whatabout表示建议.doc

what about表示建议，征求意见,怎么样？ words that you say when you suggest something Im thirsty-what about a drink? 我渴了来一杯，怎么样？ I want a drink.what about you？我要来一杯，你呢how about表示“怎么样 ” what do you think of How about doing it now? 现在来做怎么样？ 一般来讲，应该没有什么大的区别。 I think it is good，how about you？我觉得这很好，你觉得怎么样呢.英语句子的成分与现代汉语中学的句子成分类似，基本构成也包含主、谓、宾，有时有补语、状语，还有插入语等成分。由做谓语的动词在句子中称为谓语动词。一般来说没有谓语的句子是不完整的，比如你举例的句子就没有谓语，由于谓语是说明主语的，所以没有谓语的例句就像个没头的苍蝇，让人觉得很乱，不知所云。但是有些句子中谓语是可以省略的，比如感叹句，What a silly thing (you have done)!括号内的是句子的主语和谓语部分均可省略。所以掌握动词用法非常重要，在英语中极为重要.动词做谓语放在主语或宾语之后,比如:I love you中, love就是谓语动词,又如You know what i know.中,两个know都是谓语成分,紧跟在施动者后.这是谓语动词的普通用法.动词一般都可以做谓语,其中Do可以代替大多数谓语动词.至于特殊的谓语动词用法很灵活,比如虚拟语气中,谓语动词常采用过去时.有的谓语还有固定用法,比如If I were you I would tell him the truth.这里就体现的是虚拟语气中Be动词的固定变化,须识记.还有一些可充当谓语动词使用的动词性短语,如turn off,look into,break up. .谓语动词（Predicative Verbs），非谓语动词（Non-predicative Verbs）动词可充当非谓语和谓语,充当谓语即谓语动词. 谓语动词在形态变化上受主语的限制，有人称和数的变化，它是一个句子或一个从句中不可缺少的一部分。非谓语动词有着动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。编辑本段概念比如：我看电视“看”就是谓语你正在上网“上网”也是谓语再举几个英语句子吧：I see a girl.我看见一个女孩“看见”see就是这个句子的谓语而see也是个动词，所以就叫做谓语动词She is very beautiful.她很漂亮is就是这个句子的谓语，也是动词而短语动词就是动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1）动词+副词，如：blank out；2）动词+介词，如：look into；3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。以后你会学到非谓语动词，顾名思义，非谓语动词也是动词，但不能作谓语，只能作主语、表语、宾语、补语、状语、定语。非谓语动词又分为动名词、不定式和分词。编辑本段比较1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English.玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk. 不定式作目的状语）2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。Larke likes the pop music.拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式，作谓语）Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形，补充说明nothing）非谓语动词的特征1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。Studying English is my favorite.学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）To help him is my duty.帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语）2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。Working under such a condition is terrible.在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语）3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式）Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（Seen from.是分词的被动形式）4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。Our coming made him happy.我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用）There are two big swimming pools here.编辑本段主谓一致主谓一致是指：1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。e.g. Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.Large quantities of water are needed.Large amounts of money are enough.In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数Reading and writing are very important.注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.编辑本段典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. is B. was C. are D. were答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好像是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。2 主谓一致中的靠近原则1) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2）当either or 与neither nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.4 .谓语需用单数1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。The Arabian Nightis a book known to lovers of English.天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.Ten yuan is enough.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。All is right. (一切顺利。)All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。His house isnt very large. 他的家不大。His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。Are there any police around?3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。A number of +名词复数+复数动词。The number of +名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市How do you do? 你好吗？说话的两人初次相识，而且在是在比较正式的场合下。答：How do you do.How are you? 你好吗？说话的人相互认识。答：Im fine, thank you. And you?How are you doing? 你最近怎样？说话的人不仅认识，还比较熟。回答的时候可以具体一点，如：Not too bad, I just moved to a new place.主语 主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。一. 名词作主语David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。二. 代词作主语Who is speaking, please? （在电话中）请问您是谁？Thats OK. 这没问题。三. 数词作主语Two will be enough. 两个就够了。Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。四. ing形式作主语Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。五. 不定式作主语To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。六. 名词化的形容词作主语The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业的人生活一般很困难。七. 短语作主语How to do well is an important question.如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好。八. 从句作主语What has happened proves that our policy is right.发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。Whether well go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气。谓语 谓语说明主语的动作或状态。谓语动词一般在主语之后。Some children asked for cold drinks.有些孩子要喝冷饮。I shall go to see him tomorrow.明天我要去看他。I must ask her to teach me to swim.我一定得请她教我游泳。 宾语 宾语一般用在及物动词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。一. 名词作宾语Show your passport, please.请出示护照。二. 代词作宾语He didnt say anything.她什么也没说。三. 数词作宾语How many do you want? - I want two.你要几个？ 我要两个。四. 名词化的形容词作宾语They sent the injured to hospital.他们把伤员送到医院。五. 不定式或ing形式作宾语The asked to see my passport.他们要求看我的护照。I enjoy working with you.我和你们一道工作很愉快。六. 从句作宾语Did you write down what he said?你把他的话记下了没有？ 表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，它常位于联系动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后。一. 名词作表语Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。That remains a puzzle to me.这对我还是个难题。二. 代词作表语Whats your fax number?你的传真号是多少？三. 形容词作表语I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。四. 数词作表语She was the first to learn about it.她是第一个知道的人。五. 不定式或ing形式作表语Her job is selling computers.她的工作是销售电脑。Our next step was to get raw materials ready.我们下一步是把原料准备好。六. 介词短语作表语The patient is out of danger.病人脱险了。I dont feel at ease.我感到不自在。七. 副词作表语The sun is up.太阳升起来了。I must be off now.现在我得走了。八. 从句作表语This is what he said.这就是他所说的话。 定语 形容词作定语Hes a tall man.他是个高个子的男子。名词作定语There are a lot of banana trees on the island.（banana）岛上有许多香蕉树。数词作定语Three thousand people watched the game.三万人观看了球赛。限定词作定语Many men are working there.许多人在那儿工作。ing形式作定语There is a swimming pool near our school.我们学校附近有一个游泳池。ed分词作定语frozen food 冷冻食品fallen leaves 落叶 状语 副词作状语Dont drive so fast.别开得这么快。介词短语作地点状语We live in Hangzhou.我们住在杭州。名词作状语The meeting lasted an hour.会议开了一个小时。 主语+动词+形容词（双谓语） 接在动词之后对主语起着解释或描述作用的成分，叫作主补。形容词作主补They married young.他们结婚时还年轻。He died happy.他怀着幸福的心情死去。No man is born wise.没有生而知之。ed分词作主补He came in drunk.他走进来的时候醉醺醺的。名词作主补He died a poor man.他死时很穷。He died a millionaire.他死的时候是个百万富翁。宾补 适用宾补的句型：主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（S+V+O+OC）宾补对宾语加以解释或描述。以下成分可以充当宾补：名词，代词，形容词，副词，ing形式，ed分词，不定式，介词短语，名词性从句。名词作宾补I consider him a gentleman. 代词作宾补Whom do you think me? （Whom是宾补）形容词作宾补Wash your hands clean.副词作宾补I found him out.ing形式作宾补They left me wait.ed分词作宾补I heard my name called.不定式作宾补I thought him to be a good man.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.名词性从句作宾补His wife has made him what he is英语句型结构 一简单句： 英语基本句型-1 主系表结构：本结构是由“主语+系动词+表语”组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。 系动词有: 1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. He was at work. She is in good health. It is beyond my ability. I was at a loss. You are under arrest. 英语基本句型-2 主谓结构：本结构是由“主语加不及物的谓语动词”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。 如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。 如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. They had to travel by air or boat. 3. She sat there alone. 4. He came back when we were eating. 5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。 英语基本句型-3 主谓宾结构:本结构是由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语”构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。 如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 英语基本句型-4 双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day. 但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等； （需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 英语基本句型-5 复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。 如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 也可以说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句，意思都是一样的。 英语基本句型-6 There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二并列句。 结构： 1.由分号连接。 eg. Some people cry; others laugh. Lets start early; we have a long way to go. 2.由并列连词及词组连接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/ or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。 eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do. Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it. 三、复合句 构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。 分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从 句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。主语是句子叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。 非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立英语句子的成分共九类，其中最主要的句子成分包括：主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补语和同位语。1. 主语 (Subject) 是句子的核心，是人或事。a) 位置：通常位于句子的开头或位于谓语动词前，表明动作的主体。b) 可以作主语的成分包括：名词、代词、数词、主语从句(what/that/ how/ whether从句等)、现在分词(-ing) 和动词不定式(to do)、the + adj.结构。c) Study the following examples and underline the subject in each sentence.Eg1. An earthquake has claimed hundreds of lives.Eg2. Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.Eg3. The ignorant can be fearless.2. 谓语 (Predicate) 用来描述主语的动作、状态或特征。a) 位置：通常紧接着主语。b) 可以作谓语的成分包括：动词、情态动词+动词。c) Study the following examples and underline the predicate in each sentence.Eg1. Life is full of ups and downs.Eg2. You cannot control your life, but you can control your attitude towards life.Eg3: In this day and age, an increasing number of people agree that gambling (赌博) is an unwholesome hobby.3. 宾语 (Object) 用来表示动作或行为的对象。a) 位置：位于及物动词或介词后面。b) 可以作宾语的成分包括：名词、代词、数词、复合结构(双宾语等)、从句(what/that/ how/ whether从句等)、现在分词、动词不定式。c) Study the following examples and underline the object in each sentence.Eg1. Junk food impairs peoples health.Eg2. Change what you can bear, while bear what you cannot change.Eg3. Studies reveal that there is a definite link between obesity (肥胖症) and serious diseases such as heart attacks.4. 表语 (Predicative)a) 位置：位于be动词或系动词 (如：look, seem, 详见讲义P8)b) 可以作表语的成分包括：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式或从句(what/that/ how/ whether从句等)。c) Study the following examples and underline the predicative in each sentence.Eg1. Life is a stage.Eg2. I feel under the weather today.Eg3. What we should do is to teach children how to distinguish good from bad (right from wrong).5. 定语 (Attribute) 用来修饰名词或名词性词组。a) 位置：通常位于名词或名词性词组之前，有时也可放在之后(I want something to eat)。b) 可以作定语的成分包括：形容词(最常用)、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式和定语从句。c) Study the following examples