形容词比较级、-ing形式、-ed形式规则与用法.doc

形容词比较级、-ing形式（现在进行时）、-ed形式（一般过去时）规则与用法不规则形容词比较等级的形式变化good-better-best 好的well-better-best 身体好的bad-worse-worst 坏的ill-worse-worst 病的many-more-most 许多much-more-most 许多few-less-least 少数几个little-less-least 少数一点儿far-further-furthest 更进一步，程度far-farther-farthest 更远，路程old-older-oldest 年老的（指年纪）old-elder-eldest 年老的（指兄弟姐妹的排行）规则变化 单音节词（只读一个元音，两个辅音间有多个元音也读成一个元音）和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。1.一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est。 great(巨大的) greater greatest tall(高的) taller tallest2.以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st。 nice(好的) nicer nicest large(大的) larger largest able（有能力的) abler ablest3.以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est。 big(大的) bigger biggest hot热的) hotter hottest 4.以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加 -er，-est。 easy(容易的) easier easiest busy(忙的) busier busiest 5.少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er，-est。 clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest 6.其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级、最高级。 important(重要的) more important most important easily(容易地) more easily most easily 比较级的句子结构通常是：什么 + 动词be (am , is , are ) + 形容词比较级 + than（比）+ 什么 ,如：Im taller and heavier than you. （我比你更高和更重。）An elephant is bigger than a tiger. （一只大象比一只老虎更大。）注意 比较的两者应该是互相对应的可比较的东西。典型错误：My hair is longer than you.（我的头发比你更长。）比较的两者是我的头发、你（整个人），那么比较的对象就没有可比性。应该改为：My hair is longer than yours. 或My hair is longer than your hair.练 习( ) 1 Which do you like _, tea or coffee?A. well B. better C. best D. Most( ) 2 This work is _ for me than for you.A. difficult B. most difficult C. much difficult D. more difficult( ) 3 Which do you think tastes _, the chicken or the fish?A. good B. better C. best D. Well( ) 4 The Great Pyramid is about 137 metres high today, but it was onceA. higher B. highest C. high too D. more high( ) 5 Dont you think it _ not to write the letter?A. well , B. better C. best D. Good（一） 写出下列形容词与副词的比较级与最高级形式：long_ _ wide _ _ fat _ _heavy_ _ slow _ _ few_ _bright_ _ badly _ _ far_ _many_ _ happy_ _ (二)用所给词的正确形式填空：1. Almost all the students faces are the same but Li Deming looks _ (fat) than before after the summer holidays. 2.He is _ (bad) at learning maths. He is much _ (bad) at Chinese and he is the _ (bad) at English. 3. Annie says Sally is the _ (kind) person in the world. 4.He is one of the_(friendly) people in the class, I think.5.Sue is a little _ (beautiful) than her sister.6.My room is not as _ (big) as my brother s.7.-How difficult is physics? -I m not sure. - Is it _ (difficult) than maths? - I don t think so.8.- Annie plays the piano very _ (well). - Sue plays it _ (well) than Annie. And Sally plays it the _ (well). 1、从方框中选出合适的单词完成句子 heavy tall long big(1) How is the Yellow River?(2) How is Mr Green? Hes 175cm.(3) How are your feet? I wear size 18.(4)How is the fish? Its 2kg.2、根据句意写出所缺的单词(1) Im 12 years old. Youre 14. Im than you.(2) A rabbits tail is than a monkeys tail.(3) An elephant is than a pig.(4) A lake is than a sea.(5) A basketball is than a football.3、根据中文完成句子.(1) 我比我的弟弟大三岁. Im than my brother.(2) 这棵树要比那棵树高. This tree than that one.(3) 你比他矮四厘米. You are than he.(4) 谁比你重? than you？动词的过去式形式1.规则动词的过去式词尾变化有几种:.一般情况下+ed, 如: watched, planted, watered, climbed等.以不发音的字母e结尾的+d. 如: liked, tasted等.以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i 再+ed. 如: studystudied2.规则动词的词尾读音.在浊辅音和元音后读/d/,如:lived, listened等.在清辅音后读/t/如: liked, helped, watched等.在/t/, /d/音后读/id/ 如:planted.3.不规则动词的过去式变化则没有什么规律,请大家在平时学习的过程中背熟记牢.表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下： （1）一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed ，如： worked played wanted acted （2）以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d，如： lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped （3）以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如： studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied （4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed，如： stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped （5）注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。 go - went，make - made， get - got ，buy - bought ，come - came ，fly-flew ，is/am-was， are-were ，see-saw ，bring-brought，do-did，teach-taught, think-thought, are-were, say-said,sit-sat. read-read, spend-spent.（部分）特殊的变形动词原形 过去式 现在分词be 是-was, were-beingbecome 变成-became-becomingbegin 开始-began-beginningblow 吹- blew-blowingbreak 断开-broke-breakingbring 带来-brought-bringingbuild 建筑-built-buidingbuy 买-bought-buyingcan 能-could-无catch 抓住-caught-catchingcome 来-came-comingcopy 拷贝-copied-copyingcut 切-cut-cuttingdo 做-did-doingdraw 画-drew-drawingdrink 喝-drank-drinkingdrive 驾车-drove-drivingeat 吃-ate-eatingfall 落下-fell-fallingfeed 喂-fed-feedingfeel 感觉- felt-feelingfight 打架-fought-fightingfind 找寻-found-findingfly飞-flew-flyingforget 忘记-forgot-forgettingget 得到-got-gettinggive 给予-gave-givinggrow 成长-grew-growinghang 挂-hung-hanginghave 有-had-havinghear 听-heard-hearinghold 拿住-held-holdinghurt 伤害-hurt-hurtingkeep 保持-kept-keepingknow 知道-knew-knowinglay 放置-laid-layinglearn 学习-learnt, learned-learningleave 离开-left-leavinglend 借出-lent-lendinglet 让-let-lettinglight点燃照亮-lighted, lit-lightinglose 丢失-lost-losingmake 做-made-makingmay 可以-might-无mean 意思-meantmeaningmeet 见面-met-meetingmust 必须-must-无pay 付出- paid-payingput 放-put-puttingread 读-read-readingride 骑-rode-ridingring 响-rang-ringingrun 跑-ran-runningsay 说-said-sayingsee 看见- saw-seeingsell 卖- -sold-sellingshake 摇晃- -shook-shakingshall 将- -should-无shoot 射击-shot-shootingshow 展示-showed-showingshut 关闭-shut-shuttingsing 唱歌-sang-singingsit 坐-sat-sittingsleep 睡觉-slept-sleepingslide 滑动-slid-slidingsmell 闻-smelt, smelled-smellingspeak 讲话-spoke-speakingspell 拼写-spelt, spelled-spellingspend 花钱-spent-spendingstand 站立-stood-standingsteal 偷窃-stole-stealingsweep 打扫-swept-sweepingswim 游泳-swam-swimmingswing 摆动-swung-swingingtake 拿到-took-takingteach 教-taught-teachingtell 讲述-told-tellingthink 思考-thought-thinkingunderstand理解-understood-understandingwake 醒来-waked, woke-wakingwear 穿着-wore-wearingwill 意愿-would-无win 获胜-won-winningwrite 写-wrote-writing现在进行时 动词加ing的变化规律1)一般情况下，直接加-ing:如：gogoing answeranswering studystudying bebeing seeseeing注一和名词复数、一般现在时动词第三人称单数加-s(-es)不同，动词末尾如为“辅音字母+y”时，y不变，其后直接加ing。如: studystudying flyflying carrycarrying 注二动词结尾为辅音字母r时，加-ing，r在此必须发音。如: waterwatering answeranswering wearwearing2)以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，再加ing如：comecoming writewriting taketaking becomebecoming3)动词是闭音节（不重读的辅音）的单音节词，或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，而末尾只有一个辅音字母时（一般是以元音字母加辅音字母结尾的词），这个辅音字母须双写，然后再加ing。如：sitsittingrunrunning stopstopping beginbeginning admitadmittingSwim-swimming forgetforgetting注一send，think，accept等动词虽是闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾，但末尾有一个以上的辅音字母，因此，这个辅音字母不双写，应直接加ing。如：sendingthinking accepting4)少数几个以-ie结尾的动词，须将ie变作y，再加ing。如：diedying tietying lielying躺，说谎5)少数以-c结尾的动词变为现在分词时和过去式，须先将-c变为ck,然后再加-ing 或-ed 。如：picnicpicnicking (picnicked) traffictrafficking (trafficked)闭音节1. 英语重读闭音节就是所谓的元音字母不是发它本身的字母音，重读闭音节就是指在一个音节中，以辅音音素结尾的而且是重读音节的音节 (重读闭音节即两个辅音中间夹一个元音).2. 元音：a e i o u（其它为辅音）动词的ing形式的用法1. -ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化.-ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作 Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。 The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 2) -ing分词（短语）作表语： His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 3) -ing分词作宾语： ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。 We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。 -ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如： I dont think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？ -ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如： Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。 They dont feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。 He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。 此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以自豪）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, hear of（听说）, preventfrom（防止，阻止）, keepfrom（防止，阻止）, stopfrom（防止，阻止）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thankfor（因而道谢）, excusefor（因而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devoteto（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对厌烦）, be interested in（对感兴趣） 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如： I have no difficulty (in) talking with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。 He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。 另外，-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。 He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。 Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。 4) -ing分词作定语： 单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如： reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车 sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室 a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼 the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出 -ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如： Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？ They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 5) -ing分词做状语： -ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如： While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。 Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。 -ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如： Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 ing分词短语作结果状语。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 -ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如： They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 -ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如： A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the books. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我把书买下。 注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。 “with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如： His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。 6) -ing分词作补语： -ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如： I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。 Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。 上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。 Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。 5. -ing分词的复合结构： -ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如： His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。 He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。 分词与动词的搭配1. ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别： -ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于：在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如： Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。 Its not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不