四级汉译英的基本技巧及练习.docVIP

汉译英的基本技巧一、翻译的基本方法：直译意译直译：保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语的特点。如： 我们的朋友遍天下。Our friends are all over the world. (直译)We have friends all over the world.（意译）直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用二、 汉译英的基本技巧1. 增词为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意.北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc. exercise1. 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。I dont think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.2. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2. 减词汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表达一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以为常的重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个春天吧！Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring, which is one of the revolution, of the people, and of science.exercise见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes. 长嗟短叹 sighing deeply 发号施令 issue orders 土崩瓦解 fall apart 两面三刀 two-faced tactics3. 词类转换词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。exercise他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词)你说他傻不傻？Dont you think he is an idiot? (形容词变名词)4. 语态转换在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。门锁好了。The door has been locked up.新教材在印刷中。New textbooks are being printed.这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤 。The little boy was hurt on his way home from school.5. 分译 & 合译(按内容层次分译)分译： 需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone，never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep.合译：相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.6. 正、反表达翻译I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达他提出的论据相当不充实。The argument he put forward is pretty thin. 他七十岁了，可是并不显老。He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达她来得正是时候。She couldnt have come at a better time.对于汉译英，你越细心越好。You can never be too careful about Chinese-English translation.7.变序 从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xian, such as the three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures. (“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。)样题剪纸（papercutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（theMingandQingDynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。 Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.（一）泼水节泼水是傣族新年的主要喜庆活动。人们互相泼水，表示洗去身上一年的尘垢，迎接新一年的到来。泼水有文泼和武泼之分。文泼是对长者的泼法，舀起一勺水，一边说着祝福的话，一遍拉开长者的衣领，将水顺着领口往下浇。被泼的人欣然接受对方的祝福。武泼则没有固定的形式，用瓢、用盆、用桶都可以，互相追逐，劈头盖脸地泼。被人泼的水越多，说明受到的祝福越多，被泼的人也越高兴。泼水 water splashing新年的主要喜庆活动：the main New Year celebration activity洗去尘垢 wash off the dust and dirt文泼/武泼 gentle splashing/fierce splashing舀水 ladle some water欣然接受祝福accept it with good grace互相追逐 run after each other劈头盖脸 face-to-face, head-onWater Splashing FestivalWater splashing is the main New Year celebration activity of the Dai people. People splash water on others to wash off the dust and dirt of the old year and welcome the coming of the New Year. Water is either splashed gently or fiercely. Gentle splashing is to the elderspeople ladle some water and , uttering good wishes while gently pulling loose the collar, pour it down an elders neck. The one being splashed accepts it with good grace. Fierce splashing has no fixed patternpeople can run after each other and use ladles, basins or even buckets to splash or pour water over each other face to face. The more one is splashed, the happier one is for the many blessings he gets.倾心 to give ones heart to放心 to set ones heart at ease灰心 to lose heart关心 to take to heart伤心 to break ones heart心对心 heart to heart衷心的 heart-felt善心的 kind-hearted黑心的 black-hearted硬心肠的 hard-hearted从心底里 from the bottom of ones heart全心全意 heart and soul（二）说起中国古代文明，人们都熟知“四大发明”造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术，他们对于世界文化、军事、交通等发展起着无可估量的作用。实际上中华民族对世界文明的杰出贡献远不只是“四大发明”。When we mention Chinas ancient civilization, we think of the Four Great Inventionspaper, gunpowder, the compass and printing, which have had an immeasurable impact on the development of world culture, military affairs, and communications and transportation. Actually, the most outstanding contributions made by the Chinese Nation to world civilization are by no means limited only to the Four Great Inventions.（三）手机刷新了人与人之间的关系。会议室的门口通常贴着一张通告，请与会者关闭手机。可是会议室里的手机依然响成一片。我们都是普通人，没有多少重要的事。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。手机反映出我们的社交饥渴症。最为常见的是，一个人在路上走着走着，忽然停下来盯着手机屏幕发短信，不管是在马路中间还是厕所旁边。参考译文Cell phone has altered human relations. There is usually a note on the door of conference room, which reads close your handset|. However, the rings are still resounding in the room. We are all common people and has few urgencies to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our thirst for socialization. We are familiar with the scene when a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, disregard of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.讲解：以“刷新”为例表示“刷新”的词有：refresh:vt. to make sb feel less tired or less hotto refill; to remind sb of sth 使恢复；更新；使清新；消除的疲劳 renew：to begin again after a pause;to make sth valid for a longer time;to change sth that is old or damaged 重新开始；延长期限；更新refurbish: to clean and decorate a room, building,etc. in order to make it more attracted.刷新，翻修。renovate:vt. to repair; restore to a previous or better condition 革新；更新；修复；刷新 在夏天洗个冷水淋浴就会使我们感到凉爽。A cold shower always refreshes us in summer. 我给你再斟一杯吧。Let me refresh your glass.让我唤醒你的记忆。 Let me refresh your memory. 她将所有的锅碗瓢盆都擦拭一新。She refurbished all the pots and pans. 我们的房子最近将进行翻修。Our house will be refurbished in the near future. 他们与其他进出口公司恢复了联系。They renewed contact with other import and export corporations. 我可以续借这本书吗? Can I renew this book? 我们必须革新我们的社会生活以适应时代的要求。 We must renovate our social life tokeep abreast of the times. 他们准备将旧家具整修一番。 They are going to renovate the old furniture. 在文中的“刷新”跟这几个词都不太合适，因此把它译为“改变”alter 或者change 都可以。“贴”有：paste; stick;“最为常见的是，一个人在路上走着走着，忽然停下来盯着手机屏幕发短信，”What is commonly seen is that a person suddenly stops to send short messages, with eyes fixed on the phone. （四）温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。（1）先把词汇搞清楚（2）划分意群，确定句子的主干，确定主语、谓语（3）注意时态和关系连词的使用参考译文一The glory of Vancouver has resulted from the wisdom and industriousness of the people in this city, including the contribution made by the multinationals there. Canada is a vast, sparsely populated country with its land area larger than that of China, and a population under 30 million. Since the intake of immigrants has long been the contrys national policy, you can say that all Canadians, except Indians, are from other countries though they came to this land in different years.And Vancouver is one of the very few multi-ethnic cities in the world, as half of its 1.8 million residents today were born elsewhere, and one in every four of them is an Asian. The Chinese in Vancouver, totaling 250,000, have been playing a decisive role in the economic transformation in this city, for half of them have arrived just over the last five years, making the place the biggest Chinese community outside Asia.参考译文二The glory of Vancouver has been achieved through the wisdom and the industry of the Vancouver people, including the contributions of many ethnic groups. Canada, sparsely populated, has a territory larger than that of China, but its population is only less than 30 million. Consequently, to attracting immigrants from other countries has become a national policy long practiced/followed/cherished by Canada. All Canadians except the American Indians, so to speak, are foreign immigrants, differing only in the length of time they have settled in Canada. Vancouver, in particular, is one of the few most celebrated multi-ethnic cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million Vancouver residents, half of them are non-natives and one out of every four residents is from Asia. The 250,000 Chinese there have played a decisive role in the transformation of Vancouvers economy. Half of them have come to settle in Vancouver over the past five years only, rendering（making） Vancouver the largest area outside Asia where the Chinese inhabit.（五）春节春节，又称农历新年，它是中国最重大的传统节日。时间通常在一月底，二月初，象征着一年辛劳后，冬春之交的休息和放松，也象征了喜庆。 春节前，人们打扫屋子、在大门上贴大红对联、放鞭炮。据传说，这样做是为了驱赶一个叫“年”的魔鬼。除夕之夜，一大家子定会在一起会餐，最受欢迎的主食是饺子，人们认为它能带来好运吉祥。 在新年的第一天，每人都穿上新衣服， 走亲访友并且鞠躬祝福，为的是新年能有好运气。 The Spring Festival,also known as the Lunar New Year, is the greatest traditional festival. It is usually a time between late January or early February, which means rest and relaxation between winter and spring after a years toil,and means celebration as well. Before the Spring Festival, people clean their houses, put red couplets on their gates,and set off firecrackers, according to fairy tales, for driving a demon named Nian away. On the eve of the Spring Festival, a get-together banquet is a must, and the most popular food is Jiaozi, which is supposed to bring good fortune.On the first day of the new year, everybody wears new clothes and greets relatives and friends with bows and congratulations wishing each other the best during the new year.知识储备: 春节的有关词汇过年 Guo-nian; have the Spring Festival 对联 poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry春联 Spring Festival couplets剪纸 paper-cuts年画 New Year paintings买年货 special purchases for the Spring Festival ; do Spring Festival shopping敬酒 propose a toast灯笼 lantern: a portable light烟花 Fireworks爆竹 firecrackers (People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.红包 red packets (cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth in the coming year.) 舞狮 lion dance (The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)舞龙 dragon dance (to expect good weather and good harvests)戏曲 traditional opera杂耍 variety show 灯谜 riddles written on lanterns灯会 exhibit of lanterns守岁 staying-up拜年 pay New Years call; give New Years greetings; New Years visit禁忌 taboo去晦气 get rid of the ill- fortune祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to ones ancestors压岁钱 gift money; money given to children as a lunar New Year gift 辞旧岁 bid farewell to the old year扫房 spring cleaning; general house-cleaning年糕 Nian-gao; rice cake; New Year cake 团圆饭 family reunion dinner年夜饭 the dinner on New Years Eve 饺子 Jiao-zi; Chinese meat ravioli汤圆 Tang-yuan; dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings中国传统节日春节(农历正月初一) the Spring Festival （New Years Day of the Chinese lunar calendar） 元宵节 (灯节) (农历正月十五) the Lantern Festival 清明节(四月五日前后) the Qingming Festival端午节(农历五月初五) the Dragon-Boat Festival中秋节(农历八月十五) the Mid-Autumn Festival （the Moon Festival）重阳节(农历九月初九) the Double-Ninth Day情人节(农历七月初七) the Double-Seventh Day（六）都市寸土寸金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小的花园，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人的心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日，但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱的内心世界的阴晴。其实: in fact; in reality ;actually; as a matter of factactually: used to emphasize sth is really true. or to show a contrast between what is true and what people believe and to show surprise about the contrast.其实不然：Aactually, that is not the case.in reality: used to say that a situation is different from what has been said or what people believe.从表面上看， 她显得信心十足，而实际上她紧张得要命。Outwardly she seemed confident but in reality she felt extremely nervous.in fact:确切地说（强调细节）；事实上，实际上 （强调与前面提到的相反）。我曾在北京住过；确切地说，离你要去的地方不远。I used to live in Beijing; in fact, not far from where you are going.我原以为这会很难，事实上却很容易。I thought the work would be difficult, in fact, its very easy.as a matter of fact(spoken):事实上，说真的，（对自己说过的话强调；或者表示不同意别人刚刚说的话）。那个地方不错，其实， 我们在那里呆过。Its a nice place. We have stayed there ourselves, as a matter of fact.我想，你快要离开了吧？不，事实上，我还要再待2年呢。I suppose you will be leaving soon.No, as a matter of fact, I will be staying for another two years.智力: intelligence, intellectIntelligence: the ability to learn, understand and think in a logical way（智力，才智 ）；or secret information(情报) .智力不行：poor intelligence智力测试： intelligence test智商： intelligence quotient=IQ此人智力超群：He is a man of very high intelligence.可是：智力缺陷：mental deficiency美国中央情报局The US Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)Intellect：the ability to think in a logical way and understand things, especially at an advanced level.(尤指高等智力)；a very intelligent person 智力高的人她是当时的一名盖世英才。She was one of the most formidable intellects of her time.faculty: any of the physical or mental abilities that a person is born with 官能，天赋；院、系；全体教师拥有一切官能：to be in full possession of your facultiesThe Faculty of Law: 法学院Faculty members: 全体教师众所周知: as every body knows; as is well known由于众所周知的原因：for the reasons known to all他的忠厚是众所周知的。Everybody knows that he is an honest and kind man.distinguishing features: 不同的特征（能与其他事情区别开的特征）形成：form; take shape; take form作用: affect ; act on;在这种社会环境的作用下，他终于变好了。Affected by (or influenced by)such an social environment, he at last changed for(or turned into a better man) the better.至亲: closest relative; veryclose relative至爱：the beloved ones微疾: a minor disdease/illness原文指心脏小小的不舒服，因此用minor heart discomfort惶恐：scared;feared;terrified;frightened.惶惶不可终日:be in an instant state of anxiety; be on tenterhooks(also be on pins and needles) all the time(坐立不安，如坐针毡)参考译文It is true, on my part, that we each have in our possesion a pretty little garden, our inner world, which , as well as our faculties, requires to be cultivated. A human being differs from an animal in having his inner world, apart from the many other distinguishing features. Heart is no more than an internal organ whereas the inner world, which takes shape in the process of being acted on by the outside world, serves as a “landscape”. We definitely take great care of our heart and that of our beloved to make sure they are healthy, and we suffer from nervousness and fears even with a minor heart discomfort. But the same amount of care is not always devoted to the conditions of our inner world and that of our beloved ones.（七）现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。 总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一中内疚感。 一想到白天什么事都没干，心理就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。(1)第一句：主语转换原句是:学习压力重译文： College students now bear heavy academic pressure社会压力：social pressure舆论压力：pressure of public opinion施加压力：put pressure on减轻压力：ease/lighten the pressure/strain大四：可以指第四学年或者四年级的学生大一学生：Freshman大二学生：sophomore大三学生: junior students大四学生: senior students（2）太忙：too busy (to do sth)学生是由于太忙而不去作别的事情，因此最好用这种表达方式。不愿：They dont like to /They are not willing（3）总之，他们就像一个机器人。In short, they have become nothing but a robot.In a word, they conduct their lives like robots. In short, they work like a dog.(4)压力大，时间少，功课多。They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time.补主语，合句，调整句序。They are under pressure because they have to do too much work in too little time.(5)看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一中内疚感。 当两个动作同时发生，并且具有对比意义，用“while”引导。If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie, they will feel guilty. （6）一想到白天什么事都没干，心理就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night.心理：减词睡不着觉：sleepless, suffer from insomnia(7)紧张：study hardbe nervous Have butterflies in ones stomacheIntense：紧张的劳动：intense labor缓和国际紧张局势：ease international tension他们人手紧张：They are short of hands.(8)品尝：savour, taste（9）全面发展,全才的：well-rounded（10）读大学： The pursuit of college education 参考译文：College students now bear heavy academic pressure. You will find them-except seniors who are beginning to look for a job-always too busy in studies to join campus organizations, too busy to take part in sports and other extr