译林牛津模块五非谓语动词语法教学绝好材料(学生版).doc

非谓语动词预习单（一）仔细阅读下面的内容，并按要求完成后面的思考题：（一）非谓语动词的句法功能： 充当除谓语动词以外的各种句子成分成分类别主语宾语表语定语状语宾补不定式(to)+ v动名词-ing现在分词-ing过去分词-ed（二）非谓语动词的分类，意义，构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto have done to be doing to have been doingto be doneto have been done在非谓语前加not或never特别注意： not having done;ones not doing / ones not having donefor sb. to do sth. of sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用; 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb. / sbs doing作主语仅用sbs doing具有名词的作用;在句中做主、宾、定和表语分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作用; 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done（三）非谓语动词的考点：、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别：一个单句只能有一个谓语，两个动作之间用 and 连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性；不用 and 连接时，只能用非谓语动词。如： “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing、非谓语动词作主语，注意以下两个重要问题：第一 是并行结构问题 ，即主表一致性如：Seeing is believing. 第二 需要注意的一些结构：A) Its no use (no good) doing sth. 如：Its no use quarrelling with such a fellow .B) 在 Its + adj. 结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：Its easy (difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary) + for sb. to doIts kind (nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate (考虑周到的),mean(卑鄙的), silly, selfish (自私的) )后加 of sb. to do、非谓语动词作表语注意两个问题: 一是并行结构问题 To see is to believe二是时间问题：一般来说，不定式作表语都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的（aim, purpose）、愿望(wish, hope)、梦想(dream)、需求(need)”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。My job is teaching.My dream of life is to become a scientist.另外要特别注意现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。 （人“d”,物“g”）现在分词说明主语所具有的特征；The speech was inspiring.过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。The students were greatly inspired.、非谓语动词作定语 Do you know the student seated/sitting at the back of the classroom?Have you read the news referring to house prices? 你读到有关房价的新闻了吗？the concerned parents 忧心的家长the parents concerned 相关的家长非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：A) 分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；a sleeping child,B) 动名词作定语时只表示用途、场所等意义；a sleeping bag,C) 不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：在 ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, power, right , time 等名词后；由序数词,only, last, next 或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语；如：I dont think he is the best man to do the job.He is always the first / the last one to leave the office. D) 表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法：done 表示已经完成的动作：meeting held已经召开的会议。to be done 表示尚未开始的动作：a meeting to be held 即将召开的会议；being done 表示正在进行之中的动作：a meeting being held 正在召开的会议；a 、非谓语动词作宾语注意点不定式和动名词都可以做及物动词或介词的宾语。下列动词只能用不定式做宾语，这个口诀可以帮助大家记忆： 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法试图装，主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide, /determine, learn, want, /intend, expect, /hope,/ wish; /long,/ desire, refuse, manage, attempt , pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan,/ agree, ask, /beg ,help 还有afford, happen, fail ,tend,等动词也接不定式做宾语。,动词 know, show, teach 等常带疑问词加 to do 作宾语。如：My mother taught me how to use the new washing machine.在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。即：consider / feel / think / find / make it n./adj. to do sth. 例如：I found it impossible to finish the work on time.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语， 记住下面的口诀避免错过欣赏，禁止推迟完成，继续忍受否认，承认盼望原谅，允许想像冒险，介意不禁空想，建议考虑逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to , excuse/pardon/ forgive，admit ,delay/put off, fancy; avoid，miss，keep /keep on, practice;deny, finish, appreciate,/ enjoy， forbid,/ prevent, imagine, stand/bear ,risk;cant help , mind，allow /permit ,escape此外还有 be used to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to(反对)，get down to, feel like 等动词或短语，也要用动词作宾语, 要特别注意to 的词性。 但 如果在 allow ,permit ,forbid ,advise后提到有关的人，就只能用不定式作宾补。即; allow/ permit/forbid/advise + sb. + to do sth.在动词 want, need, require, deserve 等词后加动名词作宾语时表示被动意义，相当于 to be done。特别注意：带不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：remember, forget, regret, try, go on, mean, stopstop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do （指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing （试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）cant help (to) do （不能帮忙做） cant help doing （忍不住要做）思考题：1. 非谓语动词和谓语动词有什么区别？ 2. 动名词和分词分别不可以作哪些成分？3. 哪一种非谓语动词充当的成分最多？4. 非谓语动词的否定形式是怎么构成的？与谓语动词有什么区别？复合结构的否定形式是怎样的？举例说明。5. 现在分词的完成被动式是怎样的？举个例句。6. 非谓语动词作主语和表语要注意的同一个问题是什么？Seeing is to believe.对吗？7. 在“It is + adj +of/for +sb. to do sth.”结构中怎么选择of 或for ？请举例说明。8. 用正确的非谓语形式做表语，翻译“我来这里的目的是说服他戒烟。”并解释。9. 分别说出哪些动词后面只跟不定式做宾语哪些后面只跟动名词做宾语，看谁记得多记得准。（利用两个口诀。）10. 讲出allow, permit, advise, forbid,等词的用法特点。11. 动词 want, need, require, deserve 等词后加动名词作宾语时表示什么意义？举例说明12. 哪些词后面既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，但是意义不同？看谁列举得多。小试牛刀：1、在下列句子中，每句都有一处错误，请指出，并用预习的语法规则作详细解释。1). I am sorry I cant help cleaning the classroom for you.2). I cant stand people to interrupt me all the time when I am working.3). “Dont forget to write back soon”, Mum shouted and waving good-bye to me.4). - What do you think of the meeting to be held yesterday? - It was a complete failure.5). It was foolish for him to waste so much money on such a computer.6). The purpose of the activity is teaching the students how to cooperate with their teammates.7). Women were forbidden voting in that country by law.8). She pretended not seeing me when I passed by.9). The problem requires being considered again.10). I do agree that recycling may be the key to help both sides.非谓语动词预习单（二） 、非谓语动词作宾语（主语）补足语宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态的。 被动结构中常常成为主语补足语。如：You can depend on him to help you. A n English song was heard sung yesterday evening. (主语补足语)Have you noticed him cheating when you passed by?不定式和分词都可以做宾语补足语，请仔细研究下面的表格：做宾补的非 谓 语常 见 动 词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage sb.to do sth.主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成。The teacher encouraged me to work hard.have(让), notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make sb. do sth.I heard him call me several times.Who would you like to have do the experiment?现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, have(让), feel, keep, leave sb/sth doing/done 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.He has the machine running all the time.I wont have my students cheating in the exam. (否定句中表“容忍”)过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.She was surprised that the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.用法要点详解：一、下列动词后面跟带to 的不定式做补语：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on 等。The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。You are not allowed to smoke in this area. 不允许你在这个区域抽烟。二、感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等的宾语补足语的用法I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听到她唱了一首英文歌。(sing 是不带to 的不定式，做宾补，表主动、完成)I heard her singing an English song when I passed her room yesterday.昨天经过她的房间的时候，我听见她在唱英文歌。（singing 是现在分词一般主动式作宾补，表主动，正在进行）I heard an English song sung by a little girl the other day. 几天前我听到一个小女孩唱了一首英文歌。（sung 是过去分词作宾补，表被动、完成）I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed her room yesterday. 昨天经过她的房间的时候，听见一个小女孩正在唱一首英文歌。（being sung 是现在分词被动式作宾补，表被动正在进行）三、使役动词make, let, get, have等的宾语补足语的用法1) make/let/have + 宾语 + do (但是 get + 宾语+ to do) (使/ 让/ 叫 某人去做某事); Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. 妈妈让我去商店买些盐。You may get your son to carry the heavy box for you. 你可以让你的儿子帮你被这个重箱子。2) have + 宾语 + doing 使/让 持续地做某事；（疑问句、否定句）容忍，允许 get + 宾语 + doing 使/让 开始行动起来His question got the students thinking. 他的问题使学生们思考起来。I wont have you walking home all by yourself. 我不会让你独自走回家的。3) have/get /make+ 宾语 + done 使/让/ 叫某事由别人去做； have sth done 还表示“使遭受”；Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得（请人）修一下我的自行车。Tom had his legs broken while playing football. 汤姆踢足球时伤了腿。提别提醒：被动语态中，不定式做主语补足语时to 一定要加上。Though he had often made his little sister cry, that day he was made to cry by his little sister.4) leave/keep + 宾语+ doing 使 保持某种状态 leave + 宾语 + undone 留下某事未做； leave + 宾语 + to do / to be done 留下 要去做/要被做The guest left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious. 大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。（被动、完成）Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动、进行）He went to the cinema, leaving me to do all the rest of the work.他去看电影了，留下我一个人去做剩余的所有的工作。（主动、将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙结束了会议，留下许多问题等待解决（被动、将来）5) “主语 + be + said/believed/known/reported/considered等 + 不定式”，这个结构中的不定式做主语补足语。 He is said to have gone abroad.= It is said that he has gone abroad.据说他出国了。He is considered to be the most diligent student in our class. 他被认为是我们班最勤奋的学生。6) 特别注意： hope, agree, demand, refuse 等没有宾补。、非谓语动词作状语 一、不定式可作目的状语、结果状语等, 还可以用早某些作表语的形容词后面作原因状语。 I stayed there to see what would happen. 他待在那里，想看看会发生什么。（目的） He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.他匆忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。（结果） I am very glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。（原因） She is too tired to do the job. 她太累了，做不了那项工作。（结果）二、分词在句中可以作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。如： Being sick, I stayed at home. 我因为生病待在家中。（原因）Having been shown around the school , the experts gave our headmaster some advice. 带专家们转了我们的学校后，他们给我们的校长提出了一些建议。（时间）United, we stand; divided, we fell. 团结则存，分裂则亡。（条件）The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it . 那孩子跌倒了，头碰在门上碰破了。（结果）The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师走进实验室，后面跟着一些学生。(伴随)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 告诉他多次，他还是犯同样的错误。（让步）三、注意点：1、非谓语动词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，构成主动或被动关系。2、表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。如：Be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时小心。3、有时，“with或without + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 分词”的结构表示伴随状况或原因。 With all the work finished, he happily went home. 工作都做好了，他愉快地回家了。4、当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。例如：The young man rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 年轻人冲进屋，满脸是汗。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们还是延期开会吧。Weather permitting, we will go out. = If weather permits, we will go out. It being Sunday today, the library doesnt open.=Because it is Sunday today, the library doesnt open.5、某些固定结构中，分词的逻辑主语不受句子主语的限制，可独立使用，称为独立分词结构或悬垂分词。 这些结构有：adv. (generally/frankly/personally/honestly/strictly ) + speaking, judging from / by 从 判断considering / takinginto consideration supposing /providing / provided that 假如given sth./ that 假如，考虑到 例如：Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family. Frankly speaking, I dont like him at all. 6、某些动词不定式常用作独立副词成分To make things/matters even worse To begin with To tell you the truthTo be honest/ exact / strict / frank Believe it or not 例如：To be frank (= Frankly speaking), I dont like your attitude.Believe it or not, he left me standing in the rain for nearly half an hour.7、分词作状语相当于带有关联词的状语从句，所以，要注意不能再次使用关联词。如：_ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he had been told C. He was told D. Having told、几个需要特别注意的问题：一、非谓语动词的时态语态 使用非谓语动词的时候务必注意非谓语动词和主句的谓语动词的先后关系以及它和主句的主语之间的逻辑关系（是主动关系还是被动关系）。如：1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. (99 N) A. to have studiedB. to study C. to be studyingD. to have been studying本题的关键是“what country he studied in”，由此可知（非谓语的）事情发生在过去。2. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (02 N) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seenremain 后接 to do，此处 it 指代的是后面的主语从句。他们是否喜欢有待于观察，此处应为被动。二、动名词的复合结构: sb. / sbs doing (作主语仅用sbs doing)，如：It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. acceptedimagine后跟动名词作宾语，由形容词性物主代词his 和accepting构成复合结构三、不定式的复合结构1. for sb. to do sth. 前面的sb. 一般是不定式的逻辑主语，要 特别注意他们是主动关系还是被动关系。 It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday. There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome. In order for the patient to be treated at once, they took him to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.（patient 和treat 是动宾关系，即被动关系）或：In order to be treated at once, the patient was taken to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible. His idea is for us to travel in different cars. 2. of sb. to do sth. Its brave _ into the burning building to save the baby! A. for him to go B. for him going C. of him going D. of him to go四、there be 的非谓语形式： 1) 动词+there to be / there being （作宾语） 如：I dont want there to be any misunderstanding between them. 我不希望他们之间有什么误会。They deny there being any misunderstanding between them. 他们否认他们之间有误解。 I cant imagine there being so few people in the library. 我无法想象图书馆里人这么少。2) 介词+there being （作宾语） He was surprised at there being so many people waiting there. 他对很多人等在那里感到吃惊。 注意：for there to be 常用在It be + adj. for.的结构中 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 （作主语） Its too early for there to be anybody up 太早了，还不会有人起床。(作状语) 3）there being 结构作状语 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)五、不带to 的动词不定式(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等；但改为被动语态后，应加上to例：老师常常让我把作文重写。 The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.(2)在except, but, other than 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but, other than 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to 的动词不定式。即 前有do(“做”) 后无to 熟记： cannot but /cannot choose but / cannot help but do sth. can do nothing but do sth. have no choice/alternative but to do sth.例：我只好接受他的建议。 I can not but accept his advice. I can do nothing but accept his advice. I have no desire other than to lead a quiet life, free from anxiety.(3) 在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to例：Why not send those books back?为什么不把那些书送回去？(4) 由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含do或do的形式does/ did时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。例：All I did was empty the bottle. 我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。 What I wanted to do was drive all night. 我想做的是彻夜开车。 The only thing I could do was do it myself. 我惟一能做的是我自己解决。(5) 由并列连词and，but, then, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，只第一个动词不定式带to。例：我想留下和你一起呆着，帮助你并且向你学习。Id like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.她告诉我们呆在家里一直等到她回来。She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back. 注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。 预习思考题：1、哪些动词后面接不带to 的不定式？在被动语态中能不能省to？举例说明。2、“have + 宾语+宾补”结构中，宾补有几种形式？各表示什么意思？3、过去分词做宾补多表示什么含义？4、不定式一般作什么状语从句？5、非谓语动词作状语时，应注意哪些问题？6、非谓语动词的逻辑主语如果和句子的主语不一致，怎么办？7、哪些分词和不定式作状语不受句子主语的限制？8、用分词作状语，主句前能不能用关联词了？9、动名词的复合结构做主语时用什么形式？10、哪些情况下不定式的to 可以省去？小试牛刀：下列各句都有一处错误，请改正并说明原因：1. The next morning, he found the man lied in bed, dead. 2. Father will agree us to use his computer.3. John was made wash the truck for a week as a punishment.4. The speaker raised his voice, but he couldnt make himself understand.5. I hope you to be happy while you are here.6. Seeing the sun to rise above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.7. Its wrong of you to keep the lights burned all the night while you were not in.8. The teacher asked us dont to make any noise.9. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, so he had a hard time passing the exam.10. If weather permitting next Sunday, we will go out. 11. He being late for the meeting made his headmaster very angry.12. I had no choice but accept his advice.非谓语动词讲练（学生版）（一）非谓语动词的句法功能：充当除谓语动词以外的各种句子成分成分类别主语宾语表语定语状语宾补不定式(to)+ v动名词-ing现在分词-ing过去分词-ed（二）非谓语动词的分类，意义，构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto have done to be doing to have been doingto be doneto have been done在非谓语前加not或never特别注意： not having done;ones not doing / ones not having donefor sb. to do sth. of sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用; 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb. / sbs doing作主语仅用sbs doing具有名词的作用;在句中做主、宾、定和表语分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作用; 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done（三）非谓语动词的考点：、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：1. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing析：两个动作之间用 and 连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用 and 连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故C错。2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing, disappeared B. seized, disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing 、非谓语动词作主语，注意以下两个重要问题：第一 是并行结构问题 ，即主表一致性如：Seeing is believing. 第二 需要注意一些结构：A) Its no use (no good) doing sth. 如：Its no use quarrelling with such a fellow .B) 在 Its + adj. 结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：Its easy (difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary) + for sb. to doIts kind (nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate (考虑周到的),mean(卑鄙的), silly, selfish (自私的) )后加 of sb. to do、非谓语动词作表语The purpose of new