主谓一致全学生打印版.docVIP

语法讲解：主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为4个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致、就近一致原则和就远原则。 一、语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1. 以单数名词或代词、不可数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is （are） helpful to you.注： 当若干个动词不定式，动名词或主语从句被and连接起来当主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如： What he says and what he does dont agree 他言行不一致。 Where he comes from and what he is doing here are secrets他来自哪儿和他在这儿干什么都是谜。 2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. Both she and he are Young Pioneers.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / 注意：（1）若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如：The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow. 那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。The writer and artist has come. （2）但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife刀叉 the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索horse and carriage马车 time and tide 岁月 bread and butter奶油面包 例如：Bread and butter is their daily food. 黄油面包是他们每日的食品。If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was D. were 答案：A。（3）由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every， more than a （an）/ one ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。（此时and后也可省略上述词汇）如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.No boy and no girl likes it.Each student and teacher is looking forward to success.另注：如果主语由“more than one或many a”构成，尽管意义上是表复数内容，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。 Many a student dislikes study.许多学生不喜欢学习。More than one country is opposed to nuclear weapons.试比较：More countries than one are opposed to nuclear weapons. 3. either， neither， each， every , none或no +单数名词和由somebody， anybody， nobody， everybody，something，anything，nothing，everything等不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America. 4. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。I have several brothers who love me very much.His father who is an actor has won a prize for actors.注意：在“one of +复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。如： This is one of the most interesting stories that have been toldHe is one of my friends who are working hard. / 注：当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。 She is the only one of the girls who is late sometimes 她是唯一一个有时迟到的学生。 He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 5. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people， police， cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 6. 由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of，some of, most of, half of, the rest of，the majority of, all of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 7. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. 二、意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。 1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3. 复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、书名、片名、格言、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），谓语动词用单数形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。）如：One and a half apples is （are） left on the table. 5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6. 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isnt easy to study. 7. 表示成双成套的名词，trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a （the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.注意：sort、kind、type、series、amount、deal等修饰的名词短语作主语时，谓语动词依据sort、kind、type、series、amount、deal等的单复来确定。例如：A large amount of water was needed.Large amounts of water were needed.区分men of this kind与this kind of men这两者当主语时，前者的谓语动词用复数形式，后者用单数形式。如: This kind of men is dangerous 这种男人很危险。 Men of this kind are dangerous 这种男人是危险的。8. 单复同形的名词作主语时，谓语形式要根据其具体指代的含义而定，这类词有：means (方式)，works（作品；工厂），deer, fish, sheep等。如：Every means has been tried to solve the problem.All means have proved useless.9. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。如指的是抽象概念，或表一类事物作主语时，谓语动词则用单数形式。如： The old are well taken care of in China 在中国老人受到很好照顾。 The beautiful is loved by all人人都爱美。 10. 在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的单复应与其后的主语一致。例如：On the wall hangs a picture. / Here comes a bus.11. population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2）One third of the population here are workers.12.注意区分“the number of”与“A number of”这两个作主语用的词组的意义不同，其谓语动词的单复数也不同。 请同学们仔细比较以下例子： The number of the students is decreasing学生数量在下降。 A number of students came to look for you this morning 今天上午不少学生来找过你。 三、就近一致原则 在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1. 当两个主语由either or， neither nor， whether or ， not only but also连接时，