专项练习-倒装句、强调句、主谓一致.docVIP

倒装句一、英语倒装的概念与分类英语句子的结构一般是“主语 + 谓语”，语法上称这种语序为自然语序。但有时由于出于语法结构的需要或修辞的需要，常把句子中的一部分或全部倒转过来，这种语序就是倒装语序。英语的倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装。其中部分倒装指的是将谓语的一部分位于主语前，其句式与一般疑问句的相同。如：She hardly has time to listen to music.=Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。而完全倒装则指将谓语动词完全置于主语前。完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件：谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be)的不及物动词，且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时。主语只能是名词。Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。二、几类常见的部分倒装句类型1. 否定型倒装在正式文体中，如果将never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后的句子要用部分倒装。如： 后来我再也没见到过他了。I never saw him again. Never did I see him again. 他很少出去吃饭。He seldom goes out for dinner. Seldom does he go out for dinner. 她几乎没时间听音乐。She hardly has time to listen to music. Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没有认识到他面临的危险。He little realized the danger he faced. Little did he realize the danger he faced. 对于notuntil句型，当not until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序。如：雨停了之后他才离开这房间。He didnt leave the room until the rain stopped. Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装。如：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。In Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。2. only型倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序。如：Only in this way can we learn English. 只有这样才能学会英语。Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那时我才明白她的意思。Only for the love of his family does he do such hard work. 只为了他对家庭的爱，他做这么辛苦的工作。注意：“only+状语”置于句首句子倒装的几种情况请看下面一道涉及only的倒装试题：Only in this way _ able to finish the work in time. A. can you beB. are youC. you can beD. you are此题应选 B。容易误选D。至于A，C，这比较容易排除，因为情态动词 can 不能与 be able to用在同一谓语中。本题之所以要选B而不选D，主要是因为句首用了only in thisway 的缘故，按照英语语法规则：“only+状语”位于句首，句子通常要用倒装语序。如：1. “only +副词”位于句首。如：Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只是到了那时我才意识到是我错了。2. “only+介词短语”位于句首。如：Only by working hard can you succeed. 只有努力工作你才能成功。Only in the reading-room can you find him. 你只有在阅览室才能找到他。3. “only+状语从句”位于句首。如：Only when one loses freedom does one know its value. 一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。注意：若位于句首的不是only+状语，而是 only+宾语等，则通常无需倒装。如：Only a policeman the children saw in the street. 孩子们在街上只看到一个警察。3. so型倒装当副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后通常用部分倒装。如：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。以so开头的句子还有这样一种倒装表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，这类倒装的基本结构是“so+助动词+主语”。如：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。4. not only型倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式。如：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。三、完全倒装的四种类型完全倒装的基本形式是“谓语+主语”，主要涉及以下几种类型：一、here类当表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词。如：Heres Tom. 汤姆在这里。Theres Jim. 吉姆在那儿。Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。There goes the bell. 铃响了。There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。这类倒装句的主语只能是名词，若主语为代词，则不能倒装。如：Here it comes. 它来了。二、away类副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后也用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如：Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。这类倒装句的主语也只能是名词，若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如：Away he went. 他跑远了。Down it came. 它掉了下来。三、状语或表语类为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装。如：Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。四、非谓语动词类有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。如：Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。四、让步状语从句倒装用法系统归纳有这样一道考题：_, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may beB. Quiet student as he may beC. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student这道题很有一定难度。具体说来，它主要涉及两个考点：一是让步状语从句倒装后的词序问题。让步状语从句之所以要采用倒装结构，主要是为了强调位于句首的名词、形容词、副词、动词等，其词序形式为：被强调的成分+as / though + 主语+动词。二是在倒装的让步状语从句中，位于句首的单数可数名词是否带冠词的问题。按照英语习惯，英语中的单数可数名词在泛指时，一般要有不定冠词的修饰，但是位于倒装让步状语从句句首的单数可数名词是个例外，即使泛指其前也不加不定冠词。由此可知，上面这道考题的答案应为B。为了全面掌握让步状语从句的倒装用法，现将这类语法现象归纳为以下五种句型：一、名词+as / though+主语+动词King as he was, he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。Child as he is, he knows to help other. 他虽是个孩子，但却知道帮助别人。Teacher though he is, he cant know everything. 他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂。【说明】其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。另外，要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词。比较：Boy as though he is, he likes to play with girls.=Though Although he is a boy, he likes to play with girls. 他虽是男孩，却喜欢与女孩子玩。Strong man as though he is, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks.= Though Although he is a strong man, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，但在过去的数周里也受到了严峻的考验。二、形容词+as / though+主语+动词Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。Improbable as it seems, its true. 虽然看起来不太可能，但却是真的。Stupid as it sounds，I was so in love with her that I believed her. 尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。Patient as he was，he didnt like waiting that long. 他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长。Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over-priced. 那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高。【说明】其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语。三、副词+as / though+主语+动词Much as I like Paris, I couldnt live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。Hard though they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。Fast as you read, you cant finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。He was unable to make much progress, hard as he tried. 尽管他做了努力，却未能取得很大进步。【说明】有的词典将much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。再如：Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你, 却不能和你在一起生活。四、动词原形+as / though+主语+动词Object as you may, Ill go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。Try as he might, he couldnt solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。Dislike him as we may, we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。Lose money as I did, we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。Fail in the election as he did, he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery. 尽管落选了，但他却以其反对奴隶制的激烈演说而出了名。【说明】主语后的动词通常为may, might, would, did 等情态动词或助动词(若表示情态意义，则选用情态动词；若陈述事实，则用did, do 等助动词)。五、分词+as / though+主语+动词Raining hard as it is, Im going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。Munching the apple as he was, he had got an eye for all Johns movements. 他尽管在一个劲地嚼着苹果，但仍警惕着约翰的一举一动。【三条补充说明】1. 这类倒装的让步状语从句可用as, though 来引导，但不能用although来引导；但是，未倒装的让步状语从句则可用though, although来引导，而不能用as来引导。也就是说，although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装，as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装也可以不倒装。如：虽然很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。正：Late as though it was, we still went on working. 正：Though Although it was late, we still went on working.误：Late although it was, we still went on working. 误：As it was late, we still went on working.习题：1. 考查never置于句首时的倒装（答案分别为BA）(1) Never in my wildest dreams _ these people are living in such poor conditions. A. I could imagine B. could I imagineC. I couldnt imagine D. couldnt I imagine(2) Never before _ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today. A. has this city beenB. this city has beenC. was this cityD. this city was2. 考查little置于句首时的倒装（答案分别为DD）(1) Little _ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realizedB. he didnt realizeC. didnt he realizeD. did he realize(2) They have a good knowledge of English but little _ they know about German A. haveB. didC. hadD. do 3. 考查seldom置于句首时的倒装（答案分别为BA）(1) Seldom _ any apology when mistakes are made. A. we receiveB. do we receiveC. we receivedD. did we receive(2) Seldom _ an article that was so full of lies.A. have I readB. I have readC. had I read D. I had read4. 考查hardly / scarcely置于句首时的倒装（答案为A）Hardly _ Edinburgh than they were ordered to return to London. A. had they reachedB. they had reachedC. have the reachedD. they have reached5. 考查no sooner等置于句首时的倒装（答案分别为AC）(1) Did Linda see the traffic accident?No, no sooner _ than it happened. A. had she goneB. she had gone C. has she goneD. she has gone(2) No sooner _ mowing the lawn than it started raining.A. have I startedB. I have startedC. had I startedD. I had started6. 考查nowhere置于句首时的倒装（答案为A）Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _such a beautiful place. A. can you findB. you could findC. you can findD. could you find7. 考查by no means等置于句首时的倒装当表示否定意义的副词性短语by no mearns, on no accounts, in no case, at no time等置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如：（答案为D）Ive tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _ with my progress. A. the teacher is not satisfiedB. is the teacher not satisfiedC. the teacher is satisfiedD. is the teacher satisfied8. 考查not only置于句首时的倒装当not onlybut also句式的not only部分置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如：（答案为B）_ snacks and drinks but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. A. Not only they broughtB. Not only did they bringC. Not only brought theyD. Not only they did bring9. 考查not until置于句首时的倒装（答案为B）Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C. I didnt realize D. I realized10. 考查“only+状语”置于句首时的倒装（答案为DA）(1) Only then _ how much damage had been caused. A. she realizedB. she had realizedC. had she realizedD. did she realize(2) _ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies. A. Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet11. 考查“so+形容词”置于句首时的倒装当sothat句式的“so+形容词”部分置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序。如：（答案为BB）(1) _ that Maric was able to set up new branches elsewhere. A. So successful her business wasB. So successful was her businessC. So her business was successfulD. So was her successful business(2) So difficult _ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have foundD. have I found12. 考查类似“so do I”结构的倒装So do I这类结构表示的是前面提出的某一肯定的情况，后者也同样适用，通常可译为“也一样”“也是如此”。如：（答案为CA）(1) My room gets very cold at night. _. A. So is mine B. So mine isC. So does mineD. So mine does(2) Its burning hot today, isnt it?Yes. _ yesterday. A. So was itB. So it wasC. So it isD. So is it13. 考查类似“nor / neither do I”结构的倒装nor neither do I这类结构表示的是前面提出的某一否定的情况，后者也同样适用，通常可译为“也一样”“也是如此”。如：（答案为B）If Joes wife wont go to the party, _. A. he will eitherB. neither will heC. he neither willD. either he will【倒装专练】1. So _ that even the people in the next room could hear him.A. loudly he spoke B. he spoke loudly C. loudly did he speak D. loudly spoke did he2. Only when one loses freedom _ its value.A. does one know B. one does know C. does know oneD. know one does3. He never went to see her again, _ to apologize. A. nor did he write B. nor he did write C. he did write D. nor he wrote4. _ to sleep than the telephone rang once again.A. No sooner had he gone B. No sooner did he goC. He no sooner went D. He had gone no sooner5. No sooner _ down than the phone rang.A. had I satB. I had satC. have I satD. I have sat6. No sooner _ than he was asked to leave again. A. has he arrivedB. he has arrivedC. had he arrivedD. he had arrived7. Little _, but were flying to Geneva next weekend to celebrate his birthday.A. does he knowB. he knowsC. knows himD. did he know8. Never in my wildest dreams _ to win first place last time. A. I expectedB. did I expectC. I have expectedD. have I expected9. Never before _ so many people here are still starving.A. had I knownB. I had knownC. have I knownD. I have known10. Little _ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself. A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared11. Only after my friend came _.A. did the computer repairedB. be repaired the computerC. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired12. _ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the coupleC. How curious the couple wereD. The couple was such curious13. Only by shouting _ to make himself heard. A. he was ableB. was he ableC. he did ableD. did he able14. Only when we landed _ how badly the plane had been damaged.A. we realizedB. did we realizeC. had we realizedD. we had realized15. _ was the attack that we had no time to escape. A. So suddenB. Too suddenC. So suddenlyD. Too suddenly16. Not only _ a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.A. do the nurses wantB. the nurses wantC. did the nurses wantD. the nurses wanted17. Not only _ to her, I even got her autograph! A. I spokeB. did I speakC. I have spokenD. have I spoken18. The service was terrible and _ the food.A. so thatB. so asC. so wasD. so as to【参考答案】15 CAAAA 610 CABCB 1115 CBBBA 1618 ABC强调句一、强调结构能强调哪些成分强调结构是：It +is/was+被强调成分+that+句子的剩余部分。如果我们要强调一个句子的某个部分时，就将要强调的那个部分放在it is/was与that之间，而句子的其余部分原封不动地直接放在that之后。此结构可强调除谓语动词外的各种成分。(1) 强调主语It was he that saw Mr. Wang on TV yesterday. 是他在电视上看到了王先生。(2) 强调宾语It was Mr. Wang that he saw on TV yesterday. 他昨天在电视上看到的是王先生。(3) 强调补语It is green that he has pained the door. 他把门漆成绿色了。(4) 强调表语It is a doctor that he has become. 他已成为一名教师了。(5) 强调地点状语It was on TV that he saw Mr. Wang yesterday. 他昨天是在电视上看到王先生的。(6) 强调时间状语It was yesterday that he saw Mr. Wang on TV. 是昨天他在电视看到王先生。(7) 强调方式状语It was by bike that we went to the park. 我们是骑自行车去公园的。(8) 强调各类从句It was what he said that surprised me. 是他讲的话让我吃谅。It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought it. 正因为这本书对我很有用，我才买它。It was just as he ordered that she acted. 她正是照他吩咐的去做的。(9) 强调notuntil中的时间状语It was not until 12 oclock that he went to bed. 直到12点他才睡。(比较原句：He didnt go to bed until 12 oclock. ) It was not until his father came back home that he went to bed. 直到他父亲回到家里他才睡。(比较原句：He didnt go to bed until his father came back home.)(10) 强调非谓语动词It was playing computer games that cost the boy a lot of money. 电脑游戏花掉了这个孩子许多钱。It was to get my brakes repaired that I brought my car in, not to get the engine replaced! 我开车来是修理刹车的而不是来换动力的。二、英语强调句的几种方式我们在说话或写文章时，为了要突出句子中的某一部分，我们通常会使用某种方法或手段使它突出，以便能引起他人的注意，这就是强调，与此相关的句子就是强调句。英语表示强调的方法很多，比如在口语中可以用重读来强调，在书面语中则可通过使用表示强调意义的词语来强调，也可以通过将被强调成分置于句首这样的“显要”位置来强调，还可以使用专门的强调句式来强调。用助动词do来强调当句子中没有其他的助动词时，我们可以在动词前使用助动词do表示对该动词的强调。如：Do be careful with that vase! 务必小心那个花瓶!I do hope youll stay for lunch. 我真的希望你留下吃午饭。用于表示强调的do可以有时态的变化，但其后的动词要用原形。如：He does look tired. 他确实显得很疲倦。He did come but soon went back. 他的确来过，但很快就回去了。She did write to say thank you. 她的确写信向你道谢了。注意，这样用的do只用于现在时或过去式(即只有do, does, did这样的形式)，不能用于进行时、完成时等形式(如不用于is doing, has done等)。用句首位置（倒装结构）来强调在英语中，句首位置是通常用于表示强调的一个地方，当某个本来不应置于句首的成分放在句首，往往会对这个成分构成强调。比较：普通：He kept this job twenty years. 这个工作他做了20年。强调：This job he kept twenty years. 他做这个工作做了20年。普通：The students can understand this. 学生们是理解这一点的。强调：This the students can understand. 这一点学生们是理解的。普通：Press the red button to switch on. 请按红色按钮开机。强调：To switch on, press red button. 要开机，请按红色按钮。倒装句通常用来表示强调（略）用定语从句来强调有时我们可以使用定语从句来对一个名词进行强调，如用the person who, the thing that, the place where, the day when, the reason why这样的结构，把需要强调的名词与定语从句连在一起。比较：普通：Mary keeps pigs in the garden shed. 玛丽在花园的棚子里养猪。强调：Mary is the person who keeps pigs in the garden shed. 玛丽就是在花园的棚子里养猪的那个人。(强调Mary) 强调：The garden shed is the place where Mary keeps pigs. 花园里的棚子就是玛丽养猪的地方。(强调the garden shed) 强调：The place where Mary keeps pigs is the garden shed. 玛丽养猪的地方是花园里的棚子。(强调the place where Mary keeps pigs) 用what从句来强调当what的意思是表示“所的”时，它通常具有强调意味，此时的what通常相当于“先行词+关系代词”结构。如：This is what I have to say. 这就是我所要说的话。句中的what相当于the thing that。What he says is not important. 他说的话并不重要。句中的what也相当于the thing that。He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的他了。句中的what相当于the person who。另外，what从句有时还可以用于强调动词。如：What we can do is (to) write to him. 我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。What you do is (to) mix the eggs with flour 你要做的事是把面粉和鸡蛋搅和在一起。用强调结构来强调英语中表示强调时有一个很重要的句型，那就是“it is (was)+被强调成分+that (who)+其他”结构。比较：It was in the office that he was killed. 他是办公室被杀害的。It is the children who broke the window. 是孩子们打破窗户的。第一句的被强调的成分是in the office，第二句的被强调成分是the children。其中that和who的区别是：当强调人时，可用that或who，当强调其他成分时，用that。注意，当强调时间和地点时，不能用when和 where 代替that。在具体使用时，要特别注意这类强调句的疑问句形式。比较：陈述句：It is because he is ill that he cant come. 是因为生病他才没有来。一般疑问句：Is it because he is ill that he cant come? 是因为生病他才没有来吗?特殊疑问句：Why is it that he cant come? 他为什么不能来?另外，还要注意not.until这一句型的强调句，它的基本形式是It is (was) not untilthat。如：直到我遇到你以后，我才真正体会到幸福。正常：I didnt know real happiness until I met you.强调：It was not until I met