杂句子，他们根本就不明白。是有些老师过高地估计了学生的能力。而且，我也发现掌握并正确运用语法知识是提高语言技能的重要基础，是解决难题，提高成绩的有效办法。作为英语教师，我们都知道英语的语法结构具有层次性，它可分为五个不同的层次，即句子、分句、词组、词和词素。句子是语法的最高层次，由一个或一个以上的分句构成；分句由一个或一个以上的词组构成；词组由一个或一个以上的词构成；词由一个或一个以上的词素构成。下面我通过阅读训练中的一些具体实例来说明语法在阅读中的重要性。1、重视理解关键词的含义。 例一：(丰台区2004高三统一练习（一）72题) There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when _. A. he has given up his smoking habit B. he has made great efforts in his work. C. he is fond of learning anything new. D. he has tried to determine where he is on journey. 本题的正确答案是A。其实，这道题并不难，但是选对的却没有几个人。原因是学生在读文章，读问题的时候，对个别词并没有给予足够的重视。题干中的generally (一般来说) 是一个关键词，这个词是和文章中的generally (一般来说) 相互呼应的。所以，根据文章中的内容，People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. (人们一般来说把个人成长看成容易识别和测量的结果或产品)，我们所做出的选择也必须满足这一条件。而A戒烟又恰恰能满足容易识别和测量的结果这一条件，所以答案就是A。2、正确把握词组含义。 例二：(江西省2004高三联合考试62题) What is so unbelievable is that he always remains calm in great danger. Israeli tanks and planes attacked his office building in Ramallah in December 2001. When they saw the attackers coming, Arafats bodyguards ignored his orders to stay still and carried him to safety underground. Seconds later, several bombs were dropped nearby. Though safe, his bodyguards were so frightened that they were wet in sweat. The underlined word “ignored” can be replaced by _. A. obey the instructionsB. take no notice of C. pay much attention toD. make the orders 本题的正确答案是B。要想正确地猜出词义，对不定式to stay still的正确理解至关重要。在这里to stay still是用来作orders的定语，翻译成汉语为“原地不动的命令”。如果学生能够理解到这一点，就应该能够推测出ignore是“不理会”的意思。所以整个这句话就是：阿拉法特的保镖不理他呆在原地不动的命令，并且把他带到安全的地下。结果整个句子非常通顺，所以答案就选择了B。 例三：(福建省达标中学高中毕业班质量检查62题) This situation has led to calls for laws to stop real charities having their efforts overshadowed by marketing campaigns. This could be done by making the two groups hold their weeks at different times or stopping business running imitation charity campaigns. But there is another way. Maybe its time for National Weak Awareness Week, especially for people whose awareness of Awareness Weeks is weak. Which of the following is the right measure to be taken to solve the problems in awareness campaigns?A. Laws should stop awareness weeks run by real charity.B. There should be large public relations departments in awareness campaigns.C. Business and awareness campaigns should not be held at the same place.D. Marketing campaigns should not be in the name of charity ones. 本题的正确答案是D。但有好多同学误选了A。原因是并没有真正理解文中第一句话的意思。实际上要正确理解第一句话必须知道结构“stop sb. (from) doing”的含义“阻止/防止某人干某事”以及“have sth. done”的含义“使得被”。所以这句话的意思就是：这种情况导致要求出台法律来防止真正的慈善机构的努力被市场活动所遮蔽。如果能够理解到这一层次，就不难做出正确答案了。 3、掌握并理解句式结构。 例四： People have strange ideas about food. For example, the tomato is a kind of very delicious vegetable. It is one of useful plants that can be prepared in many ways. It has rich nutrition and vitamin in it. But in the 18th century, Americans never ate tomatoes. They grew them in their garden because tomato plants were so pretty. But they thought the vegetable was poisonous. They called tomatoes “poison apples”. President Thomas Jefferson, however, knew that tomatoes were good to eat. He was a learned man. He had been to Paris, where he learned to love the taste of tomatoes. He grew many kinds of tomatoes in the garden. The President taught his cooks a way for a cream of tomato soup. This beautiful pink soup was served at the Presidents party. The guests thought the soup tasted really good. They never thought their president would serve his honored guests poison apples. Jefferson never spoke to his honored guests about the fact.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A. All of the guests enjoyed the soup that was served at the Presidents party. B. All of the guests thought the soup which was prepared by the Presidents cooks was nice. C. All of the guests thought the taste of the beautiful pink soup was nice. D. All of the guests didnt know that their president would serve his honored guests poison apples. 本题的正确答案是D。选对的同学非常少。问题在于相当多同学没有理解D选项的准确含义。他们都把D理解成了“所有的客人都不知道他们的总统会用毒苹果来招待他的嘉宾。”但事实上，这是一个部分否定的句子，所以本句话的正确含义应为：不是所有的客人都知道他们的总统会用毒苹果来招待他的嘉宾。而从本文来看，客人们都不知道汤是用毒苹果做的。所以，D项是与文章相悖的。故正确答案应是D。 例五：(2004年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）67题) But Hyde couldnt go after him. Taking care of injured people is always more important than worrying about speeders, so the officer had to stay on his way to the accident. But he did try to keep the Firebird in sight as he drove, hoping another nearby unit would be able to step in and stop the speeding car. As it turned out, keeping the Firebird in sight was not that difficult. Every turn the Pontiac made was the very turn the officer needed to get to the accident scene.What is probably the best title for the article? A. Losing His Way? B. Going My Way? C. Fun All the Way? D. Help on the Way? 本题的正确答案是B。有一部分同学并没有做出正确判断，原因在于没有很好的理解最后一句话。最后一句话中包括了两个定语从句，第一个是 (that) the Pontiac made，第二个是 (that) the officer needed to get to the accident scene。如果把两个定语从句拿掉，就抓住了句子的主干Every turn was the very turn。再把两个定语从句还原，我们就能够正确理解这句话的含义了，即：这辆Pontiac拐的每一个弯恰恰就是这位警官到达事故现场所需要拐的每一个弯。那么这也就说明违章超速驾驶者所走的路正是这位警官要走的路。所以选出B也就是情理之中了。通过对以上例题的分析，我们不难发现，英语语法对于有效解决英语阅读理解中的问题的确起着举足轻重的作用。所以，没有语法知识作支撑，光靠词语的简单堆砌，光靠大量的机械的阅读练习是无法从根本上解决问题的。也许有人会说，我可以交