动词不定式的形式.doc

一、 动词不定式的形式 1. 动词不定式各种形式有：一般式、完成式、不定式的进行式、不定式的完成进行式、不定式一般式和完成式的被动语态。 以下几种情况用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义： a. 在某些静态形容词后作状语的不定式：如 easy ， hard ， difficult ， tiresome ， good ， heavy ， interesting 等。 b. 当不定式的动作与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系时，可以用主动表示被动。 c. 在 too to 或 enough to 结构中，不定式主动表被动。 2. 不定式的否定式 不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加否定词 not 或 never 等。 3. 不定式短语 a. 疑问词 + 不定式 在 tell ， show ， teach ， find out ， decide ， discuss ， learn ， ask ， advise ， remember ， know 等动词后常用“疑问词 + 不定式”这一结构作其定语。 b. of/ for sb to do 当不定式作主语时，可以有自己的逻辑主语，指明动作的执行者。常常使用 for 来引出不定式的逻辑主语，但当和不定式搭配的形容词是表示主语的品行、性格特征和行为表现时，需要用 of 来代替 for ，引出其逻辑主语。 使用 of 的此类形容词有： kind ， foolish ， stupid ， wise ， nice ， clever ， silly ， rude ， careless ， thoughtful 等。 二、动词不定式充当各种句子成分的具体用法。 动词不定式可以充当除谓语之外的任外的任何句子成分。 1. 不定式作主语 a. 动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语，表示某个具体或将来的动作。例如： To swim in the river is dangerous. b. 在现代英语中为了平衡句子，人们常用先行词 it 作形式主语，而把真正的作主语不定式放在后边。如： It is dangerous to swim in the river. c. 在上述 b 的情况下，可以用介词 for 或 of 来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It is difficult for the foreigners to learn Chinese. 2. 不定式作宾语 a. 动词不定式可以作某些动词的宾语，表示某个具体的动作或行为。例如： I cant afford to buy a new car. 这样的动词有： wish ， hope ， manage ， ask ， offer ， promise ， pretend ， decide 等。 b. 有些动词后既可以接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语。但表达的意义不尽一样，动名词作宾语表示动作的经常性、习惯性，而不定式作宾语则表示某次具体的活动或行为。这样的动词有： start ， begin ， continue ， fear ， like ， love 等。例如： I like swimming, but I dont like to swim in such cold weather. (like swimming 表示一种习惯，而 like to swim in such cold weather 则表示一种具体的动作 ) c. “疑问句 + 不定式”这一结构可以充当某些动词的宾语。 d. 有时可以用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的动词不定式放在后面。例如： I fine it hard to persuade her. e. 有些动词后面接不定式作宾语表示动作尚未发生，接动名词作宾语表示动作已经发生。如 remember ， forget ， stop ， try ， mean 等。例如： I remember locking the door. （ lock 动作已经发生） Please remember to lock the door when you leave. （ lock 动作还没有发生） 3. 动词不定式作表语 My job is to teach you English. 4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 a. 动词不定式可以用在某些动词后面作其宾语补足语。例如： He helps me to study English. 此类动词有： advise ， ask ， allow ， expect ， encourage ， force ， permit ， order ， persuade ， request ， tell ， want ， wish 等。 b. 但不定式在下列这些词后面作宾补时，不定式符号要去掉。如： make ， let ， have ， see ， hear ， watch ， notice ， observe ， feel 等。 5. 动词不定式作主语补足语 The boy was made to work all day long. 比较： They made the boy work all day long. 6. 动词不定式作定语 a. 动词不定式可以用在名词后面作定语。例如： I have many letters to answer. b. 但如果动词不定式的动词为不及物动词时，要在其后面加上适当的介词。如： She has only a cold room to live in. c. 动词不定式作定语还可表示将来发生的动作。例如： The meeting to be held tomorrow will be of great importance. 7. 动词不定式作状语 a. 表目的。例如： He worked hard to support his large family. 有时为了加强语气，不定式可以提前到句首，也可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导目的状语，但是 so as to 不能放在句首。 b. 表结果。例如： He hurried home to find his wife gone. 有时，可以在不定式前用 only 来加强语气。 c. 表原因。例如： We are proud to be Chinese. 三、不定式符号的省略 1. 在使役动词 have, let, make 之后。 2. 在感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 之后。 3. 在 why 和 why not 之后。 4. 在其他结构之中。如： a. can do nothing / everything but / except do b. cannot help / choose but do c. cannot but do d. had better do sth e. would rather do sth f. help sb (to) do sth 或 help (to) do 四、不定式符号的单独使用 为了避免重复，不定式符号之后的动词原形及其他补充成份可以省略，这种情况常见于非正式文体中。如： George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I dont think he really wants to. 原句： George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I dont think he really wants to leave Shanghai. 如果不定式符号之后的动词原形是 be 或 have done 时，要保留 be 和 have ，而随后的其他成份仍可省略。例如： Arent you the manager? No, and I dont want to be. (I dont want to be the manager) 五、动词不定式的特殊用法例句 To tell the truth, the solider was captured. （不定式作独立成份）说实话，那位士兵被俘了。 动词不定式是非限定性动词的一种，不能独立充当谓语动词，在形式上不受主语 的人称和数的制约，也不体现句子的时态的特征。动词不定式一般由“to+动词原形”构成。“to”仅为符号，无实义，个别情况下可省略。一、作主语1不定式直接做主语。如：(1)To do more exercise is good for our health(2)To learn English well is not easy为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，作主语的不定式常放在句末。如上两句可改为：(1)Its good for our health to do more exercise(2)Its not easy to learn English well2“疑问词+动词不定式”作主语。如：(1)How to use the computer is a question(2)Where to go has not been decided yet二、作宾语1带to的不定式直接作动词的宾语。如：(1)It began to rain when I got home(2)Jimwantedtobean inventor2“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。疑问词可以是：what、where、when、who、whom、which、whether、how等。如：(1)I dont know how to get there(2)He asked what to do next3不定式带补语构成复合宾语时必须借助于形式宾语it。如：I think it possible to get on well with him三、作宾语补足语1.动词不定式作宾语补足语，事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的能接动词不定式作“宾补”的动词有：want、ask、wish、tell、get、teach、encourage等。如：(1)He asked Toms mother to take the boy home(2)Miss Gao tells her students to ask questions2.不定式不带，to的动词有“一感、二听、三让、四看”，即：feelhear、listen tolet、have、makesee、watch、notice、observe。如：(1)His mother makes him sweep the floor every day(2)We felt the house shake但这些动词若用于被动时态时，不定式必须加“to”。如：He was made to sing an English song at the party. 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 【例如】 It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages. It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中： a) It is形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong.)( for/of sb.)不定式 【例如】 It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords. It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. b) It is名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, ones duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job.)不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious death to die for the people. c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience.)不定式 It takes me three hours to learn English each day. It took them half the night to get home in the snow. 2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。 【例如】 The most important thing for ones health is to have plenty of exercise. My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comersto the city and to provide them with any necessary information. What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible. 3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语： afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care, choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine, expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。 【例如】 I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring. My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feelstired.I decide to work hard and get doctors degree. The room is designed to be my study,but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children. She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she wasworried about it. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1) A) making B) to make C) to have made D)shavingsmade mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意，他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施，应用一般式， 因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中；主语动词it形容词不定式。 【例如】 We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college. 使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。 4)“whword不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why)， 以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个从句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。 常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有： know, see, decide, tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe, perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。 【例如】 I couldnt decide which book to choose. I can tell youswheresto get this book.They found it hard to decide whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit AuntSally in New Year.“whword+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。 【例如】 When to start the program remains undecided. The question is how to put the plansintospractice. 5)不定式作状语 a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as和in order之后，来强调这种目的。 【例如】 To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts. Mother saved every cent she could spare to pay for my schooling.We must develop science and technology at high speed so as to raise scientific and cultural level of our country. Insgroups to get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot ofexercises both in grammar and reading comprehension. b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so.as to, such.as to, only to.以及too.to等结构中的不定式表示结果。 【例如】 I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone. She left her hometown with her beloved man, never to return.No one is too old to learn. Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me? c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：be able to,be afraid to, be apt to, be bound to, be certain to, be easy to, be eager to, be fit to, be likely to, be ready to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, be willing to等。 【例如】 Chinese team is bound to win the World Cup. It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy. I am willing to help you with your homework, for we arefriends. 6)不定式作宾语补语不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage, expect, feel, force, find, hear, have, inform, invite,let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge, watch, warn, watch等。 【例如】 Because of the complexity of the modern equipments, most offices require secretaries to have specified training. He asked you to call him at ten oclock. The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do. Id never allow my children to behave like that. 当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时， 不定式不带to. 【例如】 Whenever something is wrong with you,please do let me know. I will have the students write a passage about Internet. I saw my mother shed tears at the news that the neighbor girl got seriously hurt in a car accident. It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water. 7)不定式作主补带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume,believe, know, report, say, suppose等。 【例如】 Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week.(It is said that Mr. Brown left for Italy last week.) Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through windows and commit murder in their sleep. He is reported to have won the 100meter running race in the Olympic games. 8)不定式作定语 a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。 不定式常作下列的名词定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, failure,intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency,time, way等。 【例如】 His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.I have no intention to go to the cinema with you. There is no need to bother him with such trifles. There is a tendency to writer quite long sentences in commercial correspondence. The pressure( )causes Americans to be energetic, but it also put them under a constant emotional strain. (CET-4 1997,6) A) to compete B) competing C) to be competed D)shavingscompeted pressure后面应接后置定语，表示竞争的压力。单个分词作定语一般置于名词前，故B和D可以排除。C为不定式的被动式，而竞争和压力之间没有被动关系， 因此正确答案为A。特别注意的是在不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。 【例如】 She is a very nice person to work with. This is an important issue to talk about. b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。 【例如】 Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the officeand the last man to leave.I dont think he is the best one to do the work. 9)不带to的不定式在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather .than(宁愿也不), had better.(最好)，cant helpbut.(不得不), had rather.(宁愿)，cannot but.(不得不，必然)，may/might as well.(不妨)，let alone(更不用说)。 【例如】 Youd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined. I cant help but wish that nothing would go wrong. They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it. 一、The Teaching Main Points (教学要点)1. 动词不定式在句子中的作用 (作主语、宾语、表语、定语等)。2. 动词不定式的复合结构(A. of somebody to do something B. for somebody to do something); 动词不定式的时态、语态变化。3. 动词不定式与分词、动名词用法的区别(与要点 1、2 一起讲练、区别 )。二、Preparation Before Teaching(课前准备)1. 按照教学要点, 设计多媒体软件。把教学内容分为三部分。2. 3.5英寸软磁盘3-6片。三、The Teaching Procedures (教学过程) 非限定动词是在句子时里不能单独作谓语的动词 , 共有三种 :1. The Infinitive 2. The Participle 3. The Gerund动词不定的基本形式 : to + 动词原形I. 动词不定式在句子中的作用(练习题答案在句子后面的括号里)1. 作主语1). To talk with him is a great pleasure . (用 It is . 改换句型)Its a great pleasure to talk with him.2). When and where to build the new factory _ yet . (NET91)A. is not decidedB. are not decidedC. has not decided D. havenotdecided3). Generally speaking, its no good _ this kind of game.A. to playB. playingC. playD.played4). We think it no use _ theory without practice.A. learning B. learned C. learnD. to learnIts no good (use), Its useless 后常带动名词作主语。2. want , wish , like , decide , help , learn , ask , pretend , intend .常用动词不定式作宾语。1). He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.2). My daughter preferred to dance when she was in her twenties.3). He is sure to succeed. ( 1) 3) 作为听力训练题 )4). How do you do? I m glad to meet you. sorry,surprised, angry, glad, easy, difficult, hard, comfortable,.后带动词不定式的主动形式。Exercises 1:1). I found the house very comfortable_ (live) in. 2). The girl is easy_ (get) along with. 3). The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable_ (sit) on.4). Be careful not _ (catch) cold. 5). It is great honour for us _ (be) present at the meeting. 6). She was anxious _ (go) home. 7). It is impossible _ (finish) the work in a weeks time. 8). It is no good _ (play) this kind of game. 9). They offered _ (look) after the children in the evening.10). The doctor says I must give up _ (smoke). 3. 作表语。1). Our plan is to finish the work in three weeks.2). His hobby is collecting stamps .3). Her wish is to become an astronaut. ( 1)3) 作为听力训练题)4. 作状语。用来表示 1). 目的 2). 结果 3). 原因1). They ran over to welcome the guests.2). She made a candle _ us light. A. give B. gave C. to give D. given3). A few years later he came home to find that his home town had greatly changed. 4). Im sorry to hear it.Exercises 2:1). I went to see him only _ (find) him out. 2). _ (be) a good teacher one must use good teaching methods. 3). _ (look) out of the window, I saw a group of children passing by the house. 4). His report is _ (inspire) . 5). I would like _ (swim) in our new swimming pool today. 6). I have decided not _ (stay) here for another year. 7). Be careful when _ (cross) the street. 8). The secretary worked late into the night, _ (prepare) a long speech for the president. (preparing)8小题, 现在分词作伴随状语。动词不定式作目的状语放在句子后部,前面不用逗号。9). European football is played in 80 countries , _ (make) it the most popular sport in the world . ( 9-10为备用题) 10). The policeman put down the phone, _ (satisfy) with a smile on his face. 5. 作宾语补足语 1). I got somebody to repair the door.这类动词有: get, ask, order, persuade, advise, want, tell, help,.2). I heard him speak (speaking) in the next room.3). Someone was heard to come up the stairs. ( 1)3) 作为听力训练题)这类动词有: make, let, have, see, watch, notice, observe, hear,feel,.。在这类动词的复合宾语中,动词不定式须省掉 to; 在被动语态的句子中不定式省去的 to 需要还原。Exercises 3:1). Though I have often heard this song_(sing) , I have never heard you_ (sing)it . 2). They knew her very well. They had seen her _ (grow) up from a child. 3). Though he had often made his sister _ (cry) , today he was made _ (cry) by his sister . 4). When I went back to the room , I heard her _ (practise) _ (sing) in the next room .5). We must get the television set _ (repair). 6). Paul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard . 7). The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself _ (hear).6 . 作定语 1). I have a few words to say on this question .2). There are a lot of things to be done .3). We have a lot of things _ (do). 4). Did you see the film _ (show) last week ? 5). Do you have any clothes _ (wash) today? 6). They are looking for the girl _ (dress) in a black jacket.动词不定式作定语与其修饰的名词在逻辑上是动宾的关系; 分词作定语被修饰的名词是分词所表示的动作的执行者。II . 1. 动词不定式的复合结构A. of somebody to do something B. for somebody to do something1). For us to learn foreign languages is important. (用It is.改换句型) It is important for us to learn foreign languages.2). There is a lot of work for us to do.3). The policeman blew his whistle f