基本的翻译技巧一般包括.doc

基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字);2).Amplification(增益);3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复);5).Conversion(转换);6).Restructuring(词序调整);7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译);8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7.图形法和8.音译法。1.CorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel-英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况Inmostcasesthereisnoexistingpatternforsentencetranslation,noraretherefixedrulesforwordtransformation.Generallyspeaking,thecorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:1)Word-for-wordCorrespondenceThisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms.Forexample:Marxism=马克思主义Aspirin阿斯匹林2)OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaningThisisacommoncaseintranslation.Forexample:犬：dog,hound,spaniel,mastiff,pointer,setter,retriever,terrier3)OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaningThisisalsoverycommonintranslation.Forexample:carry:搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧.走：walk,saunter,amble,stride,trudge,trapes,shamble,prance,scamper,clump,tiptoe.羊：sheep,goat,ram,ewe,lamb4)EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother5)WordsWithoutEquivalentsInthiscase,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.Forexample:clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人阴：(inChinesethought)thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworld阳：(inChinesethought)thestrongactivemaleprincipleorforceintheworld（目不识）丁:(notknowones)ABC2.MethodstoDiscriminatetheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord-词义辨析SinceEnglishwordsarepronetovariousmeanings,itisofvitalimportanceforatranslatortodiscerntherightmeaningofagivenword.Andthefollowingarethemajormethodsofdiscriminatingwordmeaningsuggestedbysomelinguists.1)JudgingfromtheWordFormationInordertodiscriminatetheoriginalmeaningofanEnglishword,itisnecessaryforustohaveaknowledgeofEnglishlexicology,andspecifically,aknowledgeofwordformation,suchascompounding,derivation,affixation,blending,acronym,clipping,etc.Agoodcommandofthemwillhelptoshedlightonthecorrectmeaningofsomedifficultwords.Forexample,thewordparabiospheric,whichconsistsofpara-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(havingtheformofasphere).Afterabriefanalysis,wemaysafelyputitinto外生物层的.Anothermorecomplicatedinstance,pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.Thisextremelylongwordseemsappallinglycomplicated.However,ananatomicstudyofitscompositionenablesustogetaclearunderstandingofitsmeaning:pneumono-(oflung)+ultra-(beyond)+micro(verysmall)+scopic-(ofviewingorobserving)+silico-(ofsilicon)+volcano+coni-(koni,ofdust)+osis(formingthenameofadisease).Evenifwearenotsureoftheequivalentofthismedicalterm,wemayroughlygettherightmeaningofthelongword:akindoflungdiseasecausedbyextremelysmallsiliconparticles.Andalookintosomedictionaryleadsustothedefiniteanswer:硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。2)JudgingfromtheReferencesThemeaningofapronominalword,thatis,whatitrefersto,istobejudgedfromthereferences.Thepronominalwordsinclude:(1)thirdpersonpronouns;indefinitepronounssuchassome,any,each,both;anddefinitepronounssuchasmuch,many,few,little,etc.Forexample:HefathersentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。(2)demonstrativepronouns,suchasthis,that,these,those,anddemonstrativeadverbssuchashere,there,now,then,etc.Forexample:Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(or:因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)(3)referencesofcomparison.Forexample:Ihateblueshirt;whiteshirtsuitsmebutgrayisthemostpreferable.我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫。Withoutthereferentialwordsfather,health,wealthandshirtintheabovethreesentences,itwouldbeverydifficulttomakeouttherealmeaningofsuchwordsashim,himself,this,thatandthemostpreferable.3)JudgingfromtheContextandCollocationThemeaningsofthewordstensionandstoryinpreviousexamplesareexplicitenoughinthecontext.Hereisanotherexample:develop.1.Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(发生故障)2.Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(产生升力)3.Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(发明避雷针)4.Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出论断)5.Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.(提出理论)6.Todevelopthecapabilitiesofthegeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.(提高能力)7.Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品种)8.AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.(患上结核病)9.Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.(开发资源)10.Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(开采矿床)11.Indevelopingadesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringandmaterialscience.(进行设计)Collocationisalsoaninseparablefactorindiction.Letslookattheworddelicateinthefollowingillustrations,wheredifferentrenditionsaregiventothesamewordsoastosuitthecollocation.Delicateskin娇嫩的皮肤/porcelain精致的瓷器/upbringing娇生惯养/living奢侈的生活/stomach容易吃坏的胃/vase容易碰碎的花瓶/diplomaticquestion微妙的外交问题/difference讲不大清楚的差别/surgicaloperation难做的外科手术/earformusic对音乐有鉴赏力/senseofsmell灵敏的嗅觉/touch生花妙笔/food美味的食物4)JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialtiesForexample,thewordbase:(1)Thelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。（机械）(2)Asweallknow,abasereactswithanacidtoformasalt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。（化学）(3)Atransistorhasthreeelectrodes,theemitter,thebaseandthecollector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。（电子）(4)LineABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）(5)Heisonthesecondbase.他在二垒。（体育）3.SomeTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord-英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧InhisStylisticsandTranslation,Mr.LiuMiqinghassuggested7techniquesintranslatingagivenEnglishword.Wemayaddinanothertechnique,pictographictranslation,tomakeupthetotalnumberof8.1)Deduction（推演法）DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.ThisisamajormeansinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Forexample:Stopout-(U.S.)astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod辍学学生community-asocialgrouporclasshavingcommoninterests派（界），界人士challenge-toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.Orsb.)对表示怀疑,质疑;对提出异议2)Transplant（移植法）ThatisaliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.microwave微波supermarket超级市场splashdown溅落dataphone数据送话（机）3)Extension（引伸法）Thismaybeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.Bottleneck瓶颈交通狭口阻塞(fromconcretetoabstract)braintrust脑托拉斯智囊团(fromspecifictogeneral)braindrain脑排干人才外流人才流失(fromconcretetoabstract)Itismorethantransienteverydayness.这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。(fromabstracttoconcrete)4)Substitution（替代法）ThisistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithChinesesynonymsoridiomsaccordingtodifferentsituations.Tokillsb.Asanexample杀一儆百(or:杀鸡给猴看)Pleasewithholdthehandout.请不要发这些材料。Hewasindeedagoodriddance.他还是不在的好。Thesameisnottruewithamortalillness.如果是得了不治之症(or:绝症)，情况就不一样了。5)Explanation（释义法）ThistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingChineseexpressionandalltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense.Mindlessness思想上的浑浊状态togetherness不分彼此的集体感redshirt美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生swansong绝唱，辞世之作、归天之作athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会6)Combination（合并法）Thismeanstointegratetwowordsofclosemeaningintooneexpression.Sosubtleandcarefulanobserver一位如此精细的观察者hismendacityanddishonesty他的狡诈agrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节thebodyandmindcrampedbynoxiouswork有害工作造成的身心困顿7)PictographicTranslation（图形法）BythistechniqueEnglishwordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheiractualshapes.H-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带X-brace交叉支撑Y-curve叉型曲线8)Transliteration（音译法）Thistechniqueismostfrequentlyusedindealingwithpropernouns(especiallythenamesofpeopleandplaces,trademarks,etc.).Besides,itisalsousedincoinagewherenoexistingChineseexpressionisavailable.WallStreet华尔街TheTimes泰晤士报Pentium奔腾（计算机微处理器）Citroen雪铁龙（汽车商标）quinine奎宁（一种树皮名称）clone克隆Internet因特网hacker黑客4.DictioninChinese-EnglishtranslationDictioninChinese-Englishtranslationissomewhatdifferentf