Unit2英汉语比较.doc

Unit 2 Macro-contrastive study of English and Chinese授课时间： Week 4授课类型： 理论课、练习课授课题目：Unit 2 Macro-contrastive study of English and Chinese本授课单元教学目标：Students will be able to:1. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a lexical perspective.2. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a syntactic perspective.3. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a cultural perspective本授课单元教学重点和难点：Syntactic Differences between English and Chinese 本授课单元教学过程设计： Warm-up Activities (15 m)Group Discussion: What differences do you find between the Chinese version and the English version respectively? (10 minutes) Ss read quotations from classical Chinese literature and their corresponding version of English translation. T is to elicit from the students their understanding of the differences between English and Chinese. 1.凤姐还欲问时，只听二门上传来云板，连叩四下，将凤姐惊醒。（红楼梦）Before Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start by four blows in the chime bar at the second gate. 2. 这里宝玉悲恸了一会，忽然抬头不见了黛玉，便知黛玉看见他躲开了，自己也觉得无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院来。（红楼梦）By the time Baoyus weeping was over, Daiyu was no longer there. He realized that she must have seen him and have gone away in order to avoid him. Feeling rather foolish, he rose to his feet and brush the earth from his clothes. Then he descended from the rockery and began to retrace his steps in the direction of Green Delights.3. 但今军中正缺箭用，敢烦先生监造十万支箭，以为应敌之具。（三国演义）But were rather short of arrows. Would you undertake to supply a hundred thousand for our next fight?4.行者道：“嫂嫂休得推辞，我再送你个点心充饥！”又把头往上一顶。那罗刹心痛难禁，只在地上打滚，疼得她面黄唇白，只叫“孙叔叔饶命！”行者才收了手脚道：“你才认得叔叔么？我看牛大哥情上，且饶你性命！”（西游记）“Dont try to say no, sister-in-law,” Monkey then said,” Im giving you a pastry in case youre hungry,” He butted upwards, causing such a violent heart pain that she could only roll around on the ground, her face sallow and her lips white from agony.” “Spare me, brother-in-law, spare me.” Was all she could say.Only then did Monkey stop hitting and kicking. “So you call me brother in-law, do you?” he said. “Ill spare your life for my brothers sake.”5.北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉在晴朗的天空中，而远处有一、二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。（鲁迅风筝）Often I feel deeply depressed to see the Peking winter scene when the thick snow banks up on the ground and the bare ashen tree branches thrust up against a blue sky, while in the distance one or two kites are floating casually.6.老栓正在专心走路，忽地吃了一惊，远远地看着一条丁字街，明明白白地横着。他便退了几步，寻着一家关着门的铺子，蹩进门下，靠门立住了。（鲁迅药）Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw a crossroad lying distinctly ahead of him. He took a few steps backward, slipping himself in under the eaves of a closed shop, and stood against its door. Teaching Contents：1. the differences between English and Chinese from a lexical perspective (10 m)词性变化梅妻鹤子 Friend / son 单复数与量词一颗星，两颗星，三颗星 one star, two stars, three stars一只羊，两只羊，三只羊 one sheep, two sheep, three sheep人称与时态He goes home.He went home.He is/was going home.He has gone home.动宾搭配学 文化learn to read and write 学 鸟叫imitate birds crying develop our economy发展经济develop a film冲洗胶卷 定语排列与位置英语多个定语前置时的排列顺序：a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk 数量 描绘 规模 形状 新旧 颜色 地点 材料 性质 中心词 状语的排列他们在村子中央靠近白马旅社的一棵老槐树下集合。（大/外小/里） They gathered under the old pagoda tree near the White Horse hotel in the middle of the village. （小/里大/外） 2. the differences between English and Chinese from a syntactic perspective (30 m)I 形合（英）意合（汉）Hypotaxis（形合法） vs parataxis （意合法）As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.英汉语表现法上最重要的区别是重形合vs重意合。英语重视“形合”，形式结构十分清晰，句子总是以主谓结构为轴心，通过非谓语动词结构，名词结构，介词结构和从句来进行扩展或者连接。汉语重视“意合”，重视语句内部各要素之间意义的融会贯通，句内成分的排列顺序往往和我们观察、感知世界的顺序相对应，依靠读者去“意会”。句子与句子之间常常无需关系连词，一个动作之后接着下一个动作。 在表达多层逻辑思维时，英语可运用三种手段：形态变化、词序和虚词，所谓“葡萄形”（树形）结构。汉语主要是借助词序和虚词，常用短句、分句、流水句。所谓“竹竿型”结构。例：1.我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清背影）We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. （张培基译）We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. （杨宪益译）其他例子：2.人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not offend unless were offended.3.有啥，吃啥。/吃啥，有啥。You can only eat what we have.You can eat whatever you want (to).4. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。（比较：门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。）。英汉语用词比较： 1、汉语词义比较实，缺乏语义虚化手段，英语语义可虚可实，有多种形态变化手段；2、汉语较少使用代词，介词和连词，较多使用动词。英语倾向于多用介词，名词，而且有很多抽象名词。 英汉语语段特征比较：1、汉语不求结构形式齐整，词语可以独立适用，语流疏放，以潇洒、欣畅、自然为美；英语结构形式必须齐整，词语一般不能独立使用，语流组织严谨，以整合精致、节奏有序为美。2、汉语讲求意合，重内在联系，英语讲求形合，重形式规范。3、汉语主语的承接力很强，一次出现，后续句中可以隐含；英语主语的承接力有限，每一句都得有主语，第一句出现后，后续句必须用代词承接。4、汉语语段流散与句子动词无形态约束有关，英语语段聚集与句子动词有形态变化有关。5、汉语很难实现后置、插入、破折，语序成了行文紧密联系的重要手段；英语有大量的后置成分、插入成分。当然，所有这些方面的对比都有相反的状况，如果加上翻译中的文体因素，表现法对比在翻译的高级阶段会更加复杂，不是一个简单对应转化的问题。例：一进家门，母亲便用一种奇怪的眼光打量我，然后，她一下子扑过来，摸着我的脸。最后，她竟把脸埋在我的怀里，呜呜的哭起来。妻子领着孩子远远地站着，也在那儿哆哆嗦嗦地哭。As I stepped into the house, Mother looked at me up and down in unbelieving eyes before she threw herself on me and caressed my face. Then burying her head in my arms, she wept bitterly while my wife and children stood sobbing at a distance.II. 浓缩(英)扩展（汉） 英语的句式常为浓缩式，而汉语常为扩展式。1. He crashed down upon the protesting chair.他一屁股坐在椅子上，椅子发出嘎吱嘎吱的响声，仿佛在提抗议似的。2. He kept in anxious silence.他焦急万分，一言不发。3. Youre talking interesting nonsense.你说的虽然是些废话，但却也有趣。4. She took a tearful leave of her father.她泪流满面，和父亲告别。III静态（英）动态（汉）1. He is a good eater and sleeper.他能吃能睡。/他吃得好，睡得香。2. He was a young and rapid writer.他年纪轻，写作起来很快。3.Since he lost his job, hes been a loner.自从他失业后，就变得离群索居了。IV抽象（英）具体（汉）英语的词汇可以通过前缀、尾缀、名词化等手段将词加以变化，产生一些意义抽象的词。而汉语使用者的心理语言库中由于没有匹配的词汇变化手段，因此，解决的目标是通过具体的词汇来承载内涵。比如：1. What they wanted most was an end of the uncertainties.他们最需要的是结束这种动荡的局面。2. I talked to him with brutal frankness.我跟他说的话虽然刺耳，却都是忠言。V（英）主语突出（汉）主题突出主语-谓语（英）话题-评论（汉）Subject-predicate vs. topic-comment1.他能上那一所大学（话题），我可不关心（评论）。I（主语） dont care （谓语）which university he will be enrolled.2. I knew nothing about it. 关于这件事，我可一点儿也不知道。 3. You dont grow the grain you eat and you dont make the clothes you wear.你吃的粮食（话题）不是你自己种的（评论），你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。比较：你不种你的粮食，也不做你穿的衣服。4. 他会干这种事, 我不相信。 I dont believe that he should have done such things. 5. 昨天的事多亏你帮忙。 Thank you for your help yesterday. I owe you a lot for your help yesterday. 英语中有时候也会有话题突出，但多半是为了修辞效果1. 他的学识我佩服，但他的人格我鄙视。 His learning I admire, but his character I despise. （可还原成：I admire his learning, but I despise his character.） 2. His pride and prejudice had led him into great error. That error he determined to recant. (第二句可还原成：He determined to recant that error.) 他的傲慢与偏见使他犯了很大的过失。这个过失他是决心挽回的。 VI（英）替代、省略 -（汉）重复1.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.2. Work with, and not against nature.要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。3. Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil.善有善报,恶有恶报。VII有灵主语无灵主语Impersonal vs. Personal汉语注重主体性叙述，英语兼顾主体性与客体性描述，倾向于客体性描述。英语里常有这种情况：作主语的是用抽象的词汇，而不是有生命的人和物，称无灵主语。1. Courage deserted him.他没有了勇气。2. 见丈人在眼前，恐怕又要挨骂。（儒林外史）The sight of his father-in-law made Fanjin afraid that he was in for another cursing.3. 我想不起他的名字。His name escaped me at the moment.4. The scenary baffles/denies description.风景美得难以描述。5. The matter asks immediate attention. 这件事需要立即处理。6. Dawn found him well along the road. 东方破晓的时候，他早已经上路了。3. the differences between English and Chinese from a cultural perspective (15 m)What is your understanding of culture? One of the oldest and most quoted definitions of culture was formulated by the English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in 1871. “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”文化的经典定义，是1871年由英国人类学家泰勒(Edward Tylor)在原始文化一书中提出的，文化是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。现代文化人类学认为文化具有如下的四个本质特征: (1)文化是经由社会习得的，而非遗传获得的，(2)文化是一个社团所共有的，而非某一个人所独有的，(3)文化具有象征性，语言是文化中最重要的象征系统，(4）文化是一个统一的整体。文化中的每一方面都和其他方面相互关联。 n 翻译之所以不像许多人想象的那么容易，乃是因为语言反映文化，并受着文化的制约。在不同的文化里，相同的词语可以有不同的文化涵义，而不同的词语也可以有相同的含义。n 文化差异、词语空缺是非常棘手的问题。n 中国对亲属的概念非常明确，对不同的直系亲属和旁系亲属的人员都有确切的指称，而法国，特别是当代法国则不同，亲属概念模糊，指称手段欠缺，给翻译造成的障碍是显而易见的。如我们在翻译普鲁斯特的追忆似水年华中，曾为理解书中人物的亲属关系，寻找确切的指称大伤脑筋。 - 南京大学博导 许钧中英爱情誓言: 海枯石烂，永不变心“海枯石烂两鸳鸯，只合双飞便双死。” 元好问西楼曲 Till athe seas gang dry, my Dear, And the rocks melt withe sun:I will love thee still, my Dear, While the sands olife shall run. Robert Burns “A Red, Red Rose”语言是文化的载体，语言文化相互依存。翻译从形式上是翻译语言，从实质上是交流文化Our principles: 承认文化差异；尊重异族文化； 反对文化霸权；和平共处，吸收优秀文化精髓翻译对文化的促进作用季羡林先生在谈到翻译的作用时，曾以中华文明的发展为例，作了如下精辟的阐述:“为什么中华文化竟延续不断一直存在到今天呢?我想，这里面是因为翻译在起作用。我曾在一篇文章中说过，若拿河流来作比较，中华文化这一条长河，有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入，注入的次数大大小小是颇多的，最大的有两次，一次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！”4. Translation Practices: (20m) Ss work in groups to find out the differences between the Chinese and English versions. T makes comments on students work .巴金海上日出为了看日出，我常常早起，那时天还没有大亮，周围非常清静，船上只有机器的响声。天空还是一片浅蓝，颜色很浅。转眼间天边出现了一道红霞，慢慢地在扩大它的范围，加强它的亮光。我知道太阳要从天边升起来了，便不转眼地望着那里。果然过了一会儿，在那个地方出现了太阳的小半边脸，红是真红，却没有亮光。这个太阳好像负着重荷似地一步一步、 慢慢地努力上升，到了最后，终于冲破了云霞，完全跳出了海面，颜色红得非常可爱。一刹那间，这个深红的圆东西，忽然发出了夺目的亮光，射得人眼睛发痛，它旁边的云片也突然有了光彩。有时太阳走进了云堆中，它的光线却从云里射下来，直射到水面上。这时候要分辨出哪里是水，哪里是天，倒也不容易， 因为我就只看见一片灿烂的亮光。有时天边有黑云，而且云片很厚，太阳出来，人眼还看不见。然而太阳在黑云里放射的光芒，透过黑云的重围，替黑云镶了一道发光的金边。后来太阳才慢慢地冲出重围，出现在天空，甚至把黑云也染成了紫色或者红色。这时候发亮的不仅是太阳、云和海水，连我自己也成了明亮的了。这不是很伟大的奇观么？Sunrise at SeaBa JinI would often get up early to watch sunrise when it was not yet quite light and all was quiet except for the droning of the ship engine.The sky was pale with a bluish blue. Soon a strike of pink dawn broke over the horizon, expanding gradually and becoming brighter and brighter. Knowing that the sun was about to rise, I had my eyes fixed on the distant edge of the sea.As expected, the sun soon appeared revealing half of its face, which was very red but not bright. It kept rising laboriously bit by bit as if weighted down with a heavy burden on its back until, after breaking the rosy clouds, it completely emerged from the sea aglow with a lovely red. Then, before I knew it, the dark red began to shine blazingly, dazzling my eyes until they stung and