AUSTRALIA-1_高中英语PPT课件下载.pptVIP

chapter 1 the land and the peoples of the dreaming the natural environment of australia distinctive features of the land distinctive animals of the land the indigenous peoples dreaming and dreamtime the concept of terra nullius impact of colonization on the indigenous peoples policies of segregation and assimilation for around 40,000 years before european settlement commenced in the late 18th century, the australian mainland and tasmania were inhabited by around 250 individual nations of indigenous australians. after sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north, and european discovery by dutch explorers in 1606, the eastern half of australia was claimed by the british in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of new south wales, founded on 26 january 1788. the population grew steadily in the following years; the continent was explored, and during the 19th century another five largely self-governing crown colonies were established. on 1 january 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the commonwealth of australia was formed. since federation, australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a commonwealth realm. the population is almost 21.9 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of sydney, melbourne, brisbane, perth, and adelaide. the nations capital city is canberra, located in the australian capital territory (act). australia is a developed country, with a prosperous multicultural society and has excellent results in many international comparisons of national performance such as health care, life expectancy, quality-of-life, human development, public education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. australian cities also routinely rank among the worlds highest in terms of livability, cultural offerings, and quality of life. it is a member of the united nations, g-20 major economies, commonwealth of nations, anzus, oecd, and the wto. canberracanberra canberra (pronounced /knbr, knbr/3) is the capital city of australia. with a population of over 345,000, it is australias largest inland city and the eighth largest australian city overall. the city is located at the northern end of the australian capital territory, 280 km (170 mi) south-west of sydney, and 660 km (410 mi) north-east of melbourne. the site of canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals sydney and melbourne, australias two largest cities. canberra balloon fiesta namadgi national park as the seat of the government of australia, canberra is the site of parliament house, the high court of australia and numerous government departments and agencies. it is also the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance, such as the australian war memorial, national gallery of australia, national museum of australia and the national library of australia. the federal government contributes the largest percentage of gross state product and is the largest single employer in canberra. sydneysydney sydney (pronounced /sdni/3) is the largest city in australia, and the state capital of new south wales. sydney has a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.34 million4 and an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometres. its inhabitants are called sydneysiders, and sydney is often called “the harbour city“. sydney is the site of the first british colony in australia. the city is home to the iconic sydney opera house, harbour bridge and its beaches. sydney is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflected in its role as a major destination for immigrants to australia. sydney opera house adelaideadelaide阿德莱德阿德莱德 adelaide (pronounced /dled/3) is the capital and most populous city of the australian state of south australia, and is the fifth-largest city in australia, with a population of more than 1.1 million.4 it is a coastal city situated on the eastern shores of gulf st. vincent, on the adelaide plains, north of the fleurieu peninsula, between the gulf st. vincent and the low-lying mount lofty ranges. it is roughly 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills but sprawls 90 km (56 mi) from gawler at its northern extent to sellicks beach in the south. darwin, darwin, northern territorynorthern territory darwin (pronounced /drwn/3, locally dawn4) is the capital city of the northern territory, australia. situated on the timor sea, darwin has a population of 120,652, making it by far the largest and most populated city in the sparsely populated northern territory, but the least populous of all australias capital cities. it is the smallest and most northerly of the australian capital cities, and acts as the top ends regional centre. melbourne melbourne (pronounced /mlbn/3 or locally mlbn4) is the capital and largest city of the state of victoria, and the second most populous city in australia. the melbourne city centre is the anchor of the larger geographic region and statistical division known as the greater melbourne metropolitan area5of which melbourne is the common name. in 2008, it had a population of approximately 3.9 million. top: melbourne city centre, centre/left: flinders street station, centre/right: shrine of remembrance, centre: federation square, bottom/left: melbourne cricket ground, bottom/right: royal exhibition building. the city is situated on the brisbane river on a low-lying floodplain between moreton bay and the great dividing range in south-eastern queensland. the local indigenous people knew the area as mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike.5 brisbane is named after sir thomas brisbane, the governor of new south wales from 1821 to 1825. brisbanes demonym is a brisbanite. brisbanebrisbane brisbane布里斯班 (pronounced /brzbn/4) is the state capital of the australian state of queensland and is the largest city in that state. with an estimated population of approximately 2 million, it is also the third most populous city in australia. 1. the land and climate the continent of australia lies between equatorial south east asia and the antarctic. with a coastline of 30 000 kilometers and a land area of 7 682 300 km2, it is the largest island in the world. its land area almost equals that of the united states. it is also the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world. the country also includes tasmania, an island just to the south, the torres straits islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the pacific and the indian oceans. the country also includes tasmania, an island just to the torres straits islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of island in the pacific and the indian oceans. 澳大利亚还包括位于其大陆南方 的一个岛，即塔斯马尼亚岛，和 距其大陆北部海岸不远的托雷斯 海峡群岛，以及太平洋和印度洋 中的一些岛屿。 太平洋和印度洋中的 ashmore islands (阿什莫尔和 卡捷岛)、 christma island(圣诞岛)、 cocos(keeling)islands(科科斯( 基灵)群岛)、 coral sea islands(珊瑚海群岛) 、 norfolk island(诺福克岛)、 australia antarctic territory(澳 大利亚南极领地)和 heard and macdonald islands( 赫德和麦克唐纳群岛)是澳大 利亚的海外领地。 the continent is thought to have formed the disintegration of gondwana-the great southern supercontinent- in a process of separation occurring from 250 to 90 million years ago. isolated from other major land masses, australia s distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent. animals that are unique to the continent include: the platypus -often described as the worlds most unusual animal because it is a small, web-footed, egg- laying mammal with a bill like a duck and can stay under water for as long as 14 minutes; the kangaroo -a macropod (meaning “large footed“) which is sometimes as much as two meters in height. it sits upright on its extremely powerful back legs and moves by jumping. it is also a marsupial which means that the young “joeys”， or baby kangaroos, live in the mothers pouch until they are ready to fend for themselves ; the koala -another marsupial but one which looks like a small, woolly, grey and white bear. it lives mainly in the branches of trees, especially the eucalyptus whose leaves comprise the koala s main diet. the wombat -a squat, round, bear-like, burrowing marsupial, about one meter in length, with short legs, small ears and eyes and a thick, coarse fur of brown or grey. however, it is in the mediterranean and temperate climates of the hills and fertile plains bordering the east, south and the south west of the continent that 80% of australians live today. the landscape of the country is extremely variable. in the north are tropical rainforests; snowfields occupy the plateau landscapes of the southeast whilst, in the centre and the western areas of the continent, two thirds of the land is desert or semi- desert. two of the country s most distinctive physical features are the great dividing range and the great barrier reef. the great dividing range extends as an almost unbroken series of plateaus down the east coast of australia, from northern queensland, through new south wales and into victoria, whilst, off shore. 5in the north are tropical rainforests; snowfields occupy the plateau landscapes of the southeast whilst, in the centre and the western areas of the continent, two thirds of the land is desert or semi desert：北部有热带雨 林；东南的高原区被雪地覆盖，而澳大利亚大陆的中部和西部 的三分之二是沙漠或半沙漠地区。 6howeverit is in the mediterranean and temperate climates of the hill and fertile plains bordering the east,south and the south west of the continent that 80 of australians live today：但是，今天80 的澳大利亚人都住在澳大利亚大陆的 东部、南部和西南部边缘地区的山丘和 肥沃的平原上，处于地中海式气候或温 带气候区内。 6however, it is in the mediterranean and temperate climates of the hill and fertile plains bordering the east, south and the south west of the continent that 80% of australians live today. 但是，今天80的澳 大利亚人都住在澳大利亚大陆的东部、南部和西南 部边缘地区的山丘和肥沃的平原上，处于地中海式 气候或温带气候区内。 7the great dividing range：大 分水岭。 澳大利亚大分水岭沿着大陆的东 部边缘，从昆士兰省的北部开始 ，绵延不断，形成一系列几乎不 间断的高地，一直穿过到新南威 尔士省和维多利亚省，延伸到塔 斯马尼亚南部海边。 8the great barrier reef：大堡礁 位于昆士兰省东北部海 洋中，沿着昆士兰省的 海岸绵延2000多公里， 是世界上最长的珊瑚礁 。大堡礁是一个重要的 海洋生态系统，其中的 岛屿和珊瑚礁中生存着 许多稀有的海洋动植物 。大堡礁已被列为世界 自然遗产。 the great barrier reef, the largest coral structure in the world, extends for over 2000 kilometers along the coast of queensland. mount augustus, claimed to be the worlds largest monolith,51 is located in western australia. at 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), mount kosciuszko on the great dividing range is the highest mountain on the australian mainland, although mawson peak on the remote australian territory of heard island is taller at 2,745 metres (9,006 ft). the landscapes of the northern part of the country, with a tropical climate, consist of rainforest, woodland, grassland, mangrove swamps, and desert. the climate is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the indian ocean dipole and the el nio southern oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern australia.52 the climate of australia varies widely, but by far the largest part of australia is desert or semi-arid 40% of the landmass is covered by sand dunes. only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. the northern part of the country has a tropical climate: part is tropical rainforests, part grasslands, and part desert. by far the largest part of australia is desert or semi-arid lands commonly known as the outback. australia is the flattest continent, with the oldest and least fertile soils, and is the driest inhabited continent. only the south-east and south- west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. the population density, 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, is among the lowest in the world, although a great proportion of the population lives along the temperate south- eastern coastline. 2. the peoples we do not know exactly how long the country has been occupied but the earliest discovered site of occupation is about 47 000 years old. the peoples of the dreaming belonged to over 500 different groups or nations with different languages and cultures but they were bound together by their belief in the dreaming. “the dreaming” or “the dreamtime“ is the most enduring religion in australia today. the dreamtime laid down the patterns of life for the aboriginal people. 梦创时代，是原住民文化的重要组成部分。它是指原住民 的神话中所指的远古时期，那时地球形成了其目前的形态 ，生命和自然的形式和周期也在那时开始。有关梦创时代 的传说构成了今天原住民的价值观和社会关系。澳大利亚 原住民认为只有在梦境之中，人才可以得到对远古创始期 的认知，故称其为dreaming。 it is based on the central principle that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land-that the land owns them and that they hold it in trust as the home of their creator. 梦创时代的信仰基于一条最重要的原则，即生活在澳大利 亚大陆上的人们对土地有着特殊责任即他们属于土地 ，他们只是受托保管他们先人创造者的家园。 3. “dreamtime“ or “dreaming“ the expression “dreamtime“ is most often used to refer to the “time before time“, or the time of the creation of all things , while dreaming refers to an individuals or groups set of beliefs or spirituality. for instance, an indigenous australian might say that they have kangaroo dreaming, or wombat dreaming. these are the many separate stories that explain the creation of whichever features of the land that form the country of any one group. uluruuluru：乌鲁如岩，曾被自人定居者称为艾尔斯岩(ayres rock)，位于澳大利亚中部，是一块在平坦的沙漠中天然形 成的巨大岩石。它也是当地原住民部落的圣地，已被列为世 界自然和文化遗产。 devils marbles：原住民称其为karwekarlwe，位于澳大利亚中 部、北方领土内，巨大的花岗岩巨石叠摞在一起，颇为壮 观。同时，这里也是当地原住民的圣地，他们认为这些巨 石是他们的祖先彩虹蛇的卵。 because the peoples of the dreaming developed an intricate understanding of the land their intellectual skills became important to the colonists and developers who took over the country after 1788. the first industries that were developed after the settlements were the sealing industries. white sealers, in tasmania, and on kangaroo island in south australia, were quick to understand the value of the knowledge of the local peoples whose land they had invaded. on both islands the sealers abducted young indigenous women and used their manual and intellectual labor to catch and prepare the seal skins and the meat and blubber from which the sealers extracted their profit. later, the pastoralists exploited the peoples understanding of the land in the development of the great cattle and sheep stations that created massive wealth for the new white “owners”. 4. contact and the concept of terra nullius the british were not the first foreigners to make contact with the peoples of the dreaming. in 1405, zhu di the ming emperor commissioned his admiral zheng he to take 317 of his ships to the middle east and eastern africa. there are rock paintings in the northern territory which could be interpreted as portraying chinese junks weighing anchor or images of the buddha. moreover, the kangaroo, an animal indigenous only to australia was known in 15th century china. although chinese, malaysian, indonesian, and arab seafarers may have landed in northern australia well before 1500 ad, australia was essentially unknown in the west until the 17th century. however it did exist in late medieval european logic and mythology as a great southland, or terra australis, which was thought necessary to balance the weight of the northern landmasses of europe and asia. terra australis often appeared on early european maps as a large, globe-shaped mass in about its correct location. there are records in the art of the peoples of the dreaming of the arrival of various european travelers, portuguese, spanish and dutch explorers. however, it was the british who took over the country in the late 18th century, declaring it to be “terra nullius” -an unowned wasteland which could, legitimately, be colonized. by declaring australia “terra nullius“ the british were not only claiming that they could take possession of the land but that they could dismiss those who had lived there for 18000 or so generations as a people who were not fully human and who were certainly not “civilized“. the 500 peoples of the dreaming were not recognized. these one million or so people who lived on the land were instead grouped together under the one name: “the aborigines”, the generic term meaning “the original natives of the land.” 5. the impact of colonisation approximately 20 000 aborigines were killed in violent skirmishes and massacres in the first decades of colonization. the ratio of white to black deaths in these battles and skirmishes was about 1: 10. in some areas martial law was declared against those aborigines who attempted to prevent the settlers from taking over their hunting and collecting grounds. even more disastrous to the peoples of the dreaming were the diseases that the colonists brought with them. 6. the policies of segregation and exclusion by the mid 1800s the government practices of violence changed to policies of segregation and exclusion. the aboriginal people were forcibly taken from their own land and put on reserves where they were placed under the absolute control of white officials, often christian missionaries, who were given the title of protectors. social scientists of the time adapted the general darwinian theory of evolution to develop a theory of a hierarchy of races, with the white colonising peoples located at the top and the black nomadic peoples, whom they colonised and exploited, at the bottom of the scale. throughout the 19th century, europeans -bolstered by the image of themselves as the superior, civilized peoples- colonised several countries around the world. in australia, the 19th and early 20th century social scientists legitimated this view. social scientists of the throughout the 19th century, europeans-bolstered by the image of themselves as the superior, civilized peoples-colonized several countries around the world. in