专转本英语教案.doc

专转本英语教案（6）非谓语动词 非谓语动词指在句子中不充当谓语的动词。它们都具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。与谓语动词不同，它们不能独立作谓语，不受主语人称和数的限制，因而被称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词可分类为：不定式、动名词、分词一、不定式1、不定式的运用 1）、作主语e.g. To see is to believe. It is difficult for us to recall his name. 2）、作宾语e.g. Sam tends to choose this type of automobile. He found it difficult to work out the problems.在英语中，有一些动词后面接动词作宾语，只能用动词不定式。 afford , arrange , agree, incline, intend, learn, beg, care, hasten, choose, manage, claim, consent, contrive, pledge, decide, neglect, decline, offer, demand, design, resolve, plan, desire, prefer, determine, pretend, destine, profess, refuse, promise, enable, endeavor, seek, except, struggle, seem, fail, swear, happen, undertake, regret, threaten, venture, volunteer, tend, hesitate, hope, want, wish, ask等。 3）、作定语e.g. He has too many things to do. 4）、作宾语补足语e.g. Ill get him to repair the machine.动词+ sb. + to do sth.advise, cause, allow, command, announce, compel, ask, condemn, assist, deserve, authorize, direct, bear, drive, beg, enable, bride, encourage, entitle, permit, entreat, persuade, exhort, pray, forbid, prefer, force, press, get, prompt, pronounce, help, recommend, implore, remind, induce, report, inspire, request, instruct, require, intend, summon, invite, teach, lead, tell, leave, tempt, like, urge, mean, want, need, warn, oblige, wish, order, call on, make out, care for, vote for, count on, prevail on, depend on, rely on, keep on at, wait for, long for等。 5）、作表语e.g. The purpose of this visit is to sign a business contract. 6）、作状语e.g. I come here to tell you about our plan.2、不定式的逻辑主语e.g. It is important for / of us to pass this exam. It is kind of you to say so.注：一般来说，绝大多数的形容词要求用for引导不定式的逻辑主语，而少数表示人的品质的形容词则要由of引导不定式的逻辑主语。常见的这类形容词有：bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, rude, good, kind, nice silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wise等。3、常见的不带to的不定式 1）、不定式在某些使役动词及感官动词后作宾语补足语时，可省略to，如let, make, have, see, feel, smell, hear, watch 等 e.g. I heard him say that he was tired of this job.The teacher made him rewrite the homework. 2）、在except, but 之前若有do作实义动词，except, but后一般接不带to 的动词不定式，反之则接带to 的不定式。 e.g. Theres nothing to do except wait. We have no choice but to wait. 3）、在下列结构中常用不带to的动词不定式 had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, may（might）as well, can not but, can not help but, do nothing but等 e.g. I would just as soon stay as go with him.4、不定式完成式、进行式、被动式、否定式 1）、完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。 e.g. To have done such a job is very glorious. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 2）、不定式进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语同时发生的动作，它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。 e.g. What he really knows is not when to be beginning the school.Well, its time to be taking exams. 3）、不定式的被动式 e.g. To be warned is a good thing. The monitor let the work be chosen. 4）、不定式的否定式 e.g. He told me not to go there with her.She wished never to see him again. 5、在need, require, want 后接动词不定式作宾语时，内含主动的意思；也可接动名词作宾语，内含被动的意思。 Your hair needs to be cut, would you like me to do it for you? 6、remember, forget ，regret 后接动词不定式作宾语时，这些动词的行为先于动词不定式的行为，后接动名词作宾语时，动名词行为先于这些动词的行为。 forget to do sth / forget doing sth try to to sth / try doing sth remember to do sth / remember doing sth regret to do sth / regret doing sth stop to do sth / stop doing sth二、动名词 1、动名词的时态和被动式 1）动名词一般式 表示的动作可与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生e.g. The student had much difficulty in typing the English letter.Im accustomed to rising at seven in the morning. 表示的动作可与谓语动词所发生的动作不同时发生On hearing the news, he was very happy.（发生在谓语动词之前）He is not afraid of losing his job.（发生在谓语动词之前）2) 动名词完成式表示的动作皆发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前He was praised for having taught for 10 years.（having taught 发生在was praised之前） 3）动名词一般式用于被动e.g. Do you remember being introduced to professor Smith during your visit? 4）动名词完成式用于被动式e.g. She has no memory of having been praised. 2动名词的功能1）动名词作主语e.g. Eating too much is not good for your health. Teaching offers something more important than money and power.2) 动名词作补语,表语（注：动名词作表语时，主语和表语一般要保持形式上的一致，即主语和表语都要用动名词形式。）例如：Seeing is believingThe difficulty is getting to understand each other really.3) 动名词作及物动词的宾语英语中，一些动词要求用动名词作宾语，常见的这类动词有：admit, consider appreciate, complete, avoid. confess, cant help ,delay, deny, enjoy, mind, escape, miss, evade, permit, postpone, excuse, practice, fancy, quit, favor, recall, finish, forgive, imagine, resent, involve, resume, justify, risk, stand, save, suggest, keep, understand , include等。例如：Would you mind opening the door? Jack admitted having stolen the car. 4）动名词作介词宾语一些动词或形容词后面接介词构成动词短语或形容词短语，它们之后要求用动名词作宾语，实际上所有的“动词或形容词+介词”的结构后面必须用动名词，因为介词后面只能接动名词作宾语。常见的动词短语和形容词短语有：keep on, count on, look forward to, object to, oppose to ,do away with, persist in, dream of, get around to, get down to ,refrain from, resort to ,go in for, insist on, think of, succeed in, put off, be used to, be accustomed to, be keen on , be proud of, be subject to等。例如：If you persist in breaking the law ,youll go to prison.Were looking forward to seeing you again.3.动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语由物主代词或名词所有格，或者由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格来充当。例如：Would you mind my closing the door? Would you mind me closing the door? I cant stand Lilys talking like that. I cant stand Lily talking like that.(注：如果动名词作句子主语，则必须使用名词的所有格形式作逻辑主语。)Toms interrupting people is very rude.4.常用动名词的固定形式1）There is no +动名词（ 是不可能的）eg. There is no knowing how old she is.2) feel like +动名词（想，喜欢）e.g. I dont feel like swimming at all.3) cant help+动名词（不得不，禁不住）4）make a point of +动名词（认为是必要的）There is no point in +动名词+sth(是没必要的)e.g. Our family makes a point of going to church everyday.5)be on the point /verge/brink of +动名词（濒临，将要）e.g. I was on the point of going bankrupt when she lent me a sum of money.6) on+动名词（一就）、e.g. On hearing that ,I changed my plans.7)It is no use/good+动名词+ sth （是没用的）Its useless /pointless /senseless/ foolish/ enjoyable/ better/ nice/worthwhile doing sth, to find it useless/worthwhile/no good/no use/a waste of time doing sth.e.g. It is no use trying to persuade him.8)表示运动的“go+动名词”结构e.g. go shopping, go swimming9) of ones own+动名词（为某人自己所为）He gave me a photo of his own taking.10）动名词短语常用在以下结构中 difficulty trouble fun There is/( sb. )have a good time（in）+doing sth a hard time a bad time pleasure例：There is trouble (in)solving the problem.They had problems getting there.5动词后面接动名词和不定式的区别1）begin, start, cause在表示“有意识地”开始停止做某事，用动名词。在表示“一般性”开始，停止，用不定式。例：It starts to rain.He starts schooling at 8.(注：当这些动词本身是动词进行时，则后面常用不定式)e.g. He is starting to study when I go back home.2)continue 在表示“continue+不定式”停下来重新干某件事在表示“continue+动名词”一直继续某事。3）deserve， need，require，want 这些词接动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。这些词接不定式要用被动形式，表示被动意义。例：The child needs to be punished.=The child needs punishing.4)mean后接动名词表示“意味着”后接不定式表示“打算”5）表示个人习性的dislike, dread, hate, like ,love, prefer,后接不定式，则表示具体某件事或将要做的工作。后接动名词表示一般性喜好，讨厌。试比较：I like swimming我喜欢游泳。I like to swim today.今天我想去游泳。6）forget，neglect， regret，remember后接动名词忘记，忽略，遗憾，记住“已经发生的事”后接不定式忘记，忽略，遗憾，记住“要去做的事”试比较：I remember turning off the light before leaving. Please remember to turn off the light before leaving. 7）stopstop doing sth表示停止做某事stop to do sth 表示停下来做另一件事三、分词分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+ing”，如pleasing；过去分词由“动词原形+ed”；如pleased。现在分词有一般式和完成时；过去分词没有时态变化，分词在句中主要起形容词，副词作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。1、分词的时态，语态1）、现在分词时态语态2）、现在分词一般式: doing, being,前者为主动态，后者为被动态。例：He sits watching TV.Being exhausted by playing football, he fell asleep quickly.(注：分词一般式表示的分词动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生)现在分词完成时：having done, having been done前者为主动态，后者为被动态。例：Having finished his work, he went playing.All the work having been done, he went playing.(注：分词完成时表示的动作在谓语动词表示动作之前发生。)3)、过去分词只表被动态，无时态变化。2、分词的功能1）、作定语（注：分词作定语，单个分词置于所修饰名词之前；若是分词短语则放在所修饰名词之后）例：China is a developing country.The girl sitting there is my friend.The snow made the bored boy go home.2)、作表语，宾语补足语作表语：He is boring.作宾语补足语：能带分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有：see， hear，keep， find， notice，watch，want，smell，observe等。例：I find him reading a story.I find her surrounded by the children.3）分词作状语分词作状语有时相当于各种连词引导的状语从句。 相当于时间状语从句：Having read the book, he was moved to tears.相当于原因从句：Surprised by the news, she couldnt say a word.还可表示条件状语从句，让步状语从句等等。3、分词的独立主格结构分词的所表示动作逻辑主语一般与句子谓语的主语一致，但有时候分词短语有它自己的独立主语（在分词短语之前），这种主语往往是名词或代词（主格）；这种结构叫做独立结构，用作状语表示时间，原因，让步，条件等。e.g. Breakfast having been over, he went to school.That being the case, we must change our plan.The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.(注意：以下情况分词逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，同时它们也不是独立主格结构。这种结构限于少数几个动词，都是固定用法。Judging from/by , Generally / Frankly speaking ,)例：Judging by her cloth, she comes from a poor family.另外，有些现在分词可以作介词用；这时逻辑主语