省略、倒装用法归纳.doc

倒装结构&省略句（一）倒装的基本用法：英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。把谓语动词放在主语之前，就叫倒装结构。如果把全部谓语放在主语之前，叫完全倒装；如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，就叫部分倒装。 1. 完全倒装(1) up, down, in, away, off, out, here, there, now, then等副词置于句首，主语是名词而不是人称代词时，用完全倒装。Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. Now comes your turn. Out rushed the boys. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Away flew the birds. 注意：当代词作主语时，只把该副词提前，主谓语序不变。 Here it is. In he comes. (2) 表示地点，方向等的介词短语放于句首，并且谓语为不及物动词，如：sit ,live, stand, run, come等，主语为名词时，用完全倒装。Through the window came in the sweet music.From the valley came a frightening sound. South of the city lies a big steel factory. (3) 表语置于句首时， 使用倒装结构“表语+连系动词+主语”。 形容词+连系动词+主语Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. 过去分词+连系动词+主语Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.介词短语+be +主语Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 2. 部分倒装（1）用于so, nor ,neither开头的句子， 表示“也（不）”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，要用部分倒装，其句型结构为：so/neither/ nor + be/助动词/情态动词+主语，so与前面的肯定句呼应，neither/nor与前面的否定句相呼应。 He has been to Beijing, so have I. Li Wei cant answer the question, neither can I. The first one isnt good, nor is the second. （2)在so/suchthat句型中，若so/such提到句首时，主句谓语动词用部分倒装。In such a hurry did he leave the office that he forgot to lock the door.他离开办公室太匆忙了，结果忘了锁门。So fluently does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.（3）用于省略if的虚拟条件从句，此时，虚拟条件状语从句的助动词应该是 “were, had或should”。Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. (4) 用于as （或though ）引导的让步状语从句中构成：表语/状语/动词原形+as+主语表语+as+主语 此结构里，表语为单数名词时，其前面不用冠词Disabled as he was, he tried his best to serve the people. 虽然他残疾了，但他仍尽力为人民服务。 Child as he is, he speaks fluent English. 虽然他是个孩子，但能讲流利的英语。 状语+as+主语 Hard as he tried, he couldnt pass the exam. 尽管他努力了，他还是没有通过考试。 Fastest as he ran, he still didnt catch the train. (=Though he ran the fastest, he still didnt catch the train. )尽管他跑得最快，仍没有赶上火车。动词原形+ as+主语Try again as she may, she wont pass it.尽管愿意再试， 她还是不会通过的。 Fail as I did, I would try again. (=Though I failed, I would try again. )尽管我失败了，但我还要再试。（5）用于no soonerthan; hardlywhen; not until句型Hardly had I reached the station when the train started. （6）用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, at no time, not only等否定词（或词组）开头的句子。 Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.Seldom do I go to see a film. （7）用于以only开头的句子（only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句）Only in this way can you master English. Only this afternoon did I finish the novel. Only after my friend came was the computer repaired. 只有在我朋友来了之后， 电脑才修好。 （二）省略句一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉，这样的句子称为省略句。 省略是为了避免重复，突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。 (1) 定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可以省略，这类关系代词主要有that, which, whom; 另外，当先行词是time （倍数；次数）, reason, situation 等时，作状语的关系副词when, why, where 也可以省去。 例: The car (which /that) his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen.那辆他父亲作为生日礼物送给他的小汽车被盗了 。 This was the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss. 这是他第一次和老板闹得不愉快。(2) 在表示条件（时间、地点、方式或让步等）的状语从句中， 如果谓语含有be动词，主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it, 常把从句中的主语和谓语部分的be动词省略。 例：Once (he was ) a teacher, he now works in a government office. 他曾经是一位老师，现在在政府部门工作。 He looked everywhere as if (he was )in search of something. 他向四周看看，好像在寻找什么东西。 The exhibition is more interesting than (it was )expected. 这个展览比预想的有意思。 Unless (it is ) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary. 除非有必要，你最好不要参考字典。 (3) 动词不定式可以省去和句子前面部分重复的动词原形而只保留动词不定式符号to， 如果不定式中含有be, have, have been, 应保留be, have和have been。例：I didnt object because I had been ordered not to. 我不反对，因为有人命令我不要反对。 China is not what she used to be. 中国不再是从前的中国了。 Didnt he tell you to attend the meeting? 他没有告诉你要开会吗？No, I ought to have been (told). 是的，我本该被告知。 (4) 在英语中有一些固定的省略结构：What if?倘若怎么样（怎么办）？Why (not)为什么（不）? What /How about doing sth. 怎么样？ have difficult (in) doing sth. 干有困难 There is no use (in) doing sth. 干没有用例：Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢？What if its raining? 如果天下雨怎么办呢？I had no difficulty (in) finding his house . 我毫不费力就找到了他的家。 (5) 使用替代词的省略：我们在省略句子的某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词， 如do, so, not, one, the same等，以保持句子结构的完整。 do 用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。I know you better than he does. 我比他更了解你。（does代替knows you） so在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等词后面，代替单词、词组或句子。 She became a loyal friend to me and remains so. 她成了我的一个忠诚的朋友， 而且一直如此。 （so 替代a loyal friend）Has she ever been to London? 她曾到过伦敦吗? I dont think so. 我想她没去过。 （so替代she has been to London.） not 代替否定的句子， 用法和so 相似。 Will it rain tomorrow? 明天会下雨吗？I hope not. 我希望不会。（=I hope it wont rain tomorrow.） Can you come next week？ 你下星期能来吗?Im afraid not. 恐怕我不能来。 （=Im afraid that I can not come. ）the same 可以代替词组或句子。 The