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101 形容词辨义1近义和近形形容词(1)alike,similaralike意指“几乎同样”,常用作表语,不可直接放在名词前面;similar则指“在很多方面相似,但不是全部”:be similar to(与相似)。a(误)Mary and Ann are alike people in this respect(应去掉people)bAll music is alike to Tom各种音乐在汤姆听来都一样。(指没有鉴赏力)cA is similar to B in many ways(2)shameful,ashamed,shamelessshameful意为“可耻的、丢脸的”,常用作定语表示主动意义,用以指事物:shameful conduct(无耻行径);ashamed意为“羞耻的、惭愧的”,常用作表语,表示被动,用来指人:be/feel ashamed to do sth(对做某事感到害臊),be ashamed of oneself(为自己感到害臊),be ashamed of(对感到惭愧),be ashamed for sb(替某人感到羞耻);shameless用来指人,意为“不知羞耻的”。aI feel ashamed that have done so little for the peoplebMrSmith,I am sorry about what I saidI am terribly ashamed of my stupidity(3)beloved,lovablebeloved意为“心爱的”,用作表语时意为“为所爱的”,用作定语时意为“被热爱的”;lovable意为“可爱的、讨人喜欢的”。aCornelia was Lears beloved daughterbHe is a lovable child(4)capable,ablebe able to和 be capable of都是指“能够”,但前者的主语限于有生命的事物,而后者无此限制。be capable of褒贬都可以用,指经常性的现象,但多数情况下指坏事;be able to多用于褒义,仅指暂时的现象。aThey are able to find their own foodbWe are not able to go for an outing daycHe is capable of teaching EnglishdThe machine is capable of chopping any kind of meat in three minutes(5)comprehensive,comprehensiblecomprehensive意为“综合性的”:comprehensive planning(全面规划),take a comprehensive view of the situation(通观全局);comprehensi-ble意为“可充分了解的”。Tom passed his PhD comprehensive exam(6)cultural,cultured,cultivatedcultural指“文化的、文化上的”:cultural objects and historic monu-ments(文物古迹),cultural and educational work(文化教育工作);cul-tured意为“有教养的、有修养的”,用以形容人以及city,community,nation等名词,一般与cultivated同义。China is a cultured nation(7)dissatisfied,unsatisfied,unsatisfactorydissatisfied表示“(没有达到某种愿望或要求)不满意的”:be dis-satisfied with/at(对不满或不平);unsatisfied表示“(没有得到足够食物)不满足的”:be unsatisfied with(对不满足或不满意);unsat-isfactory意为“不令人满意的”,和satisfactory一样,是非人称的形容词,不能修饰人。aThere was a dissatisfied look in his eyesbBoth of us are very dissatisfied with his explanationcI ate only one hour ago,but my hunger is still unsatisfied(8)distant,fatdistant常指“(关系)疏远的”:a distant relative(远房亲戚);far 意指“(场所)远的”:by far(修饰比较级或最高级,强调数量或程度等,得多、最),far and away(大大、无疑地、肯定地),far and near(远近、到处、四面八方),far and wide(到处、广泛地),far from(远离;远远不、完全不、非但不),in so far as(表示程度、范围,就、尽),so far(迄今为止、就此范围或程度说来)。aHe is one of my distant cousins on my fathers sidebHe is by far the tallest among uscHis explanation is clearer by far(9)drunk,drunkendrunk常做表语,意为“酒醉的、陶醉的、兴奋的”:be/get drunk(醉了),be drunk with joy(陶醉于欢乐之中);drunken常做定语,意为“醉的、酒醉的”:a drunken man(醉汉),in a drunken manner(摇摇晃晃地)。I used to be drunk all the time(10)economic,economitaleconomic意为“经济上的、与经济有关的”;economical意为“节约的、节省的”。aThe present economic situation in Italy is seriousbI have to be economical because I dont have much money(11)high,expensive,low,cheaphigh,low指价格的高低;expensive,cheap指东西的贵贱。aPrices are very high/lowbThings are very expensive/cheap(12)full,filledbe filled with与 be full of含义相同,意为“充满、挤满”,为惯用语,注意所带介词不同。The stadium was full of/filled with people(13)imaginary,inaginable,imaginativeimaginary意为“虚构的、想象出来的”;imaginative意为“有想象力的”;imaginable意为“可以想象的”。aWe need factsWe cannot work on an imaginary casebThe imaginative child made up fairy stories(14)fun,funnyfun意为“有趣的”;funny意为“好笑的、滑稽的”:get funny with(对十分不敬)。Nothing is so fun as watching a football game(15)famous,notoriousfamous意为“著名的”,表示广为人知或常受谈论,往往含有称颂之意:be famous for(以著名);notorious意为“臭名昭著的”,表示由于不好的事而出名:be notorious for(以臭名昭著)。aThe city is famous for its hot springsbHe is notorious for dirty tricks(16)opposite,opposedbe opposed to意为“背叛、反对、对抗(意见、人)”等;be opposite to则表示“在对面、与相对”。aThe whole town was opposed to the planbIdealism is opposite to materialism(17)respectful,respectable,respectedrespectful意为“尊敬人的”,表示主动意义;respectable意为“值得尊敬的、受人尊敬的”;respected也表示“受人尊敬的”。后二者表示被动意义。aYou should be more respectful to your superiorsbIts not respectable to drink in the streetcA respected/respectable professor will come(18)satisfied,satisfactory其差别与dissatisfied和unsatisfactory之间的差别相同。satisfied 修饰人,表示“感到满意的”;satisfactory修饰物,表示“令人满意的、合乎要求的”。aThe teacher was satisfied with the answerbThis is not satisfactory(19)sensitive,sensiblesensitive意为“敏感的”;sensible意为“明理的”。Dont tell him about what you think of him because he is very sensi-tive(20)tasteful,tastytasteful意为“高雅的、有鉴别力的、风趣的”,用来描述人或事物;tasty意为“好吃的、美味的”,用来描述食物。This meat is very tasty(21)historic,historicalhistoric意为“历史上出名的、有历史意义的”;historical意为“历史的、与历史有关的”。Waterloo is a historic battlefield(22)healthful,healthyhealthful意为“有益健康的”,用以描述事物;healthy意为“健康的”,用以描述人。aHaving a walk after dinner is healthfulbHe is very healthy(23)enviable,envious,jealousenviable意为“值得羡慕的、令人妒忌的”,往往有被动含义;envi-ous意为“羡慕别人的、妒忌别人的”,含有主动意义:be envious of(羡慕或妒忌的);jealous意为“妒忌的”,不含有羡慕之意:be jealous of(妒忌的)。aHe has an enviable school recordbThey are envious of our success(24)exhausted,exhausting,exhaustiveexhausted表示“感到精疲力竭的”,含有被动含义;exhausting表示“使人精疲力竭的”,含有主动意义; exhaustive意为“彻底的、寻根刨底的”。aThe enemy troops were exhausted and demoralizedbI am completely exhaustedcI dont claim to be exhaustive on this subject我并不认为自己把这个问题讲透了。类似的还有:interested(感到有趣的),interesting(有趣的),amused(感到有趣的),amusing(有趣的),disappointed(感到失望的),disap-pointing(令人失望的),shocked(感到震惊的),shocking(令人震惊的),tired(感到疲劳的),tiring(使人疲劳的),以及其他一些带有“使怎么样”含义的动词,大部分有两种形容词形式,其中过去分词形式含有被动意义,现在分词形式含有主动意义。(25)delighted,delightfuldelighted意为“感到高兴的”,有被动含义;delightful表示“令人高兴的”,有主动意义。aWe are delighted that the production plan has been fulfilled ahead of schedulebIt was a delightful concert(26)dead,deadlydead表示“死了的、枯败的、失灵的”:be dead to(对无感觉、对无反应);deadly意为“致命的、极度的、死气沉沉的”。aHe has been dead for three yearsbThis drug is a deadly poison(27)credible,creditable,credulouscredible意为“可信的”,含有被动意义;creditable意为“值得赞扬的、带来荣誉的”;credulous意为“轻易相信的”,含有被动意义。My son makes very creditable grades in school(28)electric,electrical,electronicelectric意为“电的、由电操纵或由电产生的”:an electric fan/lamp/bell/stove/wave/current等等;electrical意为“与电有关的”:an electrical engineer;electronic意为“电子的”。He is an electrical worker(29)contemptible,contemptuouscontemptible意为“可鄙的、被人看不起的”,含有被动意义;con-temptuous意为“看不起人的、傲慢的”,含有主动意义。A traitor to his own country is contemptible(30)considerable,considerateconsiderable意为“值得考虑的、相当多的、相当大的”;considerate 意为“替别人考虑的、体谅的”:be considerate of others(体谅别人的)。He has a considerable amount of trouble(31)live,living,alive,livelylive,living和alive都可表示“活的”,但它们的功能和用法有区别:live一般用作定语,用来指动物,a live fish(一条活鱼),它指人时表示“充满生机的”;alive只作表语,作定语时必须后置;living既可作定语,也可作表语,既可指人,也可指物;lively意为“活跃的、敏锐的”。aThe dock is lively with cranes and vehicles of all descriptionsbHe is a live young man(32)luxurious,luxuriantluxurious意为“豪华的、奢侈的”:a luxurious liner(豪华的班轮);luxuriant意为“茂密的、肥沃的、华丽的”:luxuriant soil(沃土)。Luxuriant forests cover the hills(33)practical,practicablepractical意为“现实的、实际的”:for all practical purpose(实际上);practicable意为“可行的、行得通的”。aThis road is practicable for automobilesbWe must set an example in being practical(34)respecting,respectiverespecting是介词,意为“关于、有关、由于”;respective是形容词,意为“各自的、各个的”。aRespecting these facts,a special committee is to be appointedbWe go back to our respective dormitories after work(35)responsible,responsiveresponsible意为“有责任的”:be responsible for(对负责);re-sponsive意为“响应的、回答的”。它们的反义词irresponsible和 irresponsive也有同样的区别。The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passengers safety(36)poor,poorlypoor意为“贫穷的、坏的、可怜的”,指身体时只用作定语:as poot as a church mouse(一贫如洗);poorly只用作表语,意为“身体不好、健康欠佳的”:poorly off(贫困的、没钱的),think poorly of(对评价低、低估)。He is looking very poorly(37)alone,lone,lonelyalone作表语时仅指人,意为“孤单一人”:leave alone(不管、不理会),let alone(不干涉、不管、不碰、更不用说); lone只可作定语,既可指人,也可指物,意为“孤零零的一个”;lonely既可作表语,也可作定语,可指人,也可指物,意为“孤单的、寂寞的、荒凉的”。Im not alone in this opinion(38)desirable,desirousdesirable意为“称心的、合意的、可取的”;desirous意为“想要的、渴望的”,仅用作表语:be desirous to do sth/of doing sth(想干某事),be desirous of sth(想得到某物)。She is desirous of being famous(39)pleasant,pleasedpleasant意为“令人愉快的、舒适的”,既可指人,也可指物,含有主动意义:be pleasant to the eye(悦目),be pleasant to the taste(可口);pleased意为“高兴的、满意的”,具有被动意义:be pleased with/at(对感到高兴或满意)。aIm pleased to meet youbWe are much pleased at the newscWe are very pleased with his word(40)favourable,favoured,favouritefavourable意为“赞成的、有利的、讨人喜欢的”:a favourable comment(好评),a favourable situation(有利形势),make a favourable impression on sb(给某人以好的印象);favoured意为“受到优待的、有天赋的、优待的、(常用于构词)有容貌的”:favoured rates of credit(优惠的贷款率),ill-favoured(容貌难看的);favourite意为“特别喜爱的”。aHe is favourable to our planbShe is my favourite English teacher(41)consecutive,successiveconsecutive表示“连续的”,中间没有间断;successive意为“一连多次的、一个接一个的”,表示一系列分散事件的连续,但事件与事件之间有间断。aThe numbers 4,5,6 are consecutivebThe United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games(42)all,both,wholeall一般指“三个或三个以上都”,但习惯用语 be all ears(倾听),be all eyes(聚精会神地看),be all legs(人长得过高而细瘦)中的all不能用both代替;both指“两个都”;whole指“整个的、全体的”,可以用a whole city/country/school,但 whole不可修饰专有名词,不能说 the whole Shanghai,而应用 the whole of Shanghai。 whole 不可放在复数可数名词前,如不能说my whole books而应说all my books或all of my books。aNot all the idioms are illustratedbBoth windows are not opencThee dish is still whole for all the shocks(43)fond,gladbe fond of表示一种习惯的爱好;be glad to表示一时的爱好。Ill be glad to see you tomorrow(44)contemporary,contemporaneouscontemporary意为“同时代的”,既可用于人,也可用于物;contemporaneous 意为“同时代的”,只能用于事物。aThomas Jefferson was contemporary with John AdamsbThe lives of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were contemporaneous(45)hard,hardyhard意为“艰苦的”:be hard on/upon sb(过分严厉地对待某人),be hard up for(短缺、急需),go hard with sb(使人为难或痛苦);hardy意为“耐劳的、能吃苦的”。The country is falling on harder and harder times(46)medical,medicinalmedical意为“医学的、医疗的”:a medical college(医学院),medical and healthy work(医疗卫生工作);medicinal意为“药用的、有益健康的”:medicinal preparations(药剂、药膏),Chinese medicinal herbs(中草药)。(47)militant,militarymilitant意为“战斗的、好斗的”:a militant call(战斗号召);military意为“军事的、军用的、军人的”:military training(军事训练),military affairs(军事、军务),military ranks(军阶、军衔)。(48)momentary,momentousmomentary意为“短暂的、瞬息间的”:not rely on momentary enthusiasm(不凭一时的热情); momentous意为“重要的、重大的”:a momentous decision(重要的决定)。(49)perceptible,perceptiveperceptible意为“感觉或察觉得到的、可以理解或认识的”,含有被动意义:a perceptible smell of paint(感觉得到的油漆气味);perceptive意为“敏感的、有理解力或洞察力的”,表示主动意义:a good perceptive article(一篇富于洞察力的好文章)。(50)potent,potentialpotent意为“有力的、有效力的”:potent reason(使人信服的理由);potential意为“潜在的、有可能的”:potential resources(潜在的资源),the potential demand of the market(市场上可能达到的需求量)。(51)possible,probablepossible和probable都表示“可能的”,但后者表示的可能性更大些。(52)prodigal,prodigiousprodigal意为“浪费的、不吝惜的”:be prodigal of praise(赞不绝口);prodigious意为“巨大的、庞大的;异常的、惊人的”:a prodigious view(奇异的景象)。(53)disinterested,uninteresteddisinterested意为“不自私的、公正的”;uninterested意为“不感兴趣的”:be uninterested in sth(对不感兴趣)。(54)eatable,edibleeatable意为“(做成食物可以令人满意地)食用的”;edible意为“可食用的、可以吃的”,它通常跟同类的有毒品相区别。(55)effective,effectual,efficienteffective意为“有效的;有力的、有深刻印象的;实际的”:an effective speech(打动听众的讲演),the number of effective members(实际成员人数);effectual意为“奏效的、有效的”,不能指人:an effectual remedy(奏效的治疗);efficient意为“有能力的、能胜任的”,常用来指人:an efficient secretary(有能力的秘书)。(56)official,officiousofficial意为“公务的、官方的”:an official title(官衔);officious 意为“好管闲事的;非官方的、非正式的”:an officious statement(非正式声明)。(57)eminent,imminenteminent指人,意为“杰出的、重要的”;imminent指物,意为“迫切的、即将发生的(尤其指危险事件)”。(58)gold,goldengold意为“金的、金制的”:a gold watch(金表);golden意为“金色的、贵重的”:a golden saying(金玉良言)。(59)judicial,judiciousjudicial意为“司法的、法官的;judicious意为“明智的、明断的”。(60)industrial,industriousindustrial意为“工业的”;industrious意为“勤奋的”。(61)inflammable,inflammatoryinflammable意为“易燃的、易激动的”;inflammatory意为“刺激的、煽动性的”。(62)intolerant,intolerableintolerant意为“不耐、不容的”,表示主动意义:be intolerant of sth(不耐、忍不住、受不住),a plant intolerant of direct sun-light(不耐阳光直接照射的植物);intolerable意为“不能容忍的、无法忍受的”,表示被动意义:be intolerable to sb(对某人来说是不能容忍的)。(63)ingenious,ingenuousingenious意为“有独创性的、聪明的”;ingenuous意为“天真的、朴实的”。(64)masterly,masterfulmasterly意为“熟练的、称得上能手的”;masterful意为“盛气凌人的、专横的”。(65)exceptional,exceptionableexceptional意为“少有的、不寻常的、罕见的”:exceptional circum-stances(特殊情况);exceptionable意为“可反对的、可抗议的”。(66)spiritual,spirituousspiritual意为“精神上的、神圣的”;spirituous意为“含酒精的”。(67)tortuous,torturoustortuous意为“弯弯曲曲的”;torturous意为“折磨的、使人痛苦的”。(68)regrettable,regretfulregrettable意为“令人遗憾的”,表示被动;regretful意为“遗憾的、懊悔的”,表示主动。(69)honorary,honorablehonorary意为“荣誉的”;honorable意为“光荣的、高尚的”。(70)fragrant,flagrantfragrant意为“芬芳的、香的”;flagrant意为“恬不知耻的”。(71)seasonal,seasonableseasonal意为“季节的、季节性的”;seasonable意为“合时令的、及时的、合时宜的”。(72)sulky,sullensulky意为“生闷气的”,用来指人;sullen意为“闷闷不乐的、阴沉沉的”,它既可指人,也可指物。(73)stylish,stylisticstylish意为“时髦的、雅致的”;stylistic意为“文体的、风格上的”。(74)sleepy,asleepsleepy既可作表语,也可作定语,作表语时意为“想睡觉的、困的”,作定语时意为“宁静的、没有生气的”;asleep仅用作表语,意为“睡着了”。(75)contagious,infectiouscontagious指“(经接触)传染的”;infectious指“(不经接触、通过媒介)传染的”。(76)beautiful,handsome,pretty,good-looking这四个同都是指人的美貌,但用法不尽相同:beautiful仅指女性美;handsome指男性英俊,用来指女子时表示长相一般,但很健壮,富于男子气概;pretty仅指女性美;good-looking既可指女性美,也可指男性美。(77)lazy,idlelazy含贬义,只可指人,意为“懒”;idle既可指人,也可指物,意为“闲着、没事干”。(78)ancient,antiqueancient用来形容时代、钱币、文明等,意为“古代的”;antique 意为“古代的”,用来形容家具,收藏的古董或古玩等。(79)manly,manishmanly常含褒义,意为“男子汉的”,表示具有男子汉的品质和长处,如忠诚、勇敢等;manish常含贬义,意为“男人似的(女人)”。(80)high,tallhigh指“高出地面的距离”;tall指“某物或某人从顶部或头部到底部或脚的距离”。(81)temporal,temporarytemporal意为“世间的、现实的”;temporary意为“暂时的、临时的”。(82)childish,childlikechildish意为“孩子气的、幼稚的”,它指小孩们那些令人不快或不受喜爱的特性;childlike意为“天真无邪的”,它指小孩那些令人愉快或受人喜爱的特性。(83)healthy,wellhealthy指长久的健康,不能用于身体一时的好转;well指一时的健康。(84)talkative,eloquenttalkative意为“多嘴的”,常含贬义; eloquent意为“有口才的、雄辩的”,常含褒义。(85)afloat,floatingafloat意为“浮着的”,用作表语;floating意为“浮动的”,用作定语。(86)comical,comiccomical意为“好笑的”;comic意为“喜剧的”。(87)eligible,applicableeligible意为“合格的”:be eligible for(合格);applicable意为“可适用的”。2反义形容词(1)apt,inaptinapt不是apt的反义词。apt意为“聪明的、易于的、有倾向的”:be apt to do sth(善于做、易于做),be apt at sth(善于);inapt意为“不适合的、不熟练的”:be inapt for(对不合适的),be inapt at sth(对不熟练)。aFood is apt to deteriorate in summerbThis is an inapt remark(2)different,indifferentindifferent不是different的反义词。different意为“差异的、不同的”;be different from/than/to(与不同);indifferent意为“冷淡的、满不在乎的”:be indifferent to sth(对不关心或不在乎)。aA department store sells many different thingsbHe was indifferent to all our appeals to help(3)easy,uneasyuneasy不是easy的反义词。easy意为“容易的”;uneasy意为“不安的”。aHe is easy of accessbI feel uneasy about my homework(4)famous,infamousinfamous不是famous的反义词。famous意为“著名的”:be fa-mous for(以而著名);infamous意为“臭名昭著的、无耻的”。aA great crowd of people greeted the famous herobHe is an infamous political swindler(5)flammable,inflammableinflammable不是flammable的反义词。它们是同义词,都是“易燃的”之意。aCotton is flammablebPetroleumHighly Inflammable(石油极易着火。)(6)justjust的反义词unjust,而justice反义词却是injustice。(7)lawfullawful的反义词是unlawful,但以l开头的形容词变为反义词时,常加il,如:laudableillaudable(不值得赞美的),legalillega

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